3518
4, JULY/AUGUST 2016
The Effect of Available Short-Circuit Capacity
and Trail Cable Length on Substation Voltage
Amplification in Surface Excavation Industry
Omar J. Abdel-Baqi, Michael G. Onsager, and Peter J. Miller
Abstract—The use of long-length medium-voltage portable
trailing cables in the surface extraction industry to power the
major excavation tools, such as electric rope shovel (ERS), elec-
tric drills, electric hydraulic mining shovel (HMS), and dragline
is indispensable. Since these cables are highly capacitive with low
X/R ratio, it is very important to conduct voltage stability anal-
ysis before adding a new machine to an existing power system.
This paper investigates the effect of the trailing cable length on
the mine substation voltage quality. An overvoltage condition that
causes the failure of an auxiliary power supplies onboard one
of the high-power machines is investigated. The possible causes
of the overvoltage, predominantly the interaction between cur-
rent harmonics generated by the use of variable speed drives
and the long-cable capacitance and substation inductance, are
described theoretically and simulated. Power requirements and
installation guidelines for high-power electrically driven mining
shovels are established. Onsite measurements are used to validate
the theoretical analysis and confirm recommendations.
Index Terms—Active front end (AFE), electric rope shovel
(ERS), harmonics, hydraulic mining shovel (HMS), mining
power system, trailing cable, voltage amplification, voltage-source
inverter (VSI).
I. I NTRODUCTION
I N THE SURFACE excavation industry, there are different
types of electrically driven machines such as electrical rope
shove (ERS), draglines, electric drills, and electrical hydraulic
mining shovel (EHMS). The productivity of these machines is
directly associated with their mobility. To increase the mobility,
a long-length trail cable is used to connect the machine to the
main substation.
Static dc drives were first introduced in these machines
beginning in 1968. The ac three-phase medium-voltage power
is feed through a long-length trailing cable (typically up to
4000 ft). Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) thyristors are used
to rectify the incoming ac voltage and run the dc motors [1].
The dc drive produces low harmonic orders such as fifth and
seventh. Harmonic filters tuned for these orders were often
used to reduce the ac current distortion [2]. The interaction
Manuscript received July 16, 2015; revised February 8, 2016; accepted
February 19, 2016. Date of publication February 26, 2016; date of cur-
rent version July 15, 2016. Paper 2015-MIC-0648.R1, presented at the 2015
IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Addison, TX, USA,
October 18–22, and approved for publication in the IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON I NDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS by the Mining Industry Committee of the IEEE
Industry Applications Society.
The authors are with Caterpillar Global Mining, South Milwaukee, WI 53172
USA (e-mail: Abdel-baqi_Omar@cat.com; onsager_michael_g@cat.com;
Miller_Peter_J@cat.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2016.2535162
0093-9994 © 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 52, NO.
between the substation transformer inductive reactance and the
power factor correction capacitive reactance was a concern, and
in some cases, voltage amplification at the mine substation is
generated [3]–[6]. Consequently, the characteristic of the mine
power substation is optimized to avoid voltage amplification at
low harmonic orders.
In the1980s, ac drive technology was introduced to electri-
cally driven mining machines (EDMMs) such as electric rope
shovels (ERSs) and small draglines. SCR input rectifiers were
used in the early stages to charge a common dc-bus capacitor
with constant voltage. The bus voltage then used to supply the
inverters for motion control. The use of the SCR as an input
rectifies in the EDMM creates a significant amount of current
harmonics and operate at lagging power factor [7], [8]. In addi-
tion, low harmonic orders of the line current (5th, 7th, 11th,
13th, and 17th) are produced when six-pulse bridge is used
as an ac/dc converter. For instance, the total harmonic distor-
tion (THD) for a standard six-pulse bridge can varies from
21.31% to 27.25% when the firing angle changes from 0◦ to
80◦ , respectively [8].
In 2000, the first ac mining shovel with insulated-gate bipo-
