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Review Article
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL
Vartika et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
ISSN 2394-3211
AND MEDICAL RESEARCH
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A COMPENDIOUS STUDY OF STROTAS IN AYURVEDA AND ITS CONTEMPORARY

ASPECT- A REVIEW ARTICLE
1
*Vartika Kashyap, 2M. B. Gaur, 3Yogesh Kumar Pandey and 4Pooja Sabharwal
1
P.G. Scholar, Kriya Sharir, Ch. Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan, New Delhi, India.
2
Head of Department, Kriya Sharir, Ch. Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan, New Delhi, India.
3
Assosiate Professor, Kaya Chikitsa Department, CBPACS, New Delhi.
4
Assistant Professor, Rachna Sharir, CBPACS, New Delhi.

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Vartika Kashyap

P.G. Scholar, Kriya Sharir, Ch. Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan, New Delhi, India.

Article Received on 28/04/2019 Article Revised on 18/05/2019 Article Accepted on 08/06/2019

ABSTRACT
Strotas are channels which function as medium through which the nutrients, vital resources and biological waste
stream to and fro between the interior, periphery and the exterior of human body. Healthy strotas are the source of
good health. They serve as conduits through the pores of which prasad bhaga (nutrient) and mala bhaga
(metabolic waste) pass to and fro from the poshya or sthayi dhatu (non-circulationg component of tissue). Entire
strotas in body can be summed up as aggregate of gross channels, subtle channels and molecular channels. A brief
discussion regarding origin, appearance, functioning, types and number of different strotas alongwith their
contemporary aspect is made in present study.

KEYWORDS: Prasad bhaga (nutrient), mala bhaga, Strotas.

INTRODUCTION carry and the function they have to perform. Acharyas

The word strotas is derived from „sru sravne‟ dhatu
which means movement, flowing in stream, surge,
permeate or flow.[1] The concept of strotas is defined
scientifically in ayurveda texts. Acharya Sushruta grossly
enumerated body parts as anga (major parts) and
pratyanga (minor parts). He enumerated strotas under
pratyanga (minor parts).[2] Strotas are formed in
intrauterine life as a result of action of aakash
predominant panchmahabhuta. These are defined as the
transporting passages of dhatus undergoing
transformation necessary for sustainance of life.
Competent strotas is the root foundation of healthy body.
As long as these channels of circulation perform their
normal function, body would be free from the diseases.
The channels of circulation carry the dhatu that are
subjected to transformations e.g. rasa spreads all over
body through very minute pores of strotas which are
circulated far and wide in the body very much like fine
conduits irrigate its nourishment in lotus stem stalk.[3]
Strotas are present inside the body in a mesh like
network and helps in transportation of nutrient
substances to tissue and cells. Thus strotas is considered
as active inner transport system of body.
Strotas have more than one aspect. They serve as
channels through which prasada bhaga (nutrient) are
transported to poshya dhatu (non circulating part of
tissue) as well as mala bhag (waste product) are excreted
out. Strotas have characteristics similar to dhatu they
have different views regarding number of strotas while
grossly all agree that they are innumerable.
The appearance of strotas is as per the dhatu it is
carrying and the function it has to perform. For instance,
each specialised cell type operates differently, ensuring
that the cell can carry out the necessary body function
that it is intended to complete.
The malfunction in the dosha, dhatu and mala which are
a result of abnormality of agni (metabolic and enzymatic
activity) brings about aberration in the strotas. Thus
physical condition, vigour and nourishment etc. all are
chiefly dependent on normal functioning within strotas.
The theory of semi-permeability of cell membranes may
be well correlated with transport via strotas because of
their property of being permeable to some substances
and selectively permeable or impermeable to others.
Poshak dhatu (circulating part of tissue) has to be
transported to poshya dhatu (non-circulating part of
tissue) for its maintenance and proliferation. Meanwhile
waste products have to be removed for excretion. Thus
porosity in the cell membranes allowing movement of
molecules across the cell membrane can also be
considered as strotas.

