RF Filter Design PPT

RF Filter
Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla

Associate Professor
Sindhudurg Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s College of

Engineeering,
Kankavali
January 20, 2020
Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 1 / 120

Filter Design
Filter design methods

Image Parameter Method
Insertion Loss Method

Two Port Network.

I1 I2
+ " # +
A B
Zi1 V1 V2 Zi2
C D
− −
Zin1 Zin2

Zi1 = input impedance at port 1 when port 2 is terminated with

Zi2
Zi2 = input impedance at port 2 when port 1 is terminated with
Zi1 .
Both ports are terminated with matched loads.

At Port 1, the port voltage and current are related as

V1 = AV2 + BI2 , I1 = CV2 + DI2
The input impedance at port 1, with port 2 terminated in Zi2 , is

V1 AV2 + BI2
Zin1 = =
I1 CV2 + DI2
V1 AZi2 + B
Zin1 = =
I1 CZi2 + D
V2
Since, Zi2 =
I2

Similarly, at Port 2, we have

V2 = DV1 − BI1 , I2 = −CV1 + AI1
These are obtained by taking the inverse of the ABCD matrix

knowing that AD − BC = 1.
The input impedance at port 2, with port 1 terminated in Zi1 , is
V2 DV1 − BI1
Zin2 = =
I2 −CV1 + DI1
V2 DZi1 + B
Zin2 = =
I2 CZi1 + A
−V1
Since, Zi1 =
I1

We desire Zin1 = Zi1 and Zin2 = Zi2

Zi1 (CZi2 + D ) = AZi2 + B
Zi1 D − B = Zi2 (A − CZi1 )
Solving for Zi1 and Zi2 gives

r
AB
Zi1 =
CD
r
BD
Zi2 =
AC
If the network is symmetric, then A = D and Zi1 = Zi2

A two-port network terminated in its image impedances and

driven with a voltage generator.
Zi1
I1 I2
+ " # +
+ A B
2V1 V1 V2 Zi2
− C D
− −
Zi1 Zi2

The output voltage at port-2 can be expressed as,

!
B
V2 = DV1 − BI1 = D − V1
Zi1
The voltage ratio is,

r
V2 B CD
=D− =D −B
V1 Zi1 AB
r
V2 D √ √
= AD − BC
V1 A

Similarly, the current ratio is,
r
I2 A √ √
= AD − BC
I1 D
The factor D/A occurs in reciprocal positions in above

equations, so can be interpreted as a transformer turns ratio.
Apart from this factor, we can define a propagation factor for
the network as,
√ √ √ √
e −γ = AD − BC , e γ = AD + BC
The hyperbolic cosine function cosh γ is,

e γ + e −γ √
!
cosh γ = = AD
2
Constant-k filter,
T network π network
Z1 /2 Z1 /2 Z1
Z2 2Z2 2Z2
ABCD Parameters: ABCD Parameters:

Z1 Z1
A= 1+ A= 1+
2Z2 2Z2
Z12 B= Z1
B = Z1 + 1 Z1
4Z2 C= +
C= 1/Z2 Z2 4Z22
Z1 Z1
D= 1+ D = 1+
2Z2 2Z2
Constant-k filter,
Z1 /2 Z1 /2 Z1
Z2 2Z2 2Z2
Image Impedance: Image Impedance:

r
√ Z1 Z1 Z2
ZiT = Z1 Z2 1+ Zi π =
4Z2 ZiT
Propagation constant: Propagation constant:

s s
Z1 Z1 Z2 Z1 Z1 Z2
eγ = 1 + + + 12 eγ = 1 + + + 12
2Z2 Z2 4Z2 2Z2 Z2 4Z2
Constant-k low pass filter,
L /2 L /2 L
C C /2 C /2
ABCD Parameters: ABCD Parameters:

Z1 = j ωL , Z2 = 1/j ωC Z1 = j ωL , Z2 = 1/j ωC
ω2 LC ω2 LC
A= 1− A= 1−
2 2
B = j ωL − j ω3 L 2 C /4 B= j ωL
C= j ωC C = j ωC − j ω3 LC 2 /4
ω2 LC ω2 LC
D= 1− D= 1−
2 2
L /2 L /2 L
C C /2 C /2

