Q(1).What is data processing cycle?

(A). The Data processing cycle.

The data processing cycle is reordering and restructuring of the data by user or machine to increase the
usefulness of data OR The data processing cycle is the process of converting data into information is know is Data processing cycle..
(1) Input
(2) Processing
(3) Output.
Input: Iinitial data or input data are prepared in same convenient for processing.
Processing: Input data are changed usually combined with other information to produce data in a more useful foam..
Output: The result of processing data or information is called output.

Q(2).Enlist feature of an operating system?

Features on an Operating System:
(1).An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between software and hardware.
(2).It is a set of specialized program used to mange the resource and operation.
(3).It control and monitor the execution of all other program reside in the computer.
(3).It mange the all activities of computer.
(4).It provides a way to interact with hardware.
(6).Operating system is program which control the operation of the computer.
(7).It control how the computer responds to user’s request.
(8).It control how the hardware communicate which each other.

Q(3).What is protocol? Enlist different protocols.

Protocol: Protocol is a set of rule to communicate with another.How the data send from one place to another.
OR
Protocol is a set of rule for exchanging of data between computer connecting in network.
(1).NETBEUI.It is used for small workgroup.
(2).TCP/IP.Transmission control protocol,it is used for internet and huge network.
(3).HTTP.Hyper text transfer protocol, it is used to convert webpage on internet.
(4).X.25. It is a WAN protocol.

Q(4).What is application software? Name at least five Application software.

Application Software: it is set of program or more programs designed to carry out operation of specific application.These are also
known as packages.software like spread sheet,word processor etc there program are not mean to solve the problems of computer as they
basically solve the problems related to user.
OR Application software is written to solve various user problems.it includes application packages such as word processing,spread
sheets,data base managments system, business graphics and communication software etc..

Q(5).why is cache memory used in computer system?

CACHE MEMORY: CACHE pronounced as a cash memory.it is small and very fast memory. It is a special type of memory that is used
to increase the working speed of processor to perfoms an instruction from the ram,but the speed of the ram is much slower than the cpu..it
is design to speed up the transfer of data and instruction.A copy of data stored in cahce memory next time when cpu needs the data first it
look here if the required data is found it is retrieved form cache memory.

Q(5).What is ports? Enlist its type.

Ports: ports is a point of attachment and ports are connecting sockets on the outside of the system. This allow you to plug in other
devices and connects peripheral devices with computer such as monitor,keyboard,modem or printer.
(1).serial ports: serial ports are for connecting cables that transmit bits one after the other. Such as, keyboard,mouse.
(2).parallel port: parallel ports are for connecting cables that transmit several bits at a time such as, printer,monitor,scanner.
(3).usb ports: usb ports used to connect digital cameras, speakers,joystics.

Q(6).How secondary storage different from primary storage?

Difference between secondary and primary storage devices:
Primary storage /volatile memory
1.It volatile memory.
2. The capacity of memory is less than storage.
3.Programs load in memory for execution.
4.primary memory known as main memory or internal memory.
5.In this memory data is directly accessed by processing unit.
6. primary memory has limited storage capacity.
Secondary storage/non- volatile memory
1.It is non volatile memory
2.The capacity of storage is much greater than primary.
3.Programs stored in storage for distribution
4.It is also known as external or auxiliary memory.
5.In this memory data is first transferred to main memory then
routed processing unit.
6.It can store huge amount of data in single unit.
 Q(7).Explain different types of Impact Printer & non-impact printer..
There are two types of printers:
 Impact printer
 Non-impact printer
Impacts printers:
The dot matrix: the dot matrix printer use prints head containing 9 to 24 pins. These pins produce patterns of dot on the paper to
form the individual character.the 24 dot matrix printer produces more dots that a pin dot matrix printer produce which result in much
better quality and clearer character. it is inexpensive and the speed of dot matrix printer is 100-600 character per second .(A dot
matrix printer uses a matrix of pin which strikes an inked ribbon against paper,leaving an image on paper)

Daisly wheel printer: It is called daisy wheel printer because the print mechanism look like a daisy; at the the end of each “petal”
is a fully formed which produce solid-line print. A hammer strike a petal containing a character against the ribbon, and the character
prints on the paper. It speed is slow typically 25-55 character per second.

Drum printer: the drum printer consists a solid cylindrical drum that has raised character in bands on its surface. The number of
print position across the drum equals the number available on the page this number typically range from 80-132 print position. The
drum rotate at a rapid speed for each possible print position there Is a print hammer locate behind the paper..

Chain printer: A chain printer uses a chain of print character wrapped around two pulleys. Like the drum printer, there is one
hammer for each print position, circuit inside the printer detect when the correct character appears at the desired print location on
the paper. The speed of chain printer is 400-2500 character/minute..

