CHAPTER - II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Small-scale industries have been given an important place in

the economy of both developing and developed countries. The economic development

achieved by many developed countries can be linked directly to the growth of this

sector. In India the small-stale industrial sector has registered rapid growth. In view of

the importance of small-scale industrial sector, the growth and development has

attracted a good deal of academic attention. A large volume of literature thus available

on the different aspects of small-scale industries has been studied at length. A brief

review of such important studies is made here.

Review of literature can be classified into four categories and each is classified into

four parts i.e. Review of Research Studies, Review of Articles, Review of Books and

Review of Thesis.

1) Studies Examining the General Problems and Prospectus of Small-Scale Units

2) Studies Evaluating the Functional Performance of Institutions Financing SSI Units

3). Studies Analyzing the Role of Financial Institutions

4). Studies on Sickness of Small-Scale Industries

Studies Examining the General Problems and Prospectus of Small-Scale Units

A) Review of Research Studies

A study conducted by Bhati 1 (1976) states that in a majority of

cases, units outside the industrial estates, showed higher rates of surplus

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 2
Graham Bannock [1981] presents a vivid picture of the

practical problems of the individual small business, showing how they relate to the

wider issues of economic policy. He believes the release of the economic dynamisms

inherent in the Small business sector could help to generate the social and economic

change needed for the resumption of inflation-free growth.

3
Chuta Envying Chita and Carl Lied Holm [1985] in a

comprehensive study of SSI in Sierra Leone provide a new insight into the role of SSI

in providing production, employment and earning opportunities. Besides giving an

overview of the role of the rural and urban Industry in Sierra Leone, the determinants

of the demand for and supply of SSI products are examined.

4
Sandesara (1988) a study of assistance programmes for

small-scale industries. The study revealed that units producing items in the reserved

list did not show away superior performance over other units, mainly because the easy

entry for new small-scale units had intensified the competition among the small units.

Siddhartha Shankar Dash and others 5 [1990] in a study under

taken in Balasori district in Orissa attempt to analyse the operational problems in

launching SST units. They conclude that although policies are good, often delay in

implementation and faulty implementation upset the entrepreneur's plan and in many

cases lead the production process to a stand still

6
Sharma (1990) in his study made an effort to make an over

view of sports goods Industry, Micro Industry c-f selected centres, problems at

different levels, role of institutions and future perspective.

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 7
In a study conducted by Berry, Albert and Mazumdar Dipek

(1991) states that small-scale industry has been important in the_ successful

development of many of the economies of East and South Asia, both in cases like

Japan, Korea and Taiwan where import-substitution preceded and / or accompanied

the manufactured exporting phase and in Hong Kong, the only essentially Laissez

Faire economy in the region. An important general characteristic of the small-scale

sector and one long commented upon in the Japanese case, is the presence of

subcontracting relationships either with larger manufacturing firms or with traders.

Tambunan Tulus8 (1991) examines the role of small-scale

Industries in Economic development of Indonesia. This survey as the macro - level

leads us to a much less pessimistic view c f the performance of SSI units in Indonesia

though obviously imperfections in comparison with medium and large-scale

Industries do exist. It also gives attention to a critical question of appropriate policies

needed to support this sector.

Steel William. And Webster Leila.9 (1991) investigates the

hypothesis that small enterprises play an important and dynamic role in the structural

adjustment process and in Africa's Industrial development. It discusses the role of

small enterprises in the industrial development and introduces the adjustment context,

the evolution of large and small-scale Industry in Ghana, and the Economic recovery

program and its impact.

Balla10 (1992) in his study discusses the centralised vs.

decentralised policy towards small and medium enterprises, technological policy for

small and medium enterprises in China.

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 11
Jamuar (1992) in his study discusses the development of

small-scale and cottage Industry in India and the role of small-scale Industry in India,

the present position and problems of small-scale Industry with special references to

Industrial sickness, government policy and measures to develop small-scale and

cottage Industry and new Industrial policy on small-scale and cottage Industry.