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 Vartika et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

Material 3. Various articles concerned with Strotas and their

The present study is conducted after thoroughly
undergoing:
1. Critical reference of ayurvedic texts especially
brihattrayee in relation to strotas and contemporary text.
2. Relevant internet search like ncbi, researchgate,
google using keywords strotas, bio-transformation,
channels of circulation.
functions.
4. Various books published on interactive workshop
concerned with strotas.
A correlation is made between ayurvedic and
contemporary concept of strotas and a compilation of
particulars is made in light of both the views.

Table 1: Strotas with their moolasthan as per various acharyas.

S.No. Name of Strotas Moolsthan (Charak) Moolsthan (Sushruta) Moolsthan (Vagbhata)
Hridaya (heart), Rasavahini
Hridaya (heart), Mahasrotas
1. Pranavaha Dhamni (vessels carrying plasma and Hridaya, Mahasrotas
(gastro-intestinal tract)
nutrients)
Talu (oropharynx), kloma Talu (oropharynx), kloma
2. Udakavaha (contradictory organ but has (contradictory organ but has likeness Talu, kloma
likeness to pancreas) to pancreas)
Amashaya (stomach), Amashaya (stomach), annavaha
3. Annavaha Vamaparshva (left dhamni (vessels carrying dietary Amashaya, Vamaparshva
hypochondrium) nutrients)
Hridya (heart), Rasavahi dhamni
Hridaya (heart), Ten Dhamni (ten
4. Rasavaha (vessels carrying plasma and Hridaya, Ten Dhamni
great vessels)
nutrients)
Yakrita (liver), Pliha (spleen),
5. Raktavaha Yakrita (liver), Pliha (spleen) Raktavaha Dhamni (vessels carrying Yakrita, Pliha
blood)
Twacha (skin), snayu (ligaments),
6. Mamsavaha Twacha (skin), snayu (ligaments) Raktavaha Dhamni (vessels carrying Twacha, snayu
blood)
Vrikka (kidneys), Vapavahan Vrikka (kidneys), kati (waist or hip Vrikka, mamsa (muscular
7. Medovaha
(omentum) region) tissue)
Meda (adipose tissue), jaghana
8. Asthi vaha Not considered Jaghana, meda
(gluteal region)
9. Majja vaha Asthi (bones), sandhi (joints) Not considered Parva (joints), asthi
10. Shukravaha Vrishna (testicles), shepha (penis) Vrishna (testicles), stana (breast) Stana, mushka, majja
Vasti (urinary bladder), vankshan Vasti (urinary bladder), Medra
11. Mutravaha Vasti, vankshan
(inguinal region) (penis)
Pakvashaya (large intestine), Pakvashaya (large intestine), Guda
12. Purishvaha Pakvashaya, sthool antra
Sthool guda (rectum) (anus)
Meda (adipose tissue), romkoopa
13. Swedavaha Not consider Meda, romkoopa
(hair follicles)
Garbhasaya (uterus), Artava vaha
14. Artavavaha Not considered dhamni (vessels carrying menstrual Not considered
blood)

Table 2: Strotas with their similitude to organ system.

S.No. Strotas Contemporary aspect
A. Channels for ingestion & assimilation of nutrients for further transformation and distribution
1. Pranavaha strotas channels carrying air (cardio-respiratory system)
2. Udakvaha strotas channles transporting water (lymphatics and thoracic duct)
3. Annavaha strotas channels transporting food (gastro-intestinal tract)
B. Channels of seven dhatus associated with production and distribution within tissues.
4. Rasavaha strotas channels carrying nutritional access (plasma/ cardiovascular system)
5. Raktavaha strotas channels carrying blood (circulatory system including liver and spleen)
6. Mamsavaha strotas channels supplying muscular system
7. Medovaha strotas channels supplying fatty tissue.
8. Asthivaha strotas channels of bony tissue
9. Majjavaha strotas channels supplying bone marrow
10. Shukravaha strotas channels of reproductive tissue
C. Channels associated with production and transport of mala (waste products)
11. Mutravaha strotas channels of urinary system
12. Purishvaha strotas channels of caecum and colon
13. Swedavaha strotas channels of sweat glands