lar transistors’ (IGBTs’) technology is introduced by Bucyrus
International. The downside of the SCR drives such as lagging
power factor, high-line current distortion, sluggish machine
dynamics, and inefficient mode of operation, can be overcome
with IGBT technology. In addition, power quality at the mine
substation can also be improved significantly. The introduc-
tion of the IGBT device offered the following improvements:
1) improve machine dynamics and performance; 2) reduce line
current THD to approximately 4%; 3) reactive power com-
pensation (typically unity power factor); 4) the potential for
line voltage stabilization at the machine point of common cou-
pling (MPCC); 5) full regenerative operation; and, as a result
6) improve machine productivity, efficiency, and availability
[9], [10]. The capability of the IGBT to switch at higher fre-
quency independent of input voltage zero crossings required
for commutation of SCR front-end rectifier is what made these
improvements possible. For instance, the low THD is achieved
by actively monitoring and controlling the line current by the
IGBT active front end (AFE). Unlike conventional line com-
mutated rectifiers, the AFE produces high harmonic orders such
as 59th and 61st. No harmonic filters are typically needed for
the line current. Moreover, the line current can be controlled, so
that the power factor is unity at the MPCC. No additional power
factor correction capacitors are need for the IGBT technology.
The ac drive technology offers substantial improvements to the
ABDEL-BAQI et al.: EFFECT OF AVAILABLE SHORT-CIRCUIT CAPACITY AND TRAIL CABLE LENGTH
TABLE I
C URRENT D ISTORTION L IMITS FOR S YSTEMS R ATED
120 V T HROUGH 69 K V
a Even
harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits above.
b Current distortions that result in a dc offset, e.g., half-wave converters, are not
allowed.
c All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion,
regardless of actual ISC /IL , where ISC is the maximum short-circuit current
at PCC and IL is the maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency
component) at the PCC under normal load-operating conditions.
performance of the EDMM. Furthermore, the transition to ac
drive technology has offered the following potential improve-
ments related to the trail cable: 1) increase trail cable length;
2) reduce trail cable diameter; and most importantly 3) reduce
cable losses.
With the back to the line regenerative capability, the mine
substation is acting as the shovel energy provider and receiver
in different parts of the digging cycle. The substation must
meet certain requirements to have reliable operation. The unity
power factor and low line current THD are mitigated by the
IGBT technology on the shovel. What is not obvious is that
the substation characteristic is changing due to the advance-
ment in technologies. To meet current substation requirements,
the substation capacity used for 1980 drive system constitutes
a weak point and potential for downtime increase. Adding a
new machine to an existing substation has to be done with prior
detailed analysis of the substation characteristics. For exam-
ple, the capacity of the substation transformer feeding these
machines is different than that used for machines with dc drive
technology, even if the two machines have similar power pro-
file. The reason is that the stability margin of the substation
with ac IGBT rectifier technology is different than the dc or
SCR technology previously employed. Since the number of
machines with ac IGBT drives (high harmonic orders producing
loads) has increased over the years, it has become increas-
ingly necessary to address their influences when making any
additions or changes to an installation.
IEEE 519 Standard for voltage and current harmonics control
in electric power system is used as a starting point to specify
the substation requirements for machines with ac drive tech-
nology. Complying with IEEE519 at the MPCC usually will
guarantee stable and reliable power system under all operat-
ing condition. In addition, since the harmonic orders produced
by the machines with ac drive technology are higher than what
was recently published in the IEEE519-2014 (up to the 50th
harmonic order), a detailed system analysis must be conducted
before adding machine to an existing mine or designing new
power system.
The newly released IEEE519-2014 Standard for voltage
and current harmonic control in electric power system are
represented in Tables I and II, respectively [11].
3519