Rama Swamy 12 (1993) in his study examines three hypothesis

regarding small- scale manufacturing units, namely: small firms use more labour per

unit of capital, they produce more output per unit of capital and small firms use

resources more efficiently than large firms in to ms of total Factor Productivity. The

analysis indicates that capital intensity and partial productivities are sensitive to

alternative measures of firm size. And total factor productivity is not found

systematically related.

Ramabijoy 13 (1993) in his study analyses government support,

capacity under utilization marketing and financing power and transport of small-scale

Industries and also the entrepreneurship and management of sickness.

14
Pillai (1994) in his study analyzed the future role of small-

scale sector in the evolving economic setting and the challenges it may have to face to

sustain its place as an important contributor to the development process.

Rao 15 (1995) reported that the potential for investment related

to technology requisition and transfer in small-scale and medium sector has assumed

considerable significance in their interest to face the challenges of liberalisation and

globalisation of markets.

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 16
A study conducted by Hayami, Yujiro, and others (1998)

reveal that marketing channels be established which connect small rural producers

with large urban and /or foreign demand. This ,study investigates various forms of

production and trade contracts being practiced at the grass root level in the metal craft

manufacturing industry on the outskirts of Greater Manila in the Philippines.

Balasubrahmanya 17 (1998) in his study describes the elements

of India's small industry policy with specific reference to protective measures, and

reviews its impact on the growth and efficiency of the sector.

18
Datey (1999) in his study titled practice manual to small-

scale Industries discusses the importance of small-scale industries, clubbing of

clearances of SSI and an overview of income tax, central sales tax, Finance to SSI and

management of SSI units.

Mali. Koshy and Mary Joseph 19 (2000) in their study reported

that the considerable increase in the numl3er of women entrepreneurs is a result of the

various support measures extended by governmental and non governmental agencies

and the changing attitude towards women entrepreneurship, However, women

entrepreneurship registers low level in backward districts of Wynad, Kannur and

Kasargod Specific programme may be implemented in these areas to increase the

level of entrepreneurship.

B) Review of Research Articles

The Japanese delegation, which visited India20 (1961), found

that most of the facilities and concessions provided were in excess of their

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requirements and they warned that it would lead to continuous dependence of these

units on the government.

21
Prasad (1974) in his study highlighted that small-scale

industrial sector in India is small only in size but big in achievements.

The report of the sub group on small-scale industries for the

Seventh Plan 23 (1985) had found that the efforts of the government have not met with

the same degree of success in different parts of the country nor have they removed the

basic weakness of the small-scale sector.

24
A study conducted by Benjamin Solomon (1991) explores

the small-scale Industry that has grown and thrived in informally developed

communities of rudimentary buildings and dirt roads surrounding the city of Delhi. It

presents an overview of Delhi's informally developed suburbs, called unauthorized

colonies, discuses their growth and regularization, and introduces the setting in which

small-scale manufacturing exists within such colonies.

Dias Syriani 25 (1991) examines the scale, nature and effects of

current sub contracting linkages between sme11 and large Industries in Sri-Lanka, In

general weaker relationships exist between large and small industries, however strong

links exhibit with respect to more organised few large firms. The reason for this

weaker relationship is the immaturity of small Industries in meeting the requirements

of large Industries in terms of technology, production cost, and quality and delivery

services.

26
Ahmad Jaleel (1993) made an attempt to throw light on the

question as to whether trade and industrial policies in developing countries

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discriminate against the development of small and medium scale industry. This is

done by a detailed examination of the structure of tariff and non-tariff Protection as

well as industrial policy measure, such as foreign exchange allocation and licensing.

Schmitz, Hebert 27 (1995) in their study are concerned with the

growth of small local industry in developing countries and explores one particular

route for understanding and fostering such growth. It focuses on the clustering of

firms and the competitive advantage, which they derive from local external economies

and joint action, captured in the concept of collective efficiency.

28
The international prospective planning team (1995), which

made an extensive study of India's small-scale industries, was of the opinion that

Government; efforts for the promotion of this sector were largely scattered and dealt

with only isolated segments of the problem.