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Vartika et al.
DISCUSSION
The word strotamsi is derived from „Sravnaat strotamsi‟
which means it is the path that helps in streaming of
substances.[4] Strotas are those in which mana (mind),
prana (vital energy), anna (food nutrients), jala (water),
dhatu (circulating part of dhatu), updhatu (subsidiary
tissue product), dhatumala (metabolic waste), mutra
(urine), purisha (stool) are moving.[5] The channels
which transport the poshaka dhatu (nutrient substances)
are supplied to cells and tissues via the process of
transudation through path called as strotas.[6]
Acharya Charak mentions that person is aggregate of
strotas because of their pervasiveness and diffusiveness
that aggravate and pacify dhatu (tissue). As per Acharya
Sushrut- A strotas is tubular structure or organ which
originate from vacant spaces spread throughout the body,
initiates the flow of the fluid material from the inner of
the body to its outer opening.[7] As per Acharya Charak-
strotas are as large in number as organs are there in our
body. Channels carry the transformed dhatus to different
destinations through their mesh of network to nourish the
cells and tissues.[8] Any injury to the strotas leads to poor
circulation resulting in manifestation of disease.
Panchabhautik constitution of strotas
While defining panchbhautik predominance of various
body constituents, strotas are enumerated under aakash
mahabhuta.[9] Entire empty space wherever aakash
mahabhuta is present is distributed uniquely. Thus origin
of strotas is by aakash mahabhuta predominantly with
other mahabhutas. The cardinal property of aakash
mahabhuta is apratighat i.e. non- resistance. Non-
resistance property of strotas is important for supply of
nutrients for apposite growth of the body. Aakash has
only one attribute shabda (sound). Any substance having
quality of tiuch obstructs the movement. Aakash being
devoid of tactile perception doesnot obstruct any
movement.[10]
Swaroop (Appearance of strotas)
Strotas have characteristics similar to dhatu they carry
and the function they have to perform. They can be
tubular, either large or small, either straight or
reticulated.[11] This can be correlated to the specialised
type of cells that every organ or organ system have to
carry out specialised function. These specialized cells are
particularly designed to perform the functions for which
they are intended. For instance, neurotransmitters can
only be carried via neurons to complete the obligatory
communicative functions. Neurons have extensions
called dendrites and axons that bring information into
and, release information from, the cell itself which is
unique to them[12]; the mucosa of respiratory channels
consist of the epithelium and supporting lamina propria.
The epithelium is made of tall columnar pseudostratified
cells having cilia and goblet cells. Mucous from the
goblet cells traps particles from the air which are
transported upwards towards the pharynx by the cilia on
the epithelium so as to be expelled out of respiratory
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European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
tract. This helps to keep the lungs free of particles and
bacteria as they are highly prone to contagion. Together
with blood vessels it also helps to warm and
humidify the air before it reaches terminal
bronchioles.[13] Thus every conduit of transportation or
strotas is specialised as per the function it has to
perform. On this basis, acharya Charak has given various
synonyms of strotas like sira (vein), dhamani (artery),
rasayani (lymphatic ducts), rasavahini (capillary), nadi
(tubular conduits), path (passages), marga (pathways,
tracts), sharirchidrani (body orifices),
samvritasamvritani (open or blind passages), sthana
(sites), ashaya (repertories), niketa (resorts).[14] Acharya
Sushruta does not consider sira and dhamani as strotas
as these are separate entities.
Functions of strotas
The main functions of strotas are customised as per its
area of influence. It includes uptake, secretion, recycling
and excretion of waste products. The normal functioning
of the particular strotas depends upon its moolasthana.
Moolasthan as area of influence
Moola is derived from “Moolamiti prabhav sthanam”-
which means root or foundation. The foundation is
known as “prabhav sthanam” or area of influence or
area of origin. They are basically the controlling organs
of strotas. Two chief organs related with the extended
strotas are defined ultimately for every strotas. These
moolasthan can be considered as the organ that have
