Lec # 6 - Protocols and TCP IP Suite-Group 2

Protocols and TCP/IP Suite
Presented by: Group Two

S/N NAME Reg Number
1 NANYEM NJOUSSI YTEL YVAN UBa17E0061
2 FORNGANG JONAH FONKWA UBa17E0071
3 KAMAYOU NGAKO ULRICH JORDAN UBa17E0072
4 THOMAS WIRNGO SUYI UBa17E0081
5 ELONDO BLANDINE EPOSI UBa17E0088
EEEE 4117: Wireless and Mobile Communicaiton systems Dr J.N. Mungwe 2019/2020
Overview
 Protocols architecture
 Some protocols and their functions
 TCP/IP Architecture
 The OSI Model
 Internetworking
PROTOCOLS
Is a set of rules that governs how information is transfer form one device to another.
This rules include
 what type of data may be transmitted
 what commands are used to send and receive data
 how data transfer are confirmed.
Communication protocols
As a set of rules that coordinate the exchange of information so as two or more electronic
device to communicate with one another.
 The protocol defined what is communicated,
 how it is communicated and when it is communicated
The key elements of protocols
• They are syntax, semantics and timing.
 Syntax: Syntax refers to the structure or format of data meaning the order in
which they are presented.
 Semantics: Semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits i.e. how a
particular pattern to be interpreted and what action is to be taken base on that
interpretation.
 Timing: Timing refers to two characteristic that is when data should be send and
how fast they can be sent.
Some protocols and their function
Protocols Full meaning Functions
FTP File Transfer Protocol Allows file transfer between two or more device in a
network.
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol Use in the web service
TCP Transmission Control Protocol A reliable connection oriented protocol use to control
the management of application level service between
electrical devices.
IP Internet Protocol Identifier of each device communication on the network
and internet
ARP Address resolution Protocol Enables the packaging of IP data into Ethernet
package.
ICMP Internet Control Message Provide management and error reporting to help
Protocol manage the process of sending data between devices.
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol An internet protocol for transferring Email
POP Post office Protocol Transfer of email use to synchronize messages
Telnet Telephone Network A method of opening a user section on a
remote host
PPP Point-To-Point Protocol Data transfer using modem
UDP User Datagram Protocol An unreliable connectionless protocol use to

control the management of application
service amongst computers
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Is a method of assigning and controlling on s