TABLE II
VOLTAGE D ISTORTION L IMITS
a High-voltage systems can have up to 2.0% THD where the cause is an HVDC
terminal whose effects will have attenuated at points in the network where
future users may be connected.
In this paper, the influence of the trail cable length on the sub-
station voltage stability is studied. To understand the system, a
brief introduction on the operation of the ERS and EHMS is
presented in Section II. Problem statement and system setup
under study is explained in Section III. The resonance condi-
tion of the system is analytically examined and simulated in
Section IV. A measurements’ data from actual mine substa-
tion are used to confirm the resonance condition and identify
the cause. System stability discussion and recommendations
are provided in Section V. Field data with and without imple-
menting the recommendations are provided in Section VI. The
conclusion of this paper is provided in Section VII.
II. E LECTRICAL H YDRAULIC M INING S HOVEL AND
E LECTRIC ROPE S HOVEL
EHMS and ERS are the main high-power equipment used for
overburden removal in surface excavation industry. The mine
productivity is directly associated with the availability of these
equipment. Therefore, availability, reliability, and network-
friendly operation are required to maximize the mine pro-
ductivity [10]. To maximize the mine productivity, machines’
mobility is an important factor in selecting the type of digging
equipment. Since these machines are required to be connected
to the substation during digging, a long trailing cable length is
used to connect these machines to the substation transformer.
The use of trailing cable significantly improves the machine
mobility, which ultimately improves the mine productivity.
A single-line diagram of a generic distribution system for
surface mining is depicted in Fig. 1. To give more perspec-
tive, the principle of operation of ERS and EHMS is briefly
discussed.
A. Electric Rope Shovel
The power structure of a typical 3.5-MVA ERS is shown in
Fig. 2. Typically, an onboard transformer feeds several voltage-
source inverters (VSIs). The VSI connected to the substation
side is called AFE. The AFE controls the dc-bus voltage to a
constant value and the power factor to a unity at the MPCC.
To achieve good voltage and power factor regulation, the
AFE boosts the dc-bus voltage to a higher value than the recti-
fied line voltage. In addition, a maximum of 4% of line current
THD at full power can be seen at the input of the ERS [9]. The
3520
Fig. 1. Typical single-line diagram distribution system for surface extraction.
Fig. 2. Single-line diagram of a typical ERS.
Fig. 3. ERS line current frequency spectrum at full load.
frequency spectrum of the ERS line current at the MPCC is pre-
sented in Fig. 3. The line current harmonic orders are pushed to
the 59th and 61st with a THD of 3.5%. As a result, THD is well
below the IEEE 519 recommendations and there is no need to
install addition harmonic filters.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 52, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2016
Fig. 4. Single-line diagram of a typical EHMS.
A VSI running at high switching frequency is capable of
pushing the current harmonics to high orders by staggering
the AFE with a different switching angle. The current at the
machine PCC become more sinusoidal. The total switching
frequency at the PCC for any ERS can be found as follows:
PCC Switching Frequency = PP × Ffund × NAFE (1)
where PP is the system pulse pattern, Ffund is the system funda-
mental frequency, and NAFE is the number of AFE onboard.
To achieve low-current THD, the AFEs in the same machine
are staggered [9].
B. Electrical Hydraulic Mining Shovel
Unlike the ERS, the EHMS is direct online connected
machine. The EHMS has no VSI on board. Therefore, the cur-
rent of the electric motor is assumed to be pure sinusoidal
after the starting mode of the motor is completed. Fig. 4 shows
one-line diagram of a typical EHMS.
In case of weak substation, the autotransformer is installed
on the machine for soft starting. The machine is connected via
trailing cable to the substation. Since there is no VSI onboard
and the power factor correction capacitor is permanently con-
nected across the motor (no capacitor switching), there are no
concerns of any voltage instability due to the EHMS. PCC
current generated by EHMS is assumed to be pure sinusoidal
at steady state. To run an EHMS, the main contractor is first
closed to power the auxiliary. For digging condition, the motor