#−1/2
ω2 LC
r r
ω2 LC
r "
L L
ZiT = 1− Zi π = 1−
C 4 C 4
Cutoff frequency: Cutoff frequency:
2 2
ωc = √ ωc = √
LC LC
L /2 L /2 L
C C /2 C /2

s !2 !2 −1/2
ω ω 


ZiT = R0 1− Zi π = R0 1 −
ωc ωc

Where: Where:
r r
2 L 2 L
ωc = √ , R0 = ωc = √ , R0 =
LC C LC C

L /2 L /2 L
C C /2 C /2
Propagation Constant: Propagation Constant:

s s
2ω 2
2ω ω2
2ω 2
2ω ω2
eγ = 1 − + −1 eγ = 1 − + −1
ω2c ωc ω2c ω2c ωc ω2c

Constant-k low pass filter.

√ Z1
cosh(γ) = AD = 1 +
2Z2
ω2 LC 2ω2
cosh(γ) = 1 − =1−
2 ω2c
2ω2
For ω < ωc : cos β = 1 −
ω2c
2ω2
For ω > ωc : cosh α = − 2
ωc
Since γ = α + j β

For ω < ωc , ZiT , Zi π are real, |e γ | = 1, which imply a passband.
For ω > ωc , ZiT , Zi π are imaginary, e γ is real, −1 < e γ < 0 which
imply a stopband.
γ = α + j β, α is attenuation constant, and β is phase constant.
Passband and stopband characteristics of low pass constant-k filter

Constant-k high pass filter,

2C 2C C
L 2L 2L
1 1
Z1 = , Z2 = j ωL Z1 = , Z2 = j ωL
j ωC j ωC
r r r " # −1 / 2
L 1 L 1
ZiT = 1− Zi π = 1−
C 4ω2 LC C 4ω2 LC

Constant-k high pass filter,

2C 2C C
L 2L 2L
r ω 2 " ω 2 #−1/2
c c
ZiT = R0 1− Zi π = R0 1 −
ω ω
r r
L 1 L 1
R0 = , ωc = √ R0 = , ωc = √
C 2 LC C 2 LC

High pass constant-k filter

√ Z1
cosh(γ) = AD = 1 +
2Z2
1 2ω2c
cosh(γ) = 1 − = 1 −
2ω2 LC ω2
2ω2c
For ω < ωc : cosh α = −
ω2
2ω2
For ω > ωc : cos β = 1 − 2c
ω
Since γ = α + j β

For ω > ωc , ZiT , Zi π are real, |e γ | = 1, which imply a passband.

For ω < ωc , ZiT , Zi π are imaginary, e γ is real, −1 < e γ < 0 which
imply a stopband.
γ = α + j β, α is attenuation constant, and β is phase constant.
ω
ωc
ω
Passband and stopband characteristics of high pass constant-k filter

Constant-k band pass filter
2C 2C
L /2 L /2
L C


!
1
Z1 = j ωL −
ωC
1
j ωL
j ωC
Z2 =
1
j ωL +
j ωC
j ωL
Z2 =
1 − ω2 LC


Image impedance,
r
p Z1
ZiT = Z1 Z2 1+
4Z2
r
p L
R0 = Z1 Z2 =
C
s
2
(1 − ω2 LC )
r
Z1
1+ = 1−
4Z2 4ω2 LC

Image impedance,
r r
L Z1
ZiT = 1+
C 4Z2
s
2
r
L (1 − ω2 LC )
ZiT = 1−
C 4ω2 LC
v
u
u !2 2
ω 
u
u 
u
u 
u
u 1 −
ωc
r u 
L u
u
u
ZiT = 1−
u
t
!2
C ω
4
ωc


The center frequency,
1
ωc = √
LC
Propagation Constant,
√ Z1
cosh γ = AD = 1 +
2Z2
!2  2
ω 


 1 −
ωc 

cosh γ = 1 − 

!2 

 2 ω 
ωc


Limitations of constant-k filter

The signal attenuation rate after the cutoff point is not very
sharp.
The image impedance is not a constant when frequency
changes.
Problem of impedance mismatch due variable image
impedance in pass band.