Non-impacts printers:
Laser printer: The laser stands for light Amplification by simulated Emission of radiation. A laser printer is the fastest and high
quality non-impact printer. It work like a photocopier. The laser printer transfer the image of output on paper using LASER
technology and toner. Toner is an ink powder, it is used in laser printer and photocopier machine. The speed of laser printer is 4-25
pages per minute.

Inkjet printer: inkjet is type of non impact printer. It create output on paper by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink. Ink jet printer has
print-head that can spray very fine drops of ink. It consist a print cartridge filled with liquid ink and has small nozzles in form of
matrix.like dot matrix printer, the combination of nozzles activated to form the sharp image on paper by spraying the liquid ink, the
printer have resolution ranging from 300 to 720 dpi.

Thermal printer: The thermal printer Is another type of non-impact printer. It can only print output on special heat sensitive waxy
paper. The image if the ourpur is created on the waxy paper by burning dots on it for coloured output,coloured waxy sheet are used..

Q(8).Define Microwave transmission..

Microwave: Microwave system transmit voice and data through the atmosphere as high frequency radio waves. Microwave are the
electromagnetic waves that vibrate at 1 gigahertz per second or higher. These frequency are used to transmit massage between ground-based
earth stations and satellite communication system. Microwaves are radio waves that are used to provide high-speed transmission,both voice
and data can be transmitted through microwave. The data transmitted through the air from one microwave station to other similar to radio
signals. Microwave uses line-of-sight transmission It means that the signals travel in straight path and cannot bend.microwave station or
antennas are usually installed on high towers of buildings microwave stations are placed within 20 to 30 miles to each other. Each station
receives signals from previous station and transfer to next station,in this the data transferred from one place to another. There should be no
building or high hill between microwave stations….

Q(9). What is secondary memory? And its types.

Secondary memory: secondary memory or storage is the slowest and cheapest foam of memory. It cannot be processed directly
By the cpu. It must first be copied into primary storage (also known as RAM).
Types of secondary: (1).magnetic disk (2).hard disk (3).floppy disk (4).optical disk.
Q(10).What is primary memory?And its types.
Primary memory: primary memory is also known as main memory sometimes, it is called as system memory as well as
internal memory. It is a semiconductor memory cpu has direct access only to the data/information
in primaty memory. It is used for storing data,programs while they are being used in a computer.it is usually
faster for read/write,expensive are used in smaller capacity compared to secondary memory.
Types of primary memory: (1) Ram (2)cache memory. etc

Q(11).What is RAM?
 RAM: It stand for random access memory.it is responsible for storing the instruction and data that the computer is using at
the present moments. The main purpose of RAM is to hold the instruction/data while are in use. It is volatile memory the stored data
will be lost after the computer turned off.
Types of RAM:

Static Ram: The memory cells are made from digital gates. Each cell can store data without any need of frequent recharging.
Cpu does not need to wait to access data from static ram during processing. That is why it is faster than Dram. static is very
expensive it is used to build up a faster memory known as cache memory.
Dynamic Ram: Dram required an electric current to maintain its electric circuit stage. The electric charge of dram is decrease
with time that may result in lose of data. Dram recharge/refresh again & again to maintain its data the processor cannot the access
the data of Dram when it is being refreshed that’s why it is slow..

Q(11). What is ROM?define its type.

Rom stand for Read Only memory. The instruction in rom prepare the computer for use. These instruction can only be read
but cannot be changed or deleted. It is not possible to write new information or instruction into the ROM.
Rom stores data instruction permanently. When the power is switched off, the instruction stored in ROM are not lost. That is
why ROM is called non-volatile memory. The information in rom is stored by the manufacturer.when the computer is swirched on
the instruction in rom are automatically loaded into memory of computer.
Types of ROM:
(1).PROM: PROM stand for programmable read only memory. This is form of rom is initially blank. The user of manufacturer
can write data and programs on it using special devices. The user can write data and instruction on it once. If ther is any error in
writing the instruction, the error cannot be removed from PROM. The chip become unusable.
(2).EPROM: EPROM stand for Erasable programmable read only memory. This form of ROM is initially blank the user or
manufacturer can write data and programs on it using special devices. The data and programs written on it can be erased with
special devices using ultraviolet rays. The user then can write new program on it.
(3).EEPROM: EEPROM stand for Electronically Erasable programmable read only memory. In this memory user can erase and
write instruction with the help of electrical pulses. If there is any error in writing the instruction, the user can erase the content
electronically. The content of EEPROM can be modified easily.

Q(12).Difference between application and system software .

Application software
1.application software is a computer software
design to help the user to perform specific task.
2.It is specific purpose software.
2.package program,
customized program.
4. it is executes as and when required.
5.app, software is not essential for a computer.
6.the number of application soft, is much more than system.
System software
1.system software is computer software
Design to operate computer hatdware.
2. It is general purpose software.
3. Time sharing,
Resource sharing.
4.it executes all the time in computer.
5.system software is essential for computer.
6.the number of sys, is less than application.