significant role in either uptake, secretion, recycling or
excretion of waste products from that strotas.
Moolasthana of srotas can be determined firmly as:
Utpatti sthana (origin point of view)
Sangraha sthana (storage point of view)
Vahana sthana (conduction).[15]
As a tree is seriously affected by injury to its root
similarly the channels of circulation in human body are
seriously affected when their moolasthan is injured. The
moolasthan of each abhyantra strotas as per various
acharyas are explained in table 1.[16,17,18]
Any abnormalities in peripheral strotas ultimately can
affect the moolasthana of Strotas and vice-versa.
Types and Number of strotas
Acharya Charak used terms sthoola (macro) and anu
(micro) for strotas while explaining normal functions of
vayu as the entity that brings about origin of strotas.[19]
These consist of both gross channels (macro) and subtle
channels (micro) on the basis of morphology. These
channels of circulation are present in intra-cellular for
instance synthesis and formation of cellular structures by
endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus; inter-cellular
includes transport of lipid soluble substances through
lipid bilayer and transport of water & lipid insoluble
substances through protein channels over cell membrane,
sodium-potassium pump for maintaining ion
concentration across cell membrane; and extra-cellular
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Vartika et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
spaces which include secreted protein that remains
associated with the cell as part of the extracellular matrix
of the human-body. Hormones, growth factors, cytokines
and chemokines, various enzymes act by travelling the
extracellular space towards biochemical receptors on
cells. Thus entire strotas in body can be summed up as
aggregate of gross channels, subtle channels and
molecular channels. Gross channels include gastro-
intestinal tracts, respiratory tract, lymphatic systems,
arteries, veins and genito-urinary tracts; subtle channels
include artetioles, venules, capillaries, minute
lymphatics; molecular channels include permeability of
membranous pores of cell membranes.
It is not possible to numerate all strotas as these are
innumerable.[20] Based on location, strotas are classified
into two categories- bahirmukha strotas (external
orifices) and antarmukha strotas (internal structures
carrying out metabolism). Bahirmukha strotas have their
opening to the outside and are seen (externally) with the
naked eye. These are 9 in male and 12 in female. They
include body parts with each having opening for ear-2,
eyes-2, mouth-1, nostrils-2, anus-1 and urethra-1. In
female, the additional orifices are 2 openings in the
breast and 1 as vaginal orifice. [21] According to
Sharangdhar, they are 10 in male and 13 in female-
bhramarandhra being extra.[22] Abhyantra strotas on the
other hand are attached to a specific anatomical structure
called moolasthana. The normal functioning of the
particular group of channels is depending upon its
moolasthana. Acharya Charak depicted 13 abhyantra
strotas.[23] Acharya Sushruta explained 11 pairs i.e. 22
strotas called as yogavahi strotas.[24]
Different viewpoint of acharyas regarding strotas
As per Charak-13 abhyantra strotas have been defined
based on clinical signs and symptoms related with their
pathology- strotodushti. As per Sushruta- 11 pairs i.e. 22
strotas based on clinical sign and symptoms related with
trauma or injury to strotas are defined. He called these
yogavahi strotas. He had not considered asthivaha,
majjavaha and swedvaha srotas. But considered
artavaha strotas. Some acharyas have included sira and
dhamani also as synonyms of strotas as they can be
considered as modification of strotas. Strotas chiefly
performs the action of sravan (transudation of a
substance). When it modifies and performs function of
dhaman (pulsations), it is considered dhamani; when it
performs the action of saran (basically carrying a
substance from one place to another), these are called
sira.[25] Acharya Sushruta on the other hand considers
strotas, dhamani and sira as separate entities. They differ
in vyanjan (character), mula (origin) and karma
(functions).[26] The three entities are inter-related as they
have similarities in functions to an extent.
Acharya Charak recognises strotas spread throughout the
body which may lead upto extremely tiny kindling. Any
pathological involvement in them may manifest subtle
kind of symptoms that might go unrecognised.
