A.

Line
In common language it is a long thin mark made by a pen, pencil, etc. But, in Geometry a line
is straight (no bends), has no thickness, and extends in both directions without end (infinitely).
One end makes it a "Ray", and two ends makes it a "Line Segment".

A line is defined by two points and is written as shown below with an arrowhead.

AB
Two lines that meet in a point are called intersecting lines. A part of a line that has defined
endpoints is called a line segment. A line segment as the segment between A and B above is
written as:

AB
B. Point
A point in geometry is a location. It has no size i.e. no width, no length and no depth. A point
is shown by a dot.

C. Plane
A plane extends infinitely in two dimensions. It has no thickness. An example of a plane is a
coordinate plane. A plane is named by three points in the plane that are not on the same line. Here
below we see the plane ABC.
D. Space
A space extends infinitely in all directions and is a set of all points in three dimensions. You
can think of a space as the inside of a box.

E. Angle
In geometry, an angle can be defined as the figure formed by two meeting at a common end
point. An angle is represented by the symbol ∠. Here, the angle below is ∠AOB. Angles are
measured in degrees, using a protractor.

F. Three-Dimension Shape
1. Cube
Cube is a region of space formed by six identical square faces joined along their edges. Three
edges join at each corner to form a vertex. The cube can also be called a regular hexahedron. Cube
has six faces, twelve edges, and eight vertexes.

 Volume of cube : 𝒔 × 𝒔 × 𝒔 = 𝒔𝟑
 Surface area of cube : 𝟔 × 𝒔𝟐
 Perimeter of cube : 𝟏𝟐 × 𝒔
Which is s = length of one edge
Example:
A cube food-case has length of edge is equal to 13 cm. Calculate its volume, perimeter and surface
area?
Answer:
Volume of cube = 𝒔𝟑 = (𝟏𝟑)𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟑
Perimeter of cube = 𝟏𝟐 × 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝒄𝒎
Surface area of cube = 𝟔 × 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟔 × (𝟏𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟔𝟗 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎𝟐

2. Cuboid
Cuboid is a 3-D shape with sides that are rectangular. All the angles in a cuboid are right
angles. Cuboid has six faces, twelve edges, and eight vertexes. The basic difference between a
cube and cuboid is that a cube has equal length, height and breadth whereas in cuboids these three
may not be the same.

 Volume of cuboid : 𝒍 × 𝒘 × 𝒉
which is:
l = length
w = width
h = height
 Surface area of cuboid : 𝟐(𝒍 × 𝒘) + (𝒘 × 𝒉) + (𝒍 × 𝒉)
 Perimeter of cuboid : 𝟒 (𝒍 + 𝒘 + 𝒉)
Example:
A cuboid case has surface area is equal to 128 cm2. Calculate the volume if its height is equal to 4
cm!
Answer:
Volume of cuboid = 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 × 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖 × 𝟒 = 𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟑

3. Prism
A prism is a solid that has two parallel faces which are congruent polygons at both ends. These
faces form the bases of the prism. The other faces are in the shape of rectangles. They are called
lateral faces. A prism is named after the shape of its base.

Volume of prism and Surface area of prism can be determined as below:

 Volume of prism formula: A x l

Which is:
A = area of base
l = length
 Surface area of prism formula: (2 x A) + (P x l)
Which is:
A = area of base
P = perimeter of base
l = length
Example:
There is a prism as below:
Calculate:
a. Volume
b. Surface area
Answer:
a. Volume : A x l
1
A = 2 x 4 cm x 3 cm = 6 cm2

Volume of prism : 6 cm2 x 11 cm = 66 cm3

b. Surface area : (2 x A) + (P x l)
P = 3 cm + 4 cm + 5 cm =12 cm
Surface area of prism : (2 x 6 cm2) + (12 cm x 11 cm) = 144 cm2

4. Pyramid
A pyramid is a solid with a polygonal base and several triangular lateral faces. The lateral faces
meet at a common vertex. The height of the pyramid is the perpendicular distance from the base
to the vertex. The pyramid is named after the shape of its base. For example, a rectangular pyramid
or a triangular pyramid.

Volume of pyramid and Surface area of pyramid can be determined as below:

 𝑨𝒙𝒉
 Volume of pyramid formula : 𝟑

Which is:
A = area of base
h = height
 Surface area of pyramid formula : A + (n x T)
Which is:
A = area of base
n = n-gon
T = triangle area
Example:
The Architecture of pyramid has square base shape. If side of length is 8 cm and height is 12 cm.
Calculate volume of pyramid?
Answer:
𝑨𝒙𝒉
Volume of pyramid = 𝟑

A = s x s = 8 cm x 8 cm = 64 cm2
h = 12 cm
𝟔𝟒 𝒙 𝟏𝟐
Volume of pyramid = = 256 cm3
𝟑

5. Cylinder
A cylinder is a solid that has two parallel faces which are congruent circles. These faces form
the bases of the cylinder. The cylinder has one curved surface. The height of the cylinder is the
perpendicular distance between the two bases.
Volume of cylinder and Surface area of cylinder can be determined as below:

 Volume of cylinder formula : π x r x r x h

Which is:
22
π = pi ( atau 3.14)
7

r = radius
h = height
 Surface area of cylinder formula : 2 x π x r (r + h)
 Surface area of cylinder (without cover) : π x r (r + 2h)
 Curved surface area of cylinder : 2 x π x h
Which is:
22
π = pi ( atau 3.14)
7

r = radius
h = height
Example:
Calculate the volume of cylinder if the radius = 14 cm and height = 20 cm?
Answer:
22
Volume of cylinder : x 14 cm x 14 cm x 20 cm = 12,320 cm3
7

6. Cone
A cone is a solid with a circular base. It has a curved surface which tapers (i.e. decreases in size)
to a vertex at the top. The height of the cone is the perpendicular distance from the base to the
vertex.
Volume of cone and Surface area of cone can be determined as below:

1
 Volume of cone formula : 3 𝑥 π x r x r x h

Which is:
22
π = pi ( atau 3.14)
7

r = radius
h = height
 Surface area of cone formula : π x r (r + s)
 Curved surface area of cone : π x r x s
Which is:
22
π = pi ( atau 3.14)
7

r = radius
s = slant height
Example:
Calculate the surface area of cone if r = 10 cm and s = 12 cm!
Answer:
Surface area of cone : 3.14 x 10 cm (10 cm + 12 cm) = 690.8 cm2

7. Sphere
A sphere is a solid in which all the points on the round surface are equidistant from a fixed
point, known as the center of the sphere. The distance from the center to the surface is the radius.
Volume of sphere and Surface area of sphere can be determined as below:
4
 Volume of sphere formula : 3 𝑥 π x r x r x r

Which is:
22
π = pi ( atau 3.14)
7

r = radius
 Surface area of cone formula : 4 x π x r x r
Which is:
22
π = pi ( atau 3.14)
7

r = radius
Example:
Calculate the volume of sphere if the radius is known 7 cm!
Answer:
4 22
Volume of sphere : 3 𝑥 x 7 cm x 7 cm x 7 cm = 1,437.33 cm3
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