Q(13). What is Compiler,Interpreter & Assembler?

Assembler: - converts assembly code into machine code.
 Interpreter: - converts 3rd generation languages such as JavaScript into machine code one line at a time.
Compiler: - converts 3rd generation languages such as C++ into machine code all at once.
Compiler
A Compiler is a computer program that translates code written in a high level language to a lower level language, object/machine code. The
most common reason for translating source code is to create an executable program (converting from a high level language into machine
language).
Interpreter
An interpreter program executes other programs directly, running through program code and executing it line-by-line. As it analyses every
line, an interpreter is slower than running compiled code but it can take less time to interpret program code than to compile and then run it.
Assembler
An assembler translates assembly language into machine code. Assembly language consists of mnemonics for machine opcodes so
assemblers perform a 1:1 ratio translation from mnemonic to a direct instruction.

Q(14).Advantages & Disadvantages of Internet.

Advantages: Disadvantages:
1.It provide huge amount of information. 1.blackmailing through internet.
2.it is useful in search of Mphil &PhD students. 2.a hacker hack computer if we connect with internet.
3.it is used in online preparation and testing system. 3.It is expensive.
4.it connect one person to and other in just a minute. 4.the virus can crash our data and resources through internet.
Q(15).what is an internet browser?
Browser: an internet browser,also known as a web browser or simply a browser, is a software program that you use to access the internet
and view web pages on your compute. you can think of your browser as your gateway to the internet.
Examples of internet browsers: (1) Mozilla Firefox (2) Google chrome (3) Opera mini etc.
Q(15). What is difference between LAN & WAN?

LAN WAN
1.LAN is used to connect computers at one place.
2.LAN covers limited area.
3.data transfer speed is very fast in LAN.it speed is
10mbps-100mbps.
4.LAN is less costly.
5.LAN is usually connected through wires
6. The conncetion in a LAN is permanent using wires.
7.LAN is used to share data and resources like printer,hard disk.
1.WAN is used to connect computer at anywhere in world.
2.WAN can cover more distance.
3.Data speed is slow transmission rates 56kbps to 50mbps.
4.WAN is expensive
5.WAN usually connected through telephone lines.
6.WAN connection is not permanent.
7.WAN has higher possibility of data transmission error.

Q(16). What are advantages of EMAIL?

Advantages of EMAIL:
a) It is very fast and timely.
b) It is very cheap and inexpensive.
c) People can send and receive message anywhere in the world.
d) People can share information.
e) It is possible to send and receive EMAIL through mobile phone.
f) It gives us the facility to send picture, sounds and videos.

Q(17).what are the advantages & disadvantages of FIBER OPTICS CABLE?

Advantages of FIBER OPTICS CABLE:
a) Fiber optics networks work at a very high speed.
b) The information carrying capacity of fiber optics is very high.
c) Fiber optics is lighter and small in size.
d) It is more secure and reliable form of data transmission.
e) It is not affected by electromagnetic waves.
Disadvantages:
f) It is difficult to install.
g) It is very expensive.

Q(18). What is REGISTER and its type?

REGISTER: Register is a temporary storage devices which holds the data or instruction as long as it is being manipulated or
interpreted. Each register within the CPU performs a specific role. The register’s size and the operation that take place in the register reflect
the specific function that the register performs in the computer.
Types of register.
Accumulator Register: This register is used for storing the result those are produced by the system. When the CPU will generate
some results after the processing then all the register will be stored into AC REGISTER.
Memory bufferRegister: MBR stand for MEMORY BUFFER REGISTER this register holds the contents of data or
instruction read from, or written in memory. It means that this register is used to store data/instruction coming from the memory or going to
the memory.
Memory address register: This register holds the memory addresses of data and instruction. This register is used to access data
and instruction from memory during the execution phase of an instruction..
Program counter: The program counter commonly called the instruction pointer in intel x86 microprocessors and sometimes
called the instruction address register, or just part of the instruction sequence in some computers,is a processor register..
Instruction register: This is very important register. It holds the actual instruction being executed currently by the compurer.
Q(19).What is WINDOW?
WINDOW: window is an operating system developed by Microsoft corporation and it dominates the PC-compatible environment.
The feature that makes window so easy to use is a graphical user interface(GUI), in which users work in on-screen pictures called icon,by
clicking avtivated the command. It is graphical user interface it provides a way for application to interact with hardware without knowing
about it, managing the hardware,software resources of computer.
Functions of operating system:
a) Manage user account and security using one or more username and password.
b) Provide an interface for the user that allow the user to:
(1) Run application program (2) Manage files in backing (3) Read and respond to error messages.
c) Manage the processor time (d). Manage the allocation of internal memory (e). Manage interrupt signal to the processor.
f) Control peripheral devices. (g). Performs housekeeping task such as defragmenting a file or the indexing. (WAQAR)…