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Introduction
2. Calculations
3. VDG demonstrations
VDG is a mechanical device that produces electricity at
high voltage and low continuous current. It is
described as "constant current" electrostatic device.
The VDG that works using the Triboelectric effect can
produce voltages in the range of 350,000 volts.
I = ε0Emax(π/60)wdb=6μA
Thus a VDG machine generates high voltage at very low
current, we can say that it is an electrostatic device. The low
current and low energy-storage of Van de Graaff machines
make them safe for student use.
The danger of an impulsive shock by VDG is proportional to
the energy that it discharges with about 10 J of energy being
considered dangerous. We can calculate the energy ‘E’ as:
E= 0.5CV2 (5)
From (2)
C = 4πЄ0a = (111.2*a)pF
Since VMax=(3x106*a)volts
Maximum Energy, EMax = 500.4*a3 (6)
Thus E = 7.82 J would then correspond to a = 0.125 m.
Note:
Initially the ribbons will stick to the conducting sphere.
Use the ungrounded, pointed probe to lift them off.
The ribbons will arrange themselves so that they follow
the field lines.
Cut an aluminum foil square nearly 2” across
and place on the dome of the VDG and turn on
the power. Foil piece will levitate and fly off to
the side.
Then place an entire stack of foil squares on top
of generator. When generator is run, it will loft
each square in sequence and fling them in
various directions.
Always hold onto a ground/earth wire when
you turn the machine on, and never let go of
ground.
All objects near a VDG will become electrified
because of the charged wind emitted by the
metal sphere, but if you keep touching a
ground wire, you will stay neutral, and will not
receive a shock when touching the switch.
People with cardiac pacemakers should never operate
the generator or come in contact with it.
Stay about three feet away from the collector while it is
charged.
Always discharge the collector dome between
experiments and when you are finished. Use the
discharge wand for this.
Hold the discharge wand by the handle. The voltage is
so high that the current can pass through the insulation
into your hand.
Do not run the generator continuously for long periods
of time.
Keep the entire device clean and dry.
Never direct the ion beam towards a computer.