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ROUTINE
12 SIG BN
Bahawalpur Cantt
Tel: 35205
102/ G-B0FPYZ
28 Jun 2019

To: HQ Sigs 31 Corps - Trg

Subj: Chairman JCSC Prize Essay Competition - 2019

HQ Sigs 31 Corps ltr no. 338/Trg-9HFHG7 dated 25 Apr 2019 ref.

1. Subj essay topic on “Artificial Intelligence and its Prospective use in Armed
Forces of Pakistan” written by PSS-57726 Capt Muneeb Ahmed of this unit is encl
herewith as pasted below.

2. Fwd as desired, please.

(HARD COPY BY POST)

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Anx A

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS PROSPECTIVE USE IN ARMED FORCES OF

PAKISTAN

1. Introduction. Artificial intelligence is perhaps the most talkative issue of the present
world. What exactly is Artificial Intelligence? Although most attempts to define complex and
widely used terms precisely are in futility, it is useful to draw at least an approximate
boundary around the concept to provide a perspective on the discussion that will follow.

2. Artificial Intelligence or AI is the study on how to make computers do things at

which, people are better. The capacity of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot
device to perform tasks commonly associated with the higher intellectual characteristic of
humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past
experience is called Artificial Intelligence or AI.

3. The term Artificial Intelligence is frequently applied to the branch of computer science
concerned with creating computer programs that can perform actions comparable with those
of human intelligence. A major goal among computer scientists is to develop machines that
communicate with their environments through traditionally human sensory means and
proceed without human intervention.

4. Both perception and reasoning fall within the category of common sense activities
that, although natural for the human mind, are apparently quite difficult for machines. The
result is that the area of pursuit, known as artificial intelligence.

5. Aim. To acquaint about the artificial intelligence and its use in Pakistan Army.

6. Seq

a. Scope of Artificial Intelligence.

b. Types of Artificial Intelligence and its components.
c. Purposes of Artificial Intelligence.
d. Artificial Intelligence and Real Intelligence.
e. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Army
f. Some related technologies with artificial intelligence.

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g. Conclusion.

7. Scope of Artificial Intelligence. AI programs can do many different things. They can
play games, predict share values, interpret photographs, diagnose diseases, translate
languages, take dictation, draw analogies, help design complex machinery, teach logic,
make Jokes, compose music, do drawings, and learn to do tasks better. Some of these
things they do well. Expert systems can make medical diagnoses as well as, or better than
most human doctors. Computers often predict share prices better than humans, and some
AI-generated music sounds like compositions by famous composers. Other things, they do
rather badly. Their translations are imperfect, but good enough to be understood. Their
dictation is reliable only if the vocabulary is predictable and the speech unusually clear.

8. To match everything that people can do, they would need to model the richness and
subtlety of human memory and common sense. Moreover, programs do only one thing,
whereas people do many things. AI robots, although more flexible than industrial robots but
are similarly limited. Very few can avoid obstacles smoothly, or move across uneven
surfaces without falling over. Robots that plan their actions beforehand are vulnerable to
unexpected environmental changes. Even if a robot performs successfully, it cannot
undertake a wide variety of tasks. And its success often requires simplification of the
environment. Nevertheless, AI-robots can do boring, dirty, or dangerous jobs, sometimes in
places that humans cannot reach.

9. Types of Artificial Intelligence. There are three types of AI: symbolic, connectionist,
and evolutionary. Each has characteristic strengths and weaknesses.

a. Symbolic AI. Symbolic AI is based in logic. It uses sequences of rules to tell

the computer what to do next.
b. Connectionist AI. Connectionism is inspired by the brain. It is closely related
to computational neuroscience, which models actual brain cells and neural
circuits. Connectionist AI uses artificial neural networks made of many units
working in parallel.
c. Evolutionary AI. AI draws on biology. Its programs make random changes
in their own rules, and select best daughter programs to breed the next
generation. This method develops problem-solving programs, and can evolve
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the “brains” and “eyes” of robots. Artificial intelligence problems span a very
board spectrum. They appear to have very little in common except that they
are hard. There are techniques that are appropriate for the solution of a variety
of these problems. It is enlightening to take a broad look at them to see what
properties they ought to possess. One of the few hard and fast results to come
out of the first twenty years of AI research is that intelligence requires
knowledge.

10. Components of AI Program

a. There are two important aspects to every AI program.

(1) A knowledge-representation framework

(2) Problem-solving and Inference methods

b. These two aspects interact heavily with each other. The choice of a
knowledge-representation framework determines the kind of problem-solving
methods that can be applied.

c. There are two major steps, required to build a system for solving a particular
problem:-

(1) Define the problem precisely. This definition must include precise
specifications of what the initial situations(s) will be as well as what final
situations constitute acceptable solutions to the problem.