m-Derived filter
The m-derived filter is a modification of the constant-k filter
designed to overcome the problems of slow rate of attenuation and
variation of image impedance.
Constant-k filter m-Derived filter
Z1 /2 Z1 /2 Z10 /2 Z10 /2
Z2 Z20
Z10 = mZ1
Choose Z20 to obtain same image impedance ZiT

m-Derived filters s
Z12 Z 0 21
ZiT = Z1 Z2 + = Z10 Z20 +
4 4
s s
Z12 m2 Z12
Z1 Z2 + = mZ1 Z20 +
4 4
Solving for Z20 gives,
Z2 (1 − m2 )
Z20 = + Z1
m 4m

m-Derived filter
Z10 /2 Z10 /2 mZ1 mZ1
2 2
Z2
m
Z20
1 − m2
Z1
4m
For m =1, m-Derived filter is act as a constant-k filter.

m-Derived low pass filter (T network)

1 (1 − m2 )
Z10 = j ωLm, Z20 = + j ωL
j ωCm 4m
j ωLm j ωLm
1
j ωCm
1 − m2
j ωL
4m

Propagation constant:
s
Z10 Z10 Z 01
!
γ
e =1+ + 1+
2Z20 Z20 4Z 0 2
Z10 j ωLm
=
Z20 1 (1 − m 2 )
+ j ωL
j ωCm 4m
!2
2ωm
−
Z10 ωc 2
= !2 , ωc = √
Z20 ω LC
1 − (1 − m2 )
ωc
!2 !2
ω ω
1− 1−
Z 01 ωc ωc
1+ = !2 = !2
4Z 0 2 ω ω
1 − (1 − m2 ) 1−
ωc ω∞
Z 01
For 1 + and e γ to be real, the m value is restricted
4Z 0 2
between 0 and 1 (0 < m < 1)
The stop band region began at ω = ωc .
The propagation factor e γ became ∞ at ω = ω∞ , where
ωc
ω∞ = √
1 − m2 s !2
ω
Image impedance: ZiT = R0 1−
ωc
Attenuation responses for constant-k, m-derived, and composite filters

m-Derived low pass filter (π network)

1 − m2
C
4m
mL
mC /2 mC /2

4Lm2
!
(1 − m2 )C
Z10 =
4m
j ωLm +
j (1 − m2 )ωC
1
Z20 =
j ωC
Image impedance:
!2
ω
1 − (1 − m2 )
ωc
r
2 L
Zi π = R0 s , ωc = √ , R0 =
!2 LC C
ω
1−
ωc

Image impedance:
Variation of Zi π in the pass band of a low-pass m-derived section for various values of m.

m-Derived high pass filter (T network)

m j ωL (1 − m2 )
Z10 = , Z20 = +
j ωC m j4mωC
2C /m 2C /m
L /m
4m
C
1 − m2

Propagation constant:
s
Z10 Z10 Z 01
!
γ
e =1+ + 1+
2Z20 Z20 4Z 0 2
m
Z10 j ωC
=
Z20 j ωL (1 − m2 )
+
m j4mωC
!2
2ωc m
−
Z10 ω 1
= ω 2 , ωc = √
Z20 c 2 LC
1 − (1 − m2 )
ω

ω 2 ω 2
c c
1− 1−
Z 01 ω ω
1+ = ω 2 = ω 2
4Z 0 2 c ∞
1 − (1 − m 2 ) 1−
ω ω
Z 01
For 1 + and e γ to be real, the m value is restricted
4Z 0 2
between 0 and 1 (0 < m < 1)
The pass band region began at ω = ωc .
The propagation
√ factor e γ became ∞ at ω = ω∞ , where
ω∞ = ωc 1 − m2
r ω 2
c
Image impedance: ZiT = R0 1−
ω
m-Derived high pass filter (π network)

4m
L
1 − m2
C /m
2L /m 2L /m

4Lm2
!
(1 − m2 )C
Z10 =
m j4mωL
+
j ωC (1 − m 2 )
j ωL
Z20 =
m
Image impedance:
ω 2
c
1 − (1 − m2 ) r
Zi π = R0
ω , ωc =
1
, R0 =
L
r ω 2 √
c 2 LC C
1−
ω
Composite Filters
Composite filter is realized by combining the constant-k,
m-derived sharp cutoff and the m-derived matching sections in
cascade.
Filter with the desired attenuation and matching properties can
be realized.

Composite Filters
The final four-stage composite filter.