Parsed and Kushik29 (1997) have traced out locus of

comprehensive policies and programmes of the small-sc ale sector during the 50 years

of independence.

30
Sindhu Hina (1998) in their study state that, employment

generation has increased over a period of time. The other findings of the study are

related to decline in employment in the household industries, and a decline in the

contribution of the large-scale sector to employment generation.

Mathew 31 (2000) reports that small Industry policy in

India is ambivalent. Divergence of interests and their expression through lobbying is a

characteristic of any democratic policy. It is also not correct to consider the

government as a machinery to immune such influences.

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 32
Vasandhara Raje (2000) states that credit is an essential

input for the working of small-scale Industries. Any delay or inadequate supply of

credit is detrimental to the growth of the SSJ units. Therclbre timely and adequate

availability of credit is of crucial importance for setting up and for expanding the

existing SSI units.

C) Review of Books

33
Roy Roth Well and Water Zegveld (1982) reveal that SME

have been and in general, continue to be, technologically innovative. Technology

based new SMEs plays an important part in the emergence of new technology and in

economic growth SME, particularly, young technology based SMEs also make an

exceptional contribution to employment creation. Independent SME, and their larger

counterparts, does represent an important vehicle for regional generation.

34
Ram Vepa (1983) in his study reports that over the last 25

years a network of institutions and policies has been developed in the country but not

all of them have been successful. But taken in totality, they have provided a well-

organized frame works in which the small and cottage industry have been allowed to

grow.

35
The task force on small-scale industries (1984) found that

available subsidies and concessions are rot distributed to eligible units at the right

time. Such assistance announced by the government is badly delayed for several

reasons such as delay in issuing detailed orders, inadequacy of budget provisions etc.

36
Tara Nand Singh Tarun and Devandra Thakar (1986) reveal

that the fundamental problem of Industrial development in India is the problem of

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transplanting and acclimatizing the fruits of technology so as to raise the whole level

of productivity.

37
Nisar Ahmad [1987] has made an effort to critically

examine, both at micro and macro levels, the operational and other problems of the

small-scale and cottage Industries in India with special reference to the state of

Jammu and Kashmir.

Ram Vepa 38 (1988) in his study discusses the growth of

small-scale Industry, organisational structure, some key issues, and field planning for

small-scale Industry and its prospectus for nineties.

39
Nasir Tyabji (1989) analyses the structure of small-scale

Industries and role of small Industry policy as a component of the Indian development

process and changes in the structure of Industry and nature of small enterprise

development.

40
Prem Kumar, Asit Ghosh (1991) in their study on

management of small-scale Industry explains the management practices and

performance of small-scale Industries and their relationship with demographic

features, production, planning and control of SSI, financial planning; and control and

/Institutional structure for assistance of SSI and also the technology change for SSI.

D) Review of Thesis

41
Reddy Narayana (1983) in his doctoral thesis reports that

SST units are to equip themselves with better and improved methods of marketing,

disseminated through proper training programmes conducted by the Institute of

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Marketing, which may be started exclusively. Hence there is a need for creating the

Institute of Marketing for small industry at national level.

42
Vinayak, Shankarrao Bhoyar (1984) states that

programme of Co- operative industrial estates coupled with Co-operatives in other

related fields is a powerful instrument, which possesses the capacity to transform the

backward area into advanced ones.

43
Ashok Kumar Singh [1985] in his thesis made an

effort to study the incentives and assistance provided by the government and the

infrastructure facilities available in Bihar. A brief account of the potentialities and

prospectus of SSI in Bihar is also given.

Theophilus.44 (1990) observed that the operation of SSIs

in India and Nigeria encounter similar incidences and show the same environmental

characteristics for their progress. He suggests that there should be a separate ministry

exclusively for SSIs at the central level headed by a central minister in both countries.

Venugopal 45 (1993) observed that Governmental

agencies set up for promoting village and cottage Industries are inactive and their

performance is below the level of expectations. He argues that the survival of village

and cottage industries depends on their ability to become competitive. Their efforts

should be to reduce cost and improve quality through technological upgradation.