contactor is closed (see Fig. 4).
III. P ROBLEM S TATEMENT
In one of the surface extraction mines, an excessive overvolt-
age at the substation transformer is reported. Fig. 5 shows the
mine power system during the overvoltage condition.
Three machines (two ERS and one EHMS) are connected to
same substation transformer. ERS is rated at a peak power of 3.5
MVA and EHMS is rated at a peak power of 2.5 MVA. Each
machine is connected to the substation by a trail cable. Two
machines are only scheduled to dig at the same time. The three
ABDEL-BAQI et al.: EFFECT OF AVAILABLE SHORT-CIRCUIT CAPACITY AND TRAIL CABLE LENGTH
Fig. 5. Single-line diagram of the system during overvoltage condition.
Fig. 6. Typical trailing cables for a medium-voltage piece of equipment [12].
machines are feed from a 13.8/7.2-kV step-down transformer
(X/R = 20) through an 8 kV 2/0-American Wire Gage (AWG)
trailing cable with a length of 4000 ft (cable X/R = 0.0011).
Fig. 6 shows a typical arrangement for a 2/0-AWG 2-kV Type
SHD-GC trailing cable used for medium voltage (2000 V).
When an EHMS is connected to the same substation trans-
former with ERS, without the main drive motor and power
factor capacitor energized, the switched mode power supplies
(SMPSs) that power the auxiliary system on the EHMS are
damaged. The investigation revealed the existence of overvolt-
age at the secondary of the auxiliary transformer. The possible
cause of this overvoltage is related to the long cables’ capac-
itance and inductance, which, together with the substation
transformer inductance, could generate resonances, which may
be excited by the ERS AFE inverter fast commutations. The
single-line diagram of the system during overvoltage condition
is depicted in Fig. 5.
To clarify the system setup during overvoltage condition, all
inactive hardware is omitted in Fig. 5. The ERSs are running in
standby mode (only auxiliary loads and AFEs are active). The
AFEs are running to establish 1800 V dc bus to feed some of
the auxiliary loads. The EHMS is also in standby mode. In this
3521
Fig. 7. Overvoltage phenomena at the secondary of the substation transformer.
mode, the power consumed by each machine is approximately
10% of the machine peak power. The voltage and current wave-
forms during the overvoltage condition are measured at the
secondary of the 7.5 MVA when the system is running at a rated
voltage of 7.2 kV. Fig. 7 shows the phase voltage for this con-
dition. The voltage is approximately at 140% of the rated value
and with a voltage THD of 28%. The high-frequency content
in the voltage is what damaging the power supplies. Since the
ERS is the only high-frequency switching source in the circuit,
it is very important to analyze potential resonance conditions
and the effect of the current harmonics existence on the system
and investigate the available substation capacity.
IV. VOLTAGE S TABILITY A NALYSIS
Several papers discussed the voltage resonance in the dis-
tribution systems. Failure of the motors insulation due to
overvoltage caused by the inverter switching and voltage res-
onance due to distribution capacitance switching is investigated
in [3]–[6]. The effect of the reflected wave caused by the VSI
on the driven load is investigated in [3].
To investigate the overvoltage condition, a single-phase
equivalent circuit model for the system is created. Fig. 8 shows
the single-phase equivalent circuit used to study the overvoltage
condition. Lst and Rst correspond to the transformer model
components, Rtc , Ctc , and Ltc are correspond to the cable
parameters, ZL corresponds to the EHMS motor impedance,
and Ih represents the load applied by ERS.
The actual values of the model parameters used in this anal-
ysis are provided in Table III. The substation inductance and
resistance are calculated from the transformer nameplate. The
trailing cable per unit inductance, capacitance, and resistance
are provided by the cable manufacturer.
To accurately determined and validate the cause of voltage
amplification, three types of analysis are conducted in this paper
as follows.
1) Impedance method: The substation impedance character-
istic is generated and the potential for parallel and series
resonance conditions are identified.
2) Analytical calculation: The single-phase representation of
the system is first generated in this section. The harmonic
number of resonance then identified.
3522 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 52, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2016