Summary of Composite Filter Design
Low pass filter High pass filter
Constant-k T section Constant-k T section

L /2 L /2 2C 2C
C L
r r
L 2R0 L R0
R0 = L= R0 = L=
C ωc C 2ωc
2 2 1 1
ωc = √ C= ωc = √ C=
LC ωc R0 2 LC 2ωc R0

m-derived T section m-derived T section

mL /2 mL /2 2C /m 2C /m
mC L /m
1 − m2 4m
L C
4m 1 − m2
L, C Same as constant-k L, C Same as constant-k

section. section


m-derived T section m-derived T section

mL /2 mL /2 2C /m 2C /m
mC L /m
1 − m2 4m
L C
4m 1 − m2
1 − (ωc /ω∞ )2
p
1 − (ω∞ /ωc )2
p
m= for sharp-cutoff m= for sharp-cutoff
m = 0.6 for matching m = 0.6 for matching


Bisect π matching section Bisect π matching section

Lm/2 Lm/2 2C /m 2C /m
mC /2 mC /2
2L /m 2L /m
R0 R0 R0 R0
1 − m2 1 − m2 2m 2m
L L C C
2m 2m 1 − m2 1 − m2
ZiT ZiT

Example: Design a composite high-pass filter by the image
parameter method with the following specifications: R0 = 75Ω ,
fc = 50 MHz, and f∞ = 48 MHz. Use CAD to plot the insertion loss
versus frequency.
Constant-k T section
2C 2C
ωc = 2πfc = 2 × π × 50 × 106 =
314 × 106 rad /sec
L
R0 75
L= = = 119nH
r 2ωc 2 × 314 × 106
L R0 1 1
R0 = L= C= =
C 2ωc 2ωc R0 2 × 314 × 106 × 75
1 1 C = 21.2pF , 2C = 42.4pF
ωc = √ C=
2 LC 2ωc R0
Continue...
s
!2
m-derived T section f∞
m= 1−
2C /m 2C /m fc
s
!2
L /m 48
m= 1− = 0.28
50
4m
C
1 − m2
2C L
= 151pF , = 425nH
L, C Same as constant-k m m
section 4mC
= 25.8pF
1 − m2

Continue...
Bisect π matching section

2C /m 2C /m
2C 2 × 21.2
2L /m 2L /m = = 70.7pF
m 0.6
R0 R0
2m
C
2m
C 2L 2 × 119
1 − m2 1 − m2
= = 397nH
m 0 .6
ZiT 2mC
= 39.8pF
1 − m2
m = 0.6

Continue...
High Pass Composite Filter.
26.5pF 33.1pF 48.2pF
397nH 425nH 397nH
119nH
39.8pF 25.8pF 39.8pF

Continue....
High Pass Composite Filter Response

The insertion loss method uses network synthesis tech-
niques to design filters with a completely specified fre-
quency response.
The design is simplified by beginning with low-pass fil-
ter prototypes that are normalized in terms of impedance
and frequency.
Transformations are then applied to convert the pro-
totype designs to the desired frequency range and
impedance level.
Insertion loss methods of filter design lead to circuits us-
ing lumped elements (capacitors and inductors).
For microwave applications such designs usually must
be modified to employ distributed elements consisting of
transmission line sections.
Characterization by Power Loss Ratio,
In the insertion loss method a filter response is defined by its
insertion loss, or power loss ratio, PLR :
Power available from source Pinc
PLR = =
Power delivered to load Pload
P+ 1
PLR = + −
=
P −P 1 − |Γ|2
where,
P−
P = Pinc ,
+
P = Pref ,
− 2
|Γ| = +
P
1
Power gain = G = |S21 |2 =
PLR
The insertion loss (IL) in dB = 10 log PLR
First Order RC Low Pass Filter


!
1
V1 (s ) = R + I(s )
Cs
!
1
V2 (s ) = I(s )
Cs
1
V2 (s )
H (s ) = = RC
V1 (s ) 1
+s
RC
V2 (j ω) ωc 1
H (j ω) = = , ωc = , s = jω
V1 (j ω) ωc + j ω RC

ωc 1
|H (j ω)| = p = s
ω2c + ω2 ω
!2
1+
ωc
1 1
G (j ω) = |H (j ω)|2 = !2 =
ω PLR
1+
ωc
!2
ω
PLR = 1 +
ωc
where, G (j ω): Power Gain, PLR : Power Loss

N th Order RC Low Pass Filter

!2N
ω
PLR =1+
ωc
where, N is a order of filter.
 !2N 
 ω 
Insertion loss (IL) = 10 log PLR = 10 log 1 + [dB]
ωc 


Types of Low Pass filters

Maximally flat (or Butterworth, Binomial) Filter
Equal ripple or Chebyshev Filter
Elliptic Filter
Linear phase Filter