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According to Shalyatantra, piercing of or injury to
strotas causes specific pain manifested in certain specific
parts of the body. They are important for understanding
of the prognosis of such conditions. Thus, Acharya
Charak had explained dushti lakshan of strotas while
Sushrut had explained viddha lakshan of strotas
according to surgical aspect.
Contemporary aspect of strotas
Different strotas as explained by acharyas have been
defined in table 2 with their adjacent similitude to organ
system as per contemporary aspect.[27] The theory of
semi-permeability may be well correlated with transport
via strotas because of their property of being permeable
to some substances and impermeable to others. [28]
Likewise particular strotas carries poshaka dhatu
(nutrients) to its very own poshya dhatu only. The
concept of specific receptors that bind nutrients,
transmitter substances or drugs onto the cell can be
correlated to selectivity of strotas. This either initiates
biological effects or inhibits cellular functions.
A semipermeable membrane is a biological membrane
that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it
by diffusion, more specialized processes of facilitated
diffusion, passive transport or active transport. The rate
of course depends on the pressure, concentration,
and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either
side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each
solute.[29] This corresponds to selective transport and
transformation of poshaka bhag in particular strotas and
final uptake by poshya bhaga. Permeability may depend
on solute size, solubility, properties depending on the
membrane structure and the solute.
CONCLUSION
Healthy strotas is the requirement for upholding of good
health because without healthy strotas body cannot
nurture normally. The orifices of the strotas are very
small, wide, long and outlying likewise in lotus stalk.
Rasa nourishes the body and dhatus perform their
normal functions by circulating through them via strotas.
The color, appearance and outline of strotas is similar to
the dhatu they transport. They may be cylindrical, sthula
(macroscopic) or anu (microscopic), dirgha (extensive)
or pratana (reticulated).
The strotas serve the needs of transportation. The dhatus
transported through the strotas are continually subjected
to metabolic trasformation. Body structures cannot grow
and develop or produce waste products and degenerate
without strotas.
Entire channels of body supply the movements of vata,
pitta and kapha through the strotas as well as the factors
which cause prakopa (aggravation) or shamana
(alleviation) of dhatu are being transported by strotas.
The lenience of substandard diet and deeds leads to
abnormality in the strotas. Even the slightest disturbance
at the level of strotas either structurally or functionally
leads to dhatu-dushya sammurchana (vitiation of
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Vartika et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
channel carrying vital nutrients) at that particular site of
strotas which may result in manifestation of disease. The
vitiated strotas further vitiates dhatu and this vicious 11.
cycle continues. Any vitiation in and around strotas has
to be taken care of judiciously in its early stages.
12.
Ushma of dhatu called as dhatvagni (metabolic enzymes
necessary for transformation within particular cell type)
plays considerable role in nourishment of dhatu as only 13.
after significant transformation of nutrients it is possible
for strotas to carry them to their sthayi dhatu.[30] Strotas 14.
are important for transportation of nutrient and essential
items across cell membrane as specific receptors can take
up specific molecules and not all. These strotas are
specific for each dhatu. The nutrient substances nourish 15.
the dhatu under transformation. Their own strotas carry
the transformed dhatu which now can be taken up by the
cell type.
Strotas do not transport sthira dhatu but only the dhatu 16.
which are undergoing metabolic transformations. The
dhatu which are formed successively from the poshaka
dhatu (mobile) are sthayi dhatu (immobile). The nutrient 17.
material of a particular dhatu does not nourish it through
a strotas other than its own, because of the location of
poshya dhatu, in different parts of the body. This 18.
corresponds to the theory of selective uptake of
substances by cells in contemporary medicine. All the
structural entities in human body cannot be sustained 19.
without strotas.
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