Fig. 10. Simplified single-phase equivalent circuit.

Fig. 8. Simplified single-phase equivalent circuit model of the system.

TABLE III

Fig. 11. Simplified harmonic single-phase equivalent circuit.

capacitance, the single-phase equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 8

can be simplified, as shown in Fig. 10.
From Fig. 10, the system resonance frequency can be calcu-
lated as follows [11], [13], [14]:

Ih = Ic + IL . (2)

Generalizing (2) for any harmonic order, the new equivalent

circuit can be redrawn, as shown in Fig. 11.
In Fig. 11, n is the harmonic order, Xc is the total capacitive
reactance for 4000 ft trailing cable, and XL is the transformer
inductive reactance.
Fig. 9. System impedance characteristic. From Fig. 11 and (2), at resonance, the current Ic and IL
are equal and are 180◦ out-of-phase. Since Xc and XL are
3) Simulation software: The circuit in Fig. 5 is implemented connected in parallel, they are subject to the same potential.
in Simulink using SimPowerSystem toolbox. A current Therefore,
! "
source represents the ERS current signature is injected −Xc
into the circuit. The voltage of the substation is then Ic × = IL × XL · n. (3)
3n
observed.
From (3), we can write
! "
A. Impedance Method −Xc
IL = Ic × . (4)
Using the single-phase model shown in Fig. 8 and the values 3XL · n2
in Table III, the impedance characteristic at the input of the ERS
is present in Fig. 9. A potential for series and parallel resonance Substituting (4) into (2) and solving for Ih gives
is identified at 7.3 and 3.7 kHz, respectively. ! "
3XL · n2 − Xc
Examining Fig. 9, we found that the system depicted in Fig. 5 Ih = Ic . (5)
represents the right setup for parallel resonance at the harmonic 3XL · n2
orders generated by the ERS (49th–75th).
From (5), at resonance, the value of Ih approaches zero.
Thus,
B. Analytical Calculation
(3XL · n2 − Xc ) = 0. (6)
Simple and quick method can be used to identify the sys-
tem resonance frequency. Since the dominant components in From (6), the harmonic order that excites the system and
the system are the transformer inductance and the trail cable causes voltage amplification for our system is represented as
ABDEL-BAQI et al.: EFFECT OF AVAILABLE SHORT-CIRCUIT CAPACITY AND TRAIL CABLE LENGTH
Fig. 12. Substation transformer voltage for overvoltage condition simulation.
#
Xc
n= . (7)
3XL
Using the same parameters’ value listed in Table III, the res-
onance harmonic order for the system depicted in Fig. 11 can
be calculated as
$ of the trail cable length is the total length connected to the
1 secondary of the substation transformer.
2×3.14×60×0.14×10−6 ×4
n= ≈ 59.
3× (2 × 3.14× 60 × 1.2 × 10−3 )
From (8), there is a great potential of parallel resonance at
harmonic order close to the 59th.
C. Simulation Method
To validate the consequence of the parallel resonance on
the system voltage, a very detailed Simulink model based on
Fig. 8 is created. A current waveform generated by ERS with
its frequency spectrum (Fig. 1) is used to excite the system.
The voltage at the secondary of the substation transformer is
observed and compared to the field data. Fig. 12 shows the
result of the simulation. The simulation results of the substation
voltage correlate with the field data (Fig. 7).
V. D ISCUSSION