46
Thomas.T.Thomas (1994) states that there is a need

for extensive education of the small-scale industrial units promoters in general

management and specifically in the fundamentals of marketing management.

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 Salim 47 (1998) in his study proves that in most categories of

industries there is more number of high performing units followed by moderate

performing units. High performing units have more market orientation than low

performing units. There is a strong positive correlation between market orientation

and business performance.

48
Suni George (2000) in his study observed that the

policy of protection with privileges for SSI has induced this sector to remain small, to

become more inefficient with poor product quality. It is not protection but

competition should be the rule of the day.

B. Studies Evaluating the Functional Performance of Institutions Financing SSI

Units

There are a number of studies evaluating the functioning of institutions that have been

set up for the purpose of promoting small-scale industries. These are:

A) Review of Research Studies

Pritam Singh 49 (1976) in his study argues that some incentives

for e.g. Capital subsidy schemes of the: central and state government based on capital

cost of fixed assets is not favourable to labour intensive units. It could be related to

number of persons employed in the unit.

50
Murthy (1980) points that though the problem of SSI is a

multi dimensional one, it is revolving around the availability of adequate finance,

more so with working capital. Unless the financial institutions mend themselves they

cannot move hand in hand with SSI in solving it's problem sympathetically as a

-53-
friend, philosopher, and guide for the much talked about rural industrialisation,

balanced regional development et.

51
S. Ravi Prakash Singaravelu (1982) pinpoints the need to

establish national level institutions or institutions at state level to finance tiny units,

which come within the scope of small-scale sector. He also states that the loan should

be project based, not security based.

B) Review of Research Article

52
Sandesara [1988] describes the Institutional framework for

the small and medium Industries in India. The impact of assistance on firms in this

sector and the working of these institutions are also analyzed. He argues for a fresh

approach to the institutional set-up and policy framework for this sector.

D) Review of Thesis

53
Suresh Chandra Jain (1973) in his study emphasizes the

need for greater Co- ordination of financial L institutions and non-financial Institution

and agencies engaged in the promotion of small-scale Industries,

54
Prahalad Kumar Suman [1986] examine the overall

performance of the Bihar state Industrial development Corporation and expresses

systematically and scientifically the troubles faced by the corporation.

Rao 55 [1989] makes an enquiry into the functioning of all state

Industrial Development Corporations in :( India with a view to find out to what extend

the objectives has been fulfilled. The causes for good and poor performance are also

identified.

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 56
Akram [1977] in his study pinpoints the working results of

the SSI corporation of various states and their national counterpart, national small

Industries Corporation.

C. Studies Discussing the Financial Problems of SSI

A) Review of Research Studies

Report of high-level committee 57 (1984) on trade and power

states that, on the credit front, the efforts of Kerala Financial Corporation and banks

were found to be inadequate and were riddled with delays and too many formalities.

Kalchetty Eresi 58 [1989] throws light on the various sources of

long term and short-term finance and the problem faced by the units in raising such

funds. He also enquires into the policies procedures and practices of small units in

managing their finance.

Prasad 59 (1995) in his study states that, there has been a steady

growth in the flow of Institutional finance to SSI during the last two decade. But

inadequate accesses to credit both short term and long term remain a perennial

problem of the small-scale sector.

B) Review of Research Articles

The seminar conducted by the Reserve Bank of India 60 (1959)

on financing the small-scale Industries in India went deep into the problems of small-

scale Industries, the Institutional set-up, role of the government in assisting small-

scale industries, resources of credit institutions and miscellaneous issues.

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 Study conducted by Papola and Tewari 61(1981) on the impact

of concessional finance on industrial development of backward areas found that the

concessional finance was one of the important considerations in the location of new

units in the backward districts

Himachalam, Jayachandran, Narendra Kumar 62 (1995) in their

study on financing of small-scale units by Andhra Pradesh state finance corporation

reveals that though the state financial institutions came into existence to promote

small-scale units, their effort to extend financial, managerial and technical assistance

have been far from satisfactory, and they have failed to fulfill the expectations.