(2) Analyze the problem. A few very important features can have an
immense impact on the appropriateness of various possible techniques
for solving the problem.

11. Purposes Of Artificial Intelligence. AI developers have one or both of two

motivations: technological and psychological.

a. Some want to make their computers do a useful task, without caring just how
they do it. These may include methods that people cannot match.
b. Others want to learn about human minds (or brains). They see their programs
as psychological theories, and avoid methods that humans cannot use.

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c. AI can help psychologists because they must state their theories very clearly
to express them as programs. If the program fails to produce the intended
results, then the theory must be mistaken, but the computer run may indicate
where the mistake is.
d. Financial institutions, scientists and medical practitioners, design engineers,
public transport schedulers, planning authorities, government departments,
and security services, among many others use AI.
e. AI techniques are also applied in systems used to browse the Internet and
online news and wire services. In the home.
f. AI systems can provide guidance on gardening, travel, car maintenance, and
many other matters.
g. AI robots are being developed to assist the disabled.

12. Artificial Intelligence and Real Intelligence

a. AI programs actually produce results that resemble human behavior?” This is

a scientific question that how it is possible to match human brain capabilities.
The answer at present is yes, at least in some cases. Whether it would also be
true to say that this is so, but in all cases is not yet known. Some things that
most people assume computers could never do are already possible. AI
programs can compose aesthetically appealing music, draw attractive
pictures, and even play the piano “expressively”. Other things are more
elusive: producing perfect translations of a wide range of texts; making
fundamental, yet aesthetically acceptable.
b. Transformations of musical style; producing robots that move nimbly over
rough ground, swim across rivers, or climb mountains. It is controversial
whether these things are merely very difficult in practice, or impossible in
principle.
c. Alternatively, “Is artificial intelligence possible?” may mean “Could any
program (or robot), no matter how humanlike its performance, really be
intelligent?” This question involves highly controversial issues in the
philosophy of mind, including the importance of example and the nature of

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intentionally and consciousness. Some philosophers and AI researchers argue
that intelligence can arise only in bodily creatures sensing and acting in the
real world. If this is correct, then robotics is essential to attempt for
constructing truly intelligent artifacts. If not, then a mere AI program might be
intelligent.

13. Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Army. Today the main areas of artificial
intelligence in worldwide and in army are:

a. Artificial Neural Networks.

b. Language Processing.
c. Perceptive Systems.
d. Robotics.
e. Database Systems.
f. Expert Systems.
g. AI and Programming.
h. Other Applications

14. Applications In Army

a. Army Data Management (ADM). This directorate has taken a lead and is the
biggest organization in Pakistan Army responsible for introducing computer
for military use. At present these computers are being used in this organization
for storage and handling of various records in addition to officers data.
b. Depots and Other Administrative Installations. Since such
organizations maintain a large numbers of technical and non technical stores,
their accounting handling preparation of reports pertaining to such stores and
management are the affairs of computers in these installations.
c. Training Institution. Computers are being taught and used in almost all
the training schools and colleges of respective arms and services, Command
and Staff Collage and even at National Defence University. In addition to data
processing and handling different records, it is being used for war gaming and
problems solving as well. Computers have been introduced at Corps and
divisional levels, which are mainly being utilized for data storage.
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d. Application of Computer at Tactical Levels. Application of new generation
computers are not much different even at tactical levels. Mainly these can be
employed into two categories. The first includes information management
system to support military system in terms of planning, decision making,
logistic supply as well as tactical planning. The second category comprises of
guidance and targeting of autonomous weapons. Radar and sonar images for
automatic deduction and planning be incorporated in guidance of weapon
defence system. All the information affecting operations in one way or the
other, can be collected. Remote surveillance devices and all available sources
at various levels such as battalion, brigade or division, relating to a specific
area during a specific time period can provide these informations. It can then
be analysed and interpreted to suggest what is happening and more
importantly, what might happen. Computer cannot only manipulate all such
information but it can update, control wastage and disseminate it to needy as
well. One of the important functions even at unit level is to maintain and
communicate correct data to higher formations. Even duplication and regular
reports and returns cannot get an up-to-date information to the commander in
real time.
e. Logistics. It is one of the most important and difficult aspect, which involves
alot of calculation, data processing and staff checks. So far, much of this is
done manually. This, not only involves lot of human effort but is time
consuming too, and there are changes to go wrong as well.
f. Planning. Operational planning involves lengthy process including
“analysis of area of operation”, “appreciations” etc. Inferences are drawn by
the system to suggest the meaning and significance of the used data. System
should also assist staff to translate commander’s decisions into detailed order
for issue to subordinate units or formations.
g. Training Staff. Trained staff is required to handle and carry out data
processing at each terminal.