It is evident from the previous analysis that the overvoltage
in the power system is due to parallel resonance caused by the
interaction between substation transformer inductive reactance
and trail cable capacitive reactance. The use of long-length trail
cable with low substation transformer short-circuit capacity is
the reason for voltage amplification, which results in the failure
of the sensitive devise.
Despite all the advantages provided by the ac drive system
used in ac drive technology, the substation capacity and trail
cable length play an important role for reliable operation. To
meet IEEE519-2014 voltage and current harmonic requirement,
an adequate substation capacity (continuous power capacity and
short-circuit capacity) must be reserved for each machine with
ac drive technology. The capacity of the transformer depends
on the load harmonic signature. Fig. 13 shows the trajectories
of the harmonic orders of resonance for different trail cable
lengths and transformer short-circuit capacities. The definition
3523
Fig. 13. Trajectory of harmonic orders of resonance for power system with
2/0-AWG trail cable.
(8) Fig. 13 shows the trajectory of the resonance frequencies for
a given trail cable length and substation short-circuit capac-
ity. The contour, in which the x-axis (short-circuit capacity)
and y-axis (trail cable length) intersect, is the line current har-
monic that is responsible for voltage amplification. Example: if
a 5000 ft of trail cable is installed on a secondary of a substation
with short-circuit capacity of 120 MVA, the voltage amplifica-
tion is likely to happen if the line current contains a harmonic
order close to the 93rd. To avoid voltage amplification, the inter-
section point between the x-axis and y-axis must be located on
a contour that does not exist in the line current harmonic spec-
trum. The dotted line shows the trajectory of the 5% voltage
THD. The 5% voltage amplification trajectory is obtained by
sweeping the circuit in Fig. 8 for cable length and substation
short-circuit capacity.
According to Fig. 13, to avoid voltage amplification due
to current harmonic generated by ERS (Fig. 3) and to com-
ply with IEEE519-2014 for voltage THD less than 5%, it is
recommended to install substation with minimum short-circuit
capacity of 63 MVA for 2000 total feet of trail cable connected
to the secondary of the transformer. [The intersection between
x-axis (63 MVAsc) and y-axis (2000 ft) is greater than the high-
est harmonic order generated by the ERS.] Consequently, for
the 7.5-MVA (115.4 MVAsc) substation transformer, the length
of the trail cable connected to the secondary of the transformer
must not exceed 7000 ft to avoid voltage amplification due to
current harmonics generated by the ERS.
The substation secondary voltage for this case is simulated
and shown in Fig. 14. As it can be seen, the voltage THD is
reduced to less than 5%. Based on the study, the following rec-
ommendation for the ERS, with harmonic spectrum similar to
Fig. 3, can be concluded.
1) Minimum of 4 MVA (Z = 6.5%) transformer must be
used to supply the ERS.
2) A maximum of 2000 ft must be used to avoid voltage
amplification.
3524 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 52, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2016