!2N
2 ω
Power Loss: PLR = 1 + k , K = 1 for -3dB cutoff point.
ωc
Insertion Loss: IL = 10 log PLR [dB]
IL increases by 20N dB per decade in stop band.
Frequency response


ω
Example: Find order ‘N’ of LPF for 30dB attenuation at = 1 .2
ωc
Solution: Attenuation = PLR = 30 dB ⇒ PLR = 1030/10 = 1000
!2N
ω
PLR =1+
ωc
!2N
ω
999 =
ωc
2N log (1.2) = log 999
N = 3/0.1583 = 18.94 ≈ 19


ω
!
Power Loss: PLR = 1 + k 2 TN2
ωc
TN (x ) = Chebyshev polynomial of order N.
N = Order of filter.
ωc = Cutoff angular frequency.
k = constant related to pass band ripple.
k 2 = 10Lr /10 − 1
L = Pass band ripple attenuation in dB.
r
ω −1 ω
! !
2
TN2 = cosh N cosh
ωc ωc


Insertion Loss: IL = 10 log PLR
Generally, N is chosen to be an odd integer when the source
and load impedances are equal (two-sided filters).
Frequency response

Equal ripple or Chebyshev Filter Filter

ω
Example: Find order ‘N’ of LPF for 30dB attenuation at = 1.2,
ωc
ripple attenuation in pass passband is 1dB.
Solution: Attenuation = PLR = 30 dB ⇒ PLR = 1030/10 = 1000
Ripple attenuation Lr = 1 dB,
k 2 = 10Lr /10 − 1 = 101/10 − 1 = 0.2589

ω
!
2
PLR = 1 + k TN2
ωc
ω −1 ω
! !
2
TN2 = cosh N cosh
ωc ωc

Equal ripple or Chebyshev Filter Filter

Example(Continue)
ω
!
2 2 −1
k cosh N cosh = PLR − 1
ωc

0.2589 × cosh2 N cosh−1 1.2 = 999

cosh2 N cosh−1 1.2 = 999/0.2589 = 3858.6326
cosh (N × 0.6223) = 62.1178
N × 0.6223 = cosh−1 (62.1178) = 4.8221
N = 4.8221/0.6223 = 7.74 ≈ 8

Comparison of order of Low Pass Filter

Elliptic Filter
This type of low pass filter has an equi-ripple response in both
the pass band and the stop band.
It has a “faster” roll off than the previous two filters.
Frequency response

Linear Phase Filter

If it’s important that there be no signal distortion,
then the phase of the filter must be linear in the passband.
A linear phase characteristic can be achieved with the following
phase response:
 !2N 
ω
φ(ω) = A ω 1 + p
 
ωc 

where, φ(ω) is the phase of the voltage transfer function of the filter,
and p is a constant. A related quantity is the group delay, defined
as,
2N
 ! 
dφ ω
τd =
 
= A 1 + p (2N + 1)
ωc

dω

General Procedure for Filter Design

Filter specifications:
These includes cutoff frequency, the stop band attenu-
ation, the pass band insertion loss, pass band behavior
etc.
Design a low pass prototype circuit:
In such a prototype, R = 1Ω, ωc = 1 rad/s. Filter co-
efficients are require for low pass filter prototype circuit
design. Filter table is used for this step.
Scaling and transformation:
Frequency scaling and transformation techniques are
used to transform low pass filter to desired filter (i.e. Low
pass filter, High pass filter, Band pass filter, Band stop
filter).

Maximally Flat Low-Pass Filter Prototype
Ladder circuits for low-pass filter prototypes


Element Values for Maximally Flat Low-Pass Filter Prototypes
(g0 = 1, ωc = 1, N = 1 to 10)

Attenuation versus normalized frequency for maximally flat filter prototype.

Equal Ripple Low-Pass Filter Prototype

Element Values for Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Filter Prototype
(g0 = 1,ωc = 1, N = 1 to 10, 0.5 dB )


Element Values for Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Filter Prototype
(g0 = 1,ωc = 1, N = 1 to 10, 3 dB )

Attenuation versus normalized frequency for maximally flat filter prototype (0.5 dB).

Attenuation versus normalized frequency for maximally flat filter prototype (3 dB).