given network
NEED FOR PROTOCOL
 Data exchange can involve complex procedures e.g file transfer
 Better if task broken into subtasks
 Implemented separately in layers in stack
 Each layer provides functions needed to perform
commands
 Using functions provided by layers
 Peer layers communicate with a protocol
National control Protocol (NCP).
The five layers of TCP/IP architecture
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Older models often show only four
layers, combining the physical and
Datalink layer data link layers.
Physical layer
OSI MODEL
Open System Interconnection model is a standard reference model for
communication between two end users in a network. In 1983 the international
organization for standard station (ISO) publish documents called basic system
model for open system model which virtualizes network protocol as a seven
separate but related layers.
THE SEVEN LAYERS OF OSI MODEL
We can use the mnemonic “All People Seems to need data Processing”.
Layer 1: physical layer
 it defines the electrical and physical specifications of the data
connection.
 It defines the relationship between a device and a physical
transmission medium (e.g., a copper or fiber optical cable).
 The protocols use here are fast, Ethernet and ATM
 The devices use here are Repeaters, cables and connectors.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
 The data link layer provides reliable transmission of data (frames) between
adjacent nodes, built on top of a raw and unreliable bit transmission service
provided by the physical layer.
 It provides low level error detection and correction. For example if a packet is
corrupted this layer is responsible for retransmitting the packet.
 The protocol use here are PPP, FDDI, token ring, Ethernet and slip.
 The devices use here are NIC, Token ring, switches and Bridges. Its data unit
is in the form of frames.
Layer 3: Network Layer
o the network layer deals with organizing that data for transfer and
reassembly. In short, the main function of this layer is Path determination
and logical Addressing.
o The functions of this layer as well as addressing, internetworking , error
handily, congestion control and packet sequencing.
o The protocol use here are IP version 4, IP version 6, ICMP, ARP.
o Data unit used here in the form of Packet.
Layer 4: Transport Layer
 The transport level provides end-to-end communication between
processes executing on different machines.
 It is responsible for end to end error recovering and flow control.
Ensures complete data transfer.
 Some protocols used here are TCP, SPX, and UDP.
 Devices used here are routers and gateway. Data unit here is in the
form of segments.
Layer 5: Session Layer
 The session layer permits two parties to hold ongoing communications
called a session across a network. The applications on either end of the
session can exchange data or send packets to another for as long as the
session lasts.
 The session layer handles session setup, data or message exchanges, and
tears down when the session ends
 The protocol used here are NetBIOS.
 The gateway is also a device use here.
 Data unit is in the form of DATA.
Layer 6: Presentation Layer
 The presentation layer formats the data to be presented to the
application layer. It can be viewed as the translator for the
network.
 It is also called the syntax layer.
 The protocols uses here are SSL, WEP, and WAP. Also gateway is
use as a device.
Layer 7: Application Layer
 This is the level that the user often interacts with. This is where data
turns into websites, chat programs and so on.
 “This layer supports application and end-user processes.
Communication partners are identified, quality of service is
identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any
constraints on data syntax are identified.
 Everything at
this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application
services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network
software services.”
 Many protocols run at this layer, such as DNS, FTP, HTTP, HTTPS,
NFS, POP3, SMTP, and SSH.
TCP/IP Model OSI Model
Contains 5 layers Contains 7 layers
Uses loose layering resulting horizontal Uses strict layering resulting vertical
layers layers
Supports only connectionless Supports both connectionless
communication in the network layer, but communication in the network layers,
both connectionless and connection but only connection oriented
oriented communication in transport communication in transport layer.
layer
Protocols are not hidden and thus can Protocols are better hidden and can be
not be replaced easily. (transparency) replaced relatively easily ( no
transparency).
Does not clearly distinguish between It clearly distinguishes between service,

service, interface and protocol interface and protocol
Protocols were developed first then the Model was developed before the
model was developed development of protocols.
Supports internet working Does not Supports internet working

INTERNETWORKING
The word Internet means Inter- network. So internetworking refers to the
process of connecting computer to two or more networks which are
interconnected to one another through some hardware devices like routers,
bridges and switches.
Some terms and devices use in
internetworking
Intranet
An intranet is a private network that uses internet protocol to provide
internet services restricted by an organization.
 it is protected by the use of firewall.
 The intranet provides necessary information to the employees in that
organization and events taking place.
 The intranet uses both hardware and software technology like Ethernet, Wi-Fi,
web browser and web services.
 The intranet may consist of many LAN interlinked an also less lines of WAN.
Extranet
Extranet is also a private network that enables an organization to
communicate and collaborate more effectively with selected business
partners, suppliers and customers.
 Extranet also make use of the internet protocol that users can navigate with a browser
recite on a computer private server. It has a portal to the outside world therefore
making it less secure.
Routers
A router is a hardware device that is use to interconnect two different
networks. It is use to forward data packet between computer networks. The
router also performs services like routing and switching.
Bridge
A bridge is a hardware device that split a large network into two smaller
networks. It manages the traffic to maintain optimum performance on both
side of the network. Bridges are use between networks of the same protocols.
Hubs
This is a network device used to connect multiple network hosts.
It is also used to transfer dada which is done in terms of packets on a
network. So when a host sends a packet(s) on a network, the hub
copies the packet(s) to all of its ports, which is then received by the
destination device.
Switch
A switch is also a hardware device that package data from a
source and determined it destination address.

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Protocols and TCP/IP Suite

Presented by: Group Two

 Some protocols and their functions

 The OSI Model

POP Post office Protocol Transfer of email use to synchronize messages

PPP Point-To-Point Protocol Data transfer using modem

UDP User Datagram Protocol An unreliable connectionless protocol use to

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Is a method of assigning and controlling on s

National control Protocol (NCP).

Contains 5 layers Contains 7 layers

Does not clearly distinguish between It clearly distinguishes between service,

Supports internet working Does not Supports internet working

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