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h. Repair Facilities. Once computers are inducted down to unit level, the
repair and maintenance facilities will also have to be provided down to the
same level.
i. Computer Housing. Since use of these computers are not restricted to
peacetime only therefore to save these from shocks, vibrations, dust, extreme
temperatures, humidity and EMP (Electro Magnetic Pulse), special cases of
EMC (Electro Magnetic Capability), suitable cabins and special vehicles to
house these computers will be required. In addition, air conditioning of these
vehicles will also be necessary.

15. Some Related Technologies with Artificial Intelligence

a. Virtual Reality. Virtual Reality (VR) is computer technology that allows a

user to interact with a computer generated replica of the real world. Sensory
input, provided via a visor, glove and a treadmill feed the senses information
about the environment. The computer-generated environments respond both
to the simulated world and to the user’s movements in that world. This has,
however, two great advantages; firstly, it does not expose the user to the
dangers of war, secondly it is not as expensive as generating the whole or part
of wars in actuality.
b. Simulator vis a vis Combat Systems. Simulation is a very comprehensive
word encompassing a vast spectrum of meanings from “twenty rounds of
blank ammunition and a burning truck tyre to give black smoke to multi-million
AFV simulators linked with computer with complex dedicated software”.
c. However, good simulator systems may be, they will always supplement never
replace the real thing. It is truly advocated that simulators are not the real
substitute for combat equipment. But the hard fast is, they are the best
substitute.

16. Types of Simulators from User’s Point

a. Aviation Simulator. Aviation simulation realism has gained positive

stridents in the recent year. It includes not only fighters but also commercial

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airlines. Pilots are trained indoor on the simulators and they don’t need to fly
actual aircraft for refresher training.
b. Artillery Simulator. There are different types of artillery training simulators.
Few are mentioned : -
(1) For artillery shooting the terrain model is replaced by a screen upon
which a coloured transparency of some suitable terrain is projected.
“The instructor can quickly change the terrain is projected. The
instructor can quickly change the terrain so that students can never
become familiar with any one picture. Sequences can also be
programmed so that, for example students undergoing classification
examinations can be presented with identical problems to have
some realistic assessment.

(2) Embedded Gunnery Trainer. Gunnery training simulator develops

gunners' skills in gun handling and firing procedures. Developed for air
defence and coastal artillery and is adaptable to any gunnery and
training system. GT is integrated with real weapon systems, based on
mock-ups or run on stand-alone workstations for reduced costs and
optimal functionality. Custom exercises can be created on a standard
PC Windows or NT platform. Evaluation and debriefing takes place
either directly on the simulator or on an external PC

c. Pyrotechnic devices to simulate shell bursts, smoke screens, small arms fire
or virtually any other battlefield effect have been used for many years. In this
system the effects suitable to a number of possible scenarios can be deployed
and the instructor is able to change the situation with the development of
exercise.
d. Sky Guard Radar Simulator. Air Defence offers another efficient simulator
operating with Sky Guard Radar system. Sky Guard radar has two types of
training simulators:-
(1) Training Simulator 1 (TS-1). This training facility is build in every
Sky Guard radar. It enables operator-trainees to learn the essential

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operating sequences with different simulated targets and electronic
jammers, checking up on the training level of each operator by
monitoring and evaluating his responses in the computer.

(2) Training Simulator 2 (TS-2). It imparts an advanced and

continuously progressive training with various types of attacks and ECM
conditions. All simulated conditions correspond to that of an actual
situation. The system provides wide variety of exercises like multi-
direction raids, attack by gun-ship helicopter, Remotely Piloted Vehicle
(RPV), and Anti Radiation Missile (ARM). During and exercise the
computer checks and evaluates the correctness, rapidity and precision
of the operator-trainee’s responses. We have to realize today that the
war we have to fight tomorrow will be different than what we have seen
or fought in the past. The speed and tempo of operations will be
unprecedented. We will be fighting in situations where we might be
outnumbered in advance weaponry and manpower. we will have to
engage more number of targets than we have to resources to do it. The
analysis of today’s warfare reveal that the realm of high technology
electronics, increase in mobility, range and lethality added to weapons
is going to inflict destruction beyond imagination..

