Aqueous Solutions-solutions in which water is the solvent 7.

The Halogens have an ox # of -1

Solution-a homogeneous mixture of 2+ substances 8. The sum of ox #s of all atoms in a neutral compound is 0. The
Solvent-dissolver Sum of the ox # in a polyatomic ion equals the charge of the ion
Solute- dissolves in the solvent Displacement Reactions- A+BX → AX+B
Electrolyte- contains ions&conducts electricity Activity Series- Any metal can be oxidized by the ions of elements below it.
Strong Electrolytes
strong acids: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO3, HClO4, and H2SO4
strong bases: NaOH, KOH, LiOH, Ba(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2
salts: NaCl, KBr, MgCl2, and many, many more
Weak Electrolytes
weak acids:HF, HC2H3O2 (acetic acid), H2CO3 (carbonic acid),
H3PO4 (phosphoric acid), and many more
weak bases: NH3 (ammonia), C5H5N (pyridine), and several
more, all containing "N"
Non-electrolyte- doesn't ionize&can't conduct electricity
Ionic Compounds- dissolve well in water
Molecular Compounds-do not ionize, non-electrolytes
Precipitation Reactions- reactions that form an insoluble product
Precipitate- an insoluble solid formed by a reaction in solution

Molarity- measure of concentration of a solution; Molarity=moles

solute/volume of solution in liters

Solubility- the amount of the substance that can be dissolved in a given

quantity of solvent
Exchange (Metathesis) Reactions- AX+BY → AY+BX
Molecular Equation-Complete chemical formula of products and reactants
Complete Ionic Equations- all soluble strong electrolytes are shown as ions
Spectator Ions- ions that, when the equation is broken down, are present but
play no role in the reaction
Net Ionic Equation- Complete ionic minus the spectator ions
Balanced Net Ionic- Sum of charges on either side is equal
Summary
1. Write a balanced molecular equation for the reaction
2. Rewrite the equation to show the ions that form in solution when
each soluble strong electrolyte dissociates or ionizes into its
component ions. Only dissolved strong electrolytes are written in
ionic form.
3. Identify and cancel spectator ions that occur on both sides of the
equation.
Neutralization Reactions- Acid+Base → Salt+ H20
Acids- taste sour, are corrosive to metals, change litmus red, and become less
acidic when mixed with bases.
Bases- feel slippery, change litmus blue, and become less basic when mixed
with acids.
Oxidation- more + charged, loses e-, Metal+O2 → metal oxide, + in ox #
Reduction- more – charged, gains e-, - in ox #
Redox Reactions- transfer of e-
Oxidation Number- the actual charge of the atom if it were monatomic
1. For an atom in elemental form, the ox # is always zero
2. For any monatomic ion, the ox. # equals the charge of the ion
3. Nonmetals usually have negative ox #s
4. The ox # of oxygen is usually -2
5. The ox # of Hydrogen is usually +1 when bonded tonon metals
and -1 when bonded to metals
6. The ox # of Fluorine is -1