63
Bagchi (2000) reports that though the small-scale sector

contributes significantly to industrial output, employment and earning of foreign

exchange it suffers from severe technological "obsolescence and lack of economies of

scale. The small industries development organisation under the ministry of SSI and

ARI has been providing institutional support for the promotion of technology but in a

vast country like India these facilities are inadequate.

C) Review of Books

Inderjith Singh & Gupta 64 (1977) state that the expansion of

the bank credit is not only desirable but also essential for the economic development

of Jammu and Kashmir. Commercial banks have to take up this task of credit

expansion on a challenging basis and should exploit the tremendous potentiality by

establishing personal contact with small industrialist.

65
Ashok Arora (1992) in his study examines the role of

various institutions at the state level responsible for rendering assistance for the

-56-
growth of small-scale industries in Punjab. This study also outlines a profile of the

growth of small-scale industries in Punjab.

D) Review of Thesis

66
Narayanan [19641 in his thesis discusses the financial

problems faced by Industries in general and recommends the setting-up of an

Industrial development Bank at the state level for mitigating the problems.

67
Samara Kumar Misra (1984) in his study states that due to

lack of coordination between DIC personnel and implementing agencies, procedural

delays, no availability of services of important agencies and lack of entrepreneurship,

the present system is not functioning well.

68
James Manalel (1994) reported that the working of

banks and financial institutions showed that the Kota. Assistance made available in

Kerala for SSI units was comparatively small. The effectiveness of any incentive

packages, however well designed it may be, depends on the quality of the system of

delivery. The state has comparable package on record, but the quality of delivery of

the same was perceived by the entrepreneurs to be poor in relation to what units in

other states get.

D. Studies Analysing the Role of Financial Institutions

A) Review of Research Studies

69
Pareek [19781] in his work reveals the role of financial

institutions and state agencies in extending credit to small-scale units and pinpoints

their attitude of indifference in catering to the need of the tiny units. He suggest that

-57-
financial institutions have to tune their policies in consonance with the needs of small-

scale sector in general and the smaller among small-scale a units in particular.

70
Sharmila Dayal (1996) reported that the available resources

of Uttar Pradesh Finance Corporation [UP FC] has increased manifold during the

period of study yet it failed to cope with the growing needs of industrialization of the

state.

71
Parag Pande (2000) in his study emphasis the need for

extension of definition of small-scale Industry and revitalizing the law governing

small-scale Industry and recommended the setting up of growth centres to provide

adequate infrastructure facilities.

B) Review of Research Articles

72
Kulkarni and Kaveri (2000) examine the need for support

and extension services in accelerating its growth such support and extension services

include, market intelligence, marketing services, modernization, technology

upgradation, quality testing etc. It is also attempted to discuss the available

institutional network in India to provide support and extension services.

C) Review of Books

73
Basu (1957) makes an attempt to examine the financial

problems of small scale Industries and assess their place in the country's Second Five

Year Plan. The study highlights the role of S F C in financing small-scale Industries.

74
Ram Dawar [1986] has made an attempt to examine and

appraise the operation of the hire purchase schemes of the national small Industries

-58-
Corporation and the state small industries corporation, particularly the Andhra

Pradesh small-scale industrial development corporation.

75
Vasant Desai (1997) reviews the institutional framework

for promoting small-scale industries in India. The institutional framework for the

promotion of small- scale industries aims at fostering the small-scale sector by solving

their problem.

D) Review of Thesis

Suresh Chandra Jain 76 [1971] in his work analyses in detail the

problems of institutional finance for small-scale Industries in the state of Utter

Pradesh.

Sharma 77 [1973] in his study explains industrial financing by

national level financial institutions. It also discusses the role of the state financial

institutions in financing industries of Bihar. He suggests that the financial institution

should act as a guide philosopher and promoter of industries and recommend the

setting up of small industries bank.

