CALCULUS 2

Lesson Definite Integrals

Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Define and illustrate the definite integral and discuss the
properties
2. Evaluate the definite integral
 THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

If the derivative of the function f(x) is f(x)dx and defined in a

closed interval [a,b], then the definite integral is
𝑏
• 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎)
Where :
a – is the lower limit
b – is the upper limit
 PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b a
1.  f(x)dx    f(x)dx
a b
b b
2.  kf(x)dx  k  f(x)dx; k
a a
is constant.
a
3.  f(x)dx  0
a
b b b b
4.  [f(x)  g(x)  h(x)......]dx   f(x)dx   g(x)dx   h(x)dx  ......
a a a a
b c b
5.  f(x) dx   f(x)dx   f(x)dx; where a  c  b.
a a c
 Find the exact value of each integral
3 𝑑𝑥
1. 2 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+10
1 𝑑𝑦
2. 0 1+𝑦 4
1 −𝑦 2
3. 0
𝑦𝑒 𝑑𝑦
𝜋/4 2𝑑𝜃
4. 0 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
1/4 𝑑𝑥
5. 0 3−5𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
 Lesson Wallis Formula
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. State and apply the Wallis’ Formula
π
2. Evaluate integrals in the form 2
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 WALLIS’ FORMULA
π 𝑚−1 𝑚−3 …1 𝑜𝑟 2
𝑚
• 0
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝜃
𝑚 𝑚−2 𝑚−4 …1 𝑜𝑟 2

π 𝑛−1 𝑛−3 …1 𝑜𝑟 2
𝑛
• 0
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝜃
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 …1 𝑜𝑟 2

π 𝑚−1 𝑚−3 …1 𝑜𝑟 2… 𝑛−1 𝑛−3 …1 𝑜𝑟 2

• 2
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝜃
(𝑚+𝑛) 𝑚+𝑛−2 𝑚+𝑛−4 …1 𝑜𝑟 2
 RULES
π
1. If m and n are both even integers, 𝜃 =
2

2. If either m or n are odd integers, 𝜃 = 1

π
3. If the lower and upper limits are 0 and
2
 Evaluate each integral
π
1. 0
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥𝑑𝑥

(8−1)(8−3)(8−5)(8−7) π
= ∙
8 8−2 8−4 8−6 2

7∙5∙3∙1 π
= ∙
8∙6∙4∙2 2

35π
=
256
 Example
π
2. 0
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥𝑑𝑥

(5−1)(5−3)(6−1)(6−3)(6−5)
= ∙1
11 11−2 11−4 11−6 11−8 (11−10)

4∙2∙5∙3∙1
= ∙1
11 ∙ 9 ∙ 7 ∙ 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1

8
=
693
 Example
π
3. 0
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 9 𝑦𝑑𝑦

(6−1)(6−3)(6−5)(9−1)(9−3)(9−5)(9−7)
= ∙1
15 15−2 15−4 15−6 15−8 (15−10)(15−12)(15−14)

5∙3∙1∙8∙6∙4∙2
= ∙1
15 ∙ 13 ∙ 11 ∙ 9 ∙ 7 ∙ 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1

128
=
45045
 Lesson Plane Area
TOPICS
1. Plane Areas
1.1 Plane Areas Under a Curve
1.2 Plane Areas Between Two Curves
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Develop a formula for finding the area of a region bounded by
a curve , the x-axis and two ordinates
2. Solve for the area of plane figures by integration
 APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
PLANE AREAS BY INTEGRATION
1. Area under a curve – region bounded by the given function,
vertical lines and the x –axis.
2. Area under a curve – region bounded by the given function,
horizontal lines and the y –axis.
3. Area between curves defined by two given functions.
 AREA UNDER A CURVE
Area under a curve – region bounded by the given function, vertical
lines and the x –axis. If f(x) is a continuous and nonnegative function
of x on the closed interval [a, b], then the area of the region bounded
by the graph of f, the x-axis and the vertical lines x=a and x=b is given
𝑏
by: 𝐴 = 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
When calculating the area under a curve f(x), follow the steps below:
1. Sketch the area.
2. Determine the boundaries a and b,
3. Set up the definite integral,
4. Integrate.
PLANE AREA UNDER A CURVE
PLANE AREA UNDER A CURVE
 METHODS OF FINDING THE AREA UNDER A CURVE

I. HORIZONTAL STRIPPINGS II. VERTICAL STRIPPINGS

 Find the area under a curve
1. 𝑓 x = −𝑥 2 + 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

2
1 32
−𝑥 2 + 4 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 = 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
−2 3 3
AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
 METHODS OF FINDING THE AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES

I. HORIZONTAL STRIPPINGS II. VERTICAL STRIPPINGS

 AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
Vertical Stripping
𝑏
•𝐴 = 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏
•𝐴 = 𝑎
ℎ 𝑑𝑥 , ℎ = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑦
𝑏
•𝐴 = 𝑎
𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Horizontal Stripping
𝑏
•𝐴 = 𝑎
𝐿 𝑑𝑦 , 𝐿 = 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑥
𝑏
•𝐴 = 𝑎
(𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑥)𝑑𝑦
 Example

1. f(x) = x , from x=-3 to x=1

1 1
A= −3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 = 5 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2
 Example 2

Find the area between 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1

 Solution
1
𝐴= −2
−𝑥 2 + 3 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1 3 1 2
= − 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥
3 2
1 3 3
1 2 2
= − 1 − −2 − 1 − −2 + 2 1 − −2
3 2
9
= 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2
Example
LENGTH OF AN ARC
Example 1
Example 2
 References
1. The Calculus 7, by Leithold
2. INTEGRAL CALCULUS, By Dr. Sergio Ymas