Fig. 16. Measured line-neutral voltage and line current during voltage amplifi-
Fig. 14. Line-neutral substation transformer voltage for a 7.5-MVA transform cation condition.
and 4000 ft of trail cable.

Fig. 17. Frequency spectrum of the measured voltage during voltage amplifi-
cation condition.

Fig. 15. Recommended system impedance characteristic.

3) The machine terminal voltage must not drop greater than

and rise more than 10% of the rated voltage.
4) Maximum of 3% of voltage drop across the trail cable.
5) Utilize 13.8-kV substation when it is possible.
Fig. 15 shows the system impedance characteristic rec-
ommended for the circuit in Fig. 6. The parallel resonance
frequency for the system is pushed to approximately 8.4 kHz,
which is far away from the ESR current harmonics.

VI. F IELD V ERIFICATION

To verify the overvoltage theory and validate the recom-
mended system power requirements, a voltage and current
measurements were taken at the mine substation. The substa-
tion transformer secondary voltage and current are measured.
Fig. 16 shows the voltage and the current for the hardware setup
shown in Fig. 5. It shows an excessive voltage amplification
causing the power supplies at EHMS to be damaged. In some
cases, the voltage reaches a value of 150% of the rated volt-
age. This voltage is high enough to damage the auxiliary power
supplies installed at the EHMS.
Fig. 17 shows the frequency spectrum of the measured
voltage. The voltage frequency spectrum shown in Fig. 17 cor-
responds with that generated by the AFE (Fig. 3). It is evident
that the voltage amplification is due to low substation short-
circuit capacity interacting with the current generated by the
AFE (Fig. 3) and the presence of the long-length trailing cable.
Figs. 18 and 19 show the substation voltage and the substa-
tion voltage frequency spectrum, respectively, when only one
Fig. 18. Measured voltage and current with recommended substation capacity
(the polarity of the current transducers I1 and I2 are reversed).
ERS is connected to the substation (7.5-MVA transformer with
4000 ft trailing cable). As you can see, the voltage amplification
is eliminated and the voltage THD is reduced to less than 5%.
VII. C ONCLUSION
Harmonic current, even if it is below IEEE 519, can have
a substantial influence on the voltage stability of the electrical
distribution systems and the equipment that they supply. It is
important to conduct a detailed stability analysis when plan-
ning to add or change to an existing system. The continuous
power capacity is not an indication of the stability of the system.
With nonlinear loads, the system impedance characteristic and
its interaction with the load must be investigated. Consequently,
suitable substation and short-circuit capacity available in the pit
ABDEL-BAQI et al.: EFFECT OF AVAILABLE SHORT-CIRCUIT CAPACITY AND TRAIL CABLE LENGTH
Fig. 19. Frequency spectrum of the measured voltage with recommended substation capacity.
distribution system is important especially for mining appli-
cations where any small downtime period may lead to great
economic losses.
The effect of trail cable length on the substation voltage sta-
bility for EDMM is investigated. The results showed that the
failure of the power supply installed on the EHMS was related
to voltage amplification in the power system. The insufficient
short-circuit capacity of the power system was the reason for
the voltage amplification. The resonance frequency of the sys-
tem was identified and forced higher than that generated by
EDMM. Recommendation for trail cable length for EDMM is
provided.
Additionally, while an updated version of IEEE-519 was just
released in June 2014, it is apparent that this recent release
needs further review as it does not recognize the higher level
harmonics produced by the latest technologies employed in
electric power conversion methodologies as well as an adequate
set of guidelines related to resonance phenomena and avoidance
protocols.
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Omar J. Abdel-Baqi was born in Al-zawya,
Palestine. He received the B.S. degree from Palestine
Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine, in 2000,
the M.S. degree from the University of Detroit Mercy,
Detroit, MI, USA, in 2004, and the Ph.D. degree from
the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee,
WI, USA, in 2010, all in electrical engineering.
He was with KeyKert USA, Novi, MI, USA,
from 2004 to 2007. He was also with Bucyrus
International, South Milwaukee, WI, USA, from
2007 to 2010. He is currently a Senior Engineering
Specialist with Caterpillar Global Mining, South Milwaukee, WI USA, and
an Adjunct Assistant Professor with the Milwaukee School of Engineering,
Milwaukee, WI, USA.
3526 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 52, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2016
Michael G. Onsager received the B.S. degree in
electrical engineering from Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, MI, USA, and the M.S. degree
in engineering management from the Milwaukee
School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI, USA, in
1976 and 1990, respectively.
He is a Senior Engineering Technical Steward
with Caterpillar Global Mining, South Milwaukee,
WI, USA. Over his 40-year career at Caterpillar
(Bucyrus), he has been involved in electrically pow-
ered surface mining products and has focused on
concept, application, and design leadership of large electric drives/motors and
utility interfaces. He has extensive customer, industry, and product application
experience.
Peter J. Miller was born in Milwaukee, WI, USA, in
1968. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engi-
neering from the Milwaukee School of Engineering,
Milwaukee, WI, USA, in 1995, and the M.B.A.
degree from Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI,
USA, in 2003.
He has been working in the mining machinery
industry since 1995 and is currently an Engineering
Manager with Caterpillar Global Mining, South
Milwaukee, WI, USA.