78
Jit Singh Chandan (1976) observed that there is very little

effort on research and development in industries for traditional items. The glaring

needs in management are in respect of training in capital, investment, and costing, and

budgetary control.

79
Natarajan [1983] examines the trends in institutional

financing to SSI units in Andhra Pradesh for a period of decade commencing from

1970.

-59-
 Radhey Shyan Singh 80 [19861 in his study makes an analytical

survey of the institutional sources of finance to the SSI and other small / tiny units,

after critically examining the various aspects of the functioning of the financial

institutions for the growth of the small-scale sector.

81
Agarwal [1987] reports that the Indian banking

system has failed to extent appropriate amounts of loan to SSI. He is of the opinion

that lending institution should be more practical and flexible in their attitude rather

than strictly legal with a view to enabling the borrowing units to overcome any

temporary difficulties.

82
Raghurama [1991] tries to analyse the problems faced by

small-scale units while availing themselves of bark finance. The problems faced by

the bankers and the procedures adopted by the bank in extending finance are also

examined.

83
Ganesh Kumar [1993] in his study observed that KFC has

disbursed more amounts of loans and all the loans are of long term nature. The Cost

and terms of the loan from KFC are found to be more attractive. In addition obtaining

loan from KFC is found to be less difficult process despite all these positive factors, it

is observed that KFC has made less impact on the development of SSI in Kerala.

E. Studies on Sickness of Small-Scale Industries

A) Review of Research Studies

84
Abraham (1991) reports that the success or failure of any

small enterprise depends mainly on the entrepreneur, support system and the

-60-
environment. He stressed that-the success or failure is determined mostly by the

human element involved in industrial enterprise.

At a seminar on prevention and cure of sickness among SSI

units held in 85 (1990) at Hyderabad, it was stated that experience from Kerala shows

that an overdose of incentives was one of the main reason for turning healthy units in

to sick units N G 0, reports 88 (1996) that the high incidence of sick units in this

sector was largely due to inconsiderate banking policies, the financial institutions

must play a more active role in keeping track of the financial status of the units.

C) Review of Books

86
Reddy (1988) in his study on sickness in small-scale

Industry states that the existence of large magnitude of nonviable sick units is a threat

to industrial progress; there is an urgent need to review the situation and take remedial

measures.

87
Panda and Metier (1992) studied sickness of the SSI sector

in Orissa state-sector wise growth of sickness in the SSI units between 1979 and

1987. It is seen that Industrially backward states like Bihar, Orissa Andhra Pradesh,

Madhya Pradesh and U.P have high rate of sickness that of industrially advanced

states like Gujarat, Maharashtra West Bengal and Karnataka.

D) Review of Thesis

88
HariKumar (1994) in his doctoral thesis states that the

industrial sickness is spreading in the country at an alarming rate. Compared to other

sector, the incidence of sickness is significantly higher is the SSI sector. Sickness is

growing at an alarming rate in southern region of India. Kerala witnessed phenomenal

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increase in sickness. In Kerala entrepreneurs lack entrepreneurial culture and heritage,

Entrepreneurship Development Programme is not achieving desired results.

Concluding Remark

Despite the large number of studies conducted on various

aspects of small-scale industries no comprehensive study has been undertaken to find

out whether SIDBI have made an impact on the promotion and growth of small-scale

industry in Maharashtra. SIDBI is an institution specially promoted by the Central

Government for the development of small-scale industry in India. The present study is

an attempt to fill the gap.

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References:-

Studies examining the general problems and prospectus of small-scale units

1. Bhati. G.S (1976) “Industrial Estates an Evaluation”,

University of Bombay.

2. Bannock Graham (1981) “The Economics of Small Firms:

Return from the Wilderness”. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

3. Chuta Envy Vinna and Liedholun C (1985), “Employment

Growth in SSI Industry”: Empirical Evidence and Assessment from Sierra

Leone, Handbills, and the Macmillan Press Ltd.