17. Collective Training

a. Force-on-Force Combat Training System. The trained armed forces in

simulated opposition. It provides the basis for brigade size combat teams with
One-way (miles) or Two-way laser engagement simulators. Exercises can be
planned, prepared, performed and evaluated within the facilities. Data is
stored, analysed, and presented within the Exercise Control (Excon). Excon is
a modular system based on Windows NT operating system. All incoming data
from the training field is recorded After Action Review. Data is displayed on the
Exercise Control computer's 2D map and 3D viewer. The Tactical Radio
function allows the system to record and replay radio traffic on several
channels.
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b. Gamer Instrumented Training Systems. Gamer is a scalable,
instrumented training concept that can cover all needs from platoon level to
brigade level and beyond. It has a modular system design that allows it to be
fully customized to meet specific needs. Key characteristics are scaleable
player capacities, exercise areas, command and control workstations and AAR
functionality. Gamer collects data from the live battlefield and presents all
player positions and activities on screen. The players could be infantry
soldiers, land vehicles and helicopters.The system simulates the effects of
various area weapons including mines, mortars, field artillery, and chemical
weapons and it provides a high level architecture interface that enables it to be
compatible with other live, constructive and virtual simulators.

18. Range Equipment. AI Training Systems have been the world leader for range
equipment for more than 30 years. All range systems feature simple control, high realism
and great flexibility. The product range consists of control systems and mechanisms for
fixed, portable and mobile targets. Each piece of our equipment is designed for use in
conjunction with realistic combat exercises using live ammunition.

19. Target Training System

a. Anti Armour Moving Target System (AAMTS). The drive for tank
targets on trolleys or sledges is electro motor or diesel driven, for semi-mobile
use on firing ranges of all kind. The target can be towed in any direction and is
used for firing practice of tanks, APC's and anti-tank weapons. The AAMTS is
radio or landline controlled, and is mains, generator or Diesel powered. It has
a low silhouette for reduced protection heights and little groundwork is
required.
b. Enemy Fire Simulator / Visual Hit Indicator. The EFS / VHI is a non-
pyrotechnic simulation of the bang of a hostile tank, or anti-tank weapon, if
used in the hostile fire role. The EFS / VHI gives an indication of an own-hit, by
means of a non-pyrotechnic cloud of smoke. It is controlled via the respective
pop-up target mechanism and is for use on small arms as well as tank firing

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ranges of all kind. It increases the realism of the battle field simulation and
reduces the life cycle costs as no pyrotechnics are necessary.
c. Location Of Miss And Hit (Lomah) – Non Contact Hit Sensor System. This
is an add-on for all existing target appliances, or a stand-alone version. This
registers the location of any hyper sonic projectile in open air, for use on small
arms as well as tank firing ranges of all kind. The LOMAH gives an indication
of a hit, or near miss location graphically and in x-y- co-ordinates in relation to
the used target silhouette. It has two-way data transmission by radio or
landline and is battery or mains powered. It is easily set-up and there is no
need for special target material.
d. Radio Control Unit. The radio controller unit is for infantry target
mechanism, tank target mechanisms, moving target systems, enemy fire
simulators and LOMAH systems. This unit indicates status reports and
feedbacks as the number of hits for each appliance. It can give the location of
miss and hit, the position of each moving target, the status and errors for each
appliance and is battery powered.

20. Recommendations with respect to AI uses in Army

a. Initially to enhance computer literacy training and education, standard simpler

terminals may be militarized (PC or smart, compact and hand-held), should be
provided to brigades and units without being linked with each other.
b. Selected officers and clerical staff should be given adequate training to handle
and operate this computer.
c. To save computer network from hacking and to guard against its any viruses,
efficient Antivirus be incorporated in the system.

21. Conclusions

a. The renowned mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing proposed

what is now called the Turing Test as a way of deciding whether a machine is
intelligent. He imagined a person and a computer hidden behind a screen,
communicating by electronic means. If we cannot tell which one is the human,

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we have no reason to deny that the machine is thinking. That is, a purely
behavioral test is adequate for identifying intelligence (and consciousness).
b. The concept of consciousness itself is not understood, both scientifically and
philosophically. Some people think it obvious that any robot, no matter how
superficially humanlike, must be zombie-like. But others think it obvious that a
robot whose functions matched the relevant functions of the brain (whatever
those may be) would inevitably be conscious. The answer has moral
implications: if an AI system will be conscious, it would arguably be wrong to
“kill” it, or even to use it as a “slave”.

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BIBLOGRAPHY

i. HTTP: IIWWW.aaai.org

ii. HTTP: IIWWW.investopedia.com

iii. HTTP: //WWW. Youtube.com//Artificial Intelligence applications

iv. HTTP: IIWWW.futureoflife.org

v. HTTP: IIen.m.wikipedia.org>org>wiki>artificial intelligence

vi. HTTP: IIWWW.techopedia.com

vii. HTTP: //WWW.AI-everything.com

viii. Verbal discussion with tele communication and software engineers.

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