4. .Sandesara.J.C. (1988) "Small Industry Development

Programme in India- Efficiency Explanation.; and Lessons: Some Field Study

in Suri K.B. (Ed.) optic. P.227-298, see also, Sandesara, J.C.Industrial

Framework for Promoting Small-Scale Industries in India, Asian Development

Review vol. - 2 P.10-40.

5. Sidhartha Shankar, Kar Jyotinnayee and Sarangi, (1990)

Operational and Government Support in Promoting SSI in Balasore District of

Orissa SEDEME 17 No: 3, P.31-37.

6. Sharma.J.P, (1990) "Small-scale Industry Problems and

Prospectus" Anmol Publications, New Delhi.

7. Albert Berry, Mazumder Dipak (1991) “Small-scale Industry

in the Asian Specific Region” Asian pacific - Economic Literature 5 (2)

September, P. 35.67.

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8. Talus Tambunan, (September 1991) “The Role of Small-scale

Industries in Economic Development: A Care of Indonesia, Social - and -

Economic – Studies” 40(3) P.155.

9. Steel William .F Webster Leila. M, (1991) Small Enterprises

under Adjustment in Ghana, World Bank Technical Paper No: 138, Industry

and Finance Series Washington D.C, World Bank, P.67.

10. A.S, Balla, (1992) " Small and Medium Enterprises

Technology Policies and Options" Intermediate Technology Publications,

London.

11. R.S. Jamuar (1992), "Small-scale and Cottage Industry in India

Problems Government Policy Measures for Development, Deep and deep

Publications, New Delhi.

12. Rama Swamy K.V.( July- December 1993) Capital Intensity,

Productivity and Returns to Scale in Modern Small Industries in Indian

Economic Review, P. 157 -73.

13. .Ramabijoy (1993),"Small-scale Industries in India" Mittal

Publications, New Delhi.

14. K.R. Pillai (July - September 1994), The Indian Small-scale

Sector in the New Economic Setting, Productivity, P. 258 - 265.

15. N.K.A. Rao(April 1995), Small is beautiful Technology

Transfer in SMES Sector, Laghu Udyog Samachar, P. 3 - 6

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16. 41.Hayani- Yujiro(June 1998), Kikuchi, Masao; Marciano,

Esther - B1Structure of Rural -Based Industrialisation Metal Craft

Manufacturing on the Out skirts of Greater Manila, The Philippines,

Developing Economies; 36, Philippines, P.132 -154.

17. M.H Balasubramanya, (March 1998) Shift in India's Small

Industry Policy, Small Enterprise Development Vol 9 No: 1, P. 34 - 45.

18. V.S.Datey (1999), Practice Manuel to Small-scale Industries,

Tan Prints Ltd., New Delhi.

19. Moli. P. Koshy and Dr. Mary Joseph (March 2000) Women

Entrepreneurship in the Small-scale Industrial Units: A Study of Kerala

Southern Economist, Banglore, and P.19.

20. Ministry of Commerce and Industry, (1961) Report of the

Japanese Delegation, Government of India, New Delhi.

21. Prasad C.S (.Dr) (March 151974) “Small Sectors: Big

Achievements Yojana” P.8.

22. Government of India, New Delhi (1985) “Sub group on Small-

Scale Industries”, Report of the Working Group on Small-Scale Industries for

the Seventh Plan, P.10.

23. Benjamin Solomon J, Jobs, Land, and Urban development,

(1991) The Economic Success of Small Manufacturers in East Delhi, India,

Cambridge, Mass: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

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24. Benjamin Solomon J, Jobs, Land, and Urban development,

(1991) The Economic Success of Small Manufacturers in East Delhi, India,

Cambridge, Mass: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

25. Dias Sriyani, (1991) Sub Contracting in Small-scale Industries.

The Case of Srilanka Industry - and- Development (29) P. 23 - 35.

26. Ahmad Jaleel (1993), Trade and Industrial Policies and Small-

scale Industry: The Case of Indonesia Srilanka, Padstan, Canadian - Journal -

of -Development- Studies; 14 (1) P. 43 -- 54.

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