Scaling and Transformation

Impedance Scaling:
XL0 = R0 XL = ω(R0 L ) = ωL 0
R0 1
XC0 = R0 XC = =
ωC ωC 0
Rs0 = R0 , RL0 = R0 RL
where,
L 0 = R0 L , , C 0 = C /R0


Frequency Scaling: Low pass prototype to Low pass.
For series reactance,
ω
jXk = j ωLk = j Lk = j ωLk0
ωc
For shunt susceptance,
ω
Frequency scaling for jBk = j ωCk = j Ck = j ωCk0
low-pass response ωc
ω
Replace ω by Lk Ck
ωc Lk0 = , Ck0 =
ωc ωc


Frequency Scaling: Low pass prototype to High pass.
ωc j
jXk = j ωLk = −j Lk = −
ω ωCk0
Frequency scaling for ωc j

jBk = j ωCk = −j Ck = − 0
high-pass response ω ωLk
ωc
Replace ω by −
ω 1 1
Ck0 = , Lk0 =
ωc Lk ωc Ck


Frequency Scaling: Low pass prototype to Band pass.
ω ω0
!
1
jXk = j ωLk = j − Lk
∆ ω0 ω
j ωLk j ω0 Lk
jXk = −
Frequency scaling for ∆ω0 ∆ω
band-pass response ! j
1 ω ω0 jXk = j ωLk0 −
Replace ω by − ωCk0
∆ ω0 ω
ω2 − ω1 √ L ∆
∆= , ω0 = ω1 ω2 Lk0 = k , Ck0 =
ω0 ∆ω0 ω0 Lk

Frequency Scaling: Low pass prototype to Band pass.
1 ω ω0
!
1 ω ω0 at ω = ω0 , − =0
!
jBk = j ωCk = j − Ck ∆ ω0 ω
∆ ω0 ω
1 ω1
ω0
!
j ωCk j ω0 Ck at ω = ω1 , − = −1
jBk = − ∆ ω0 ω1
∆ω0 ∆ω
1 ω2 ω0
!
j at ω = ω2 , − =1
jBk = j ωCk0 − ∆ ω0 ω2
ωLk0
Note: 1) Series inductance is converted into
Ck ∆ series LC circuit.
Ck0 = , Lk0 = 2) Shunt capacitor is converted into parallel
∆ω0 ω0 Ck LC circuit.


Frequency Scaling: Low pass prototype to Band stop.
The series inductor converted

in to parallel LC,
∆Lk 1
Lk0 = , Ck0 =
ω0 ∆ω0 Lk
Frequency scaling for band
stop response The shunt capacitor converted
!−1 in series LC,
ω ω0
Replace ω by −∆ −
ω0 ω 1 ∆Ck
ω2 − ω1 √ Lk0 = , Ck0 =
∆= , ω0 = ω1 ω2 ∆ω0 Ck ω0
ω0

ω2 − ω1
!
Summary of Prototype Filter Transformations ∆ =
ω0

Example:
Design a maximally flat low pass filter with cutoff frequency of 2GHz,
impedance of 50Ω, and at least 15dB insertion loss at 3GHz. Com-
pute and plot the amplitude response and group delay for f = 0 to
4GHz
Solution:
First find the required order of the filter to satisfy the insertion
loss specification at 3GHz. We have |ω/ωc | − 1 = 0.5. Re-
ferring to graph of attenuation for maximally flat low pass filter
prototype, we see the value N = 5.
Element values of the filter prototype are obtained using the
table of element values for maximally flat low pass filter.

Continue...
g0 = 1, g1 = 0.618, g2 = 1.618, g3 = 2.000, g4 = 1.618,
g5 = 0.618, g6 = 1
Impedance and frequency scale elements are, Rs = g0 R0 =
50Ω, C10 = g1 /(R0 ωc ) = 0.984pF, L20 = (g2 R0 )/ωc = 6.438nH,
C30 = 3.183pF, L40 = 6.438nH, C50 = 0.984pF, RL = g6 R0 =
50Ω
Rs L20 L40
+
V C10 C30 C50 RL
−

Example:
Design a 3dB, equi-ripple low pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 2
GHz, 50 Ω impedance level, and at least 15 dB insertion loss at 3
GHz.
The first step is to determine the order of the filter needed to
achieve the required IL at the specified frequency. For this filter
we chose N = 3 to meet the IL specification.
Element values of the filter prototype are obtained using the
table of element values for 3dB equi-ripple low pass filter.
Element values are: g0 = 1, g1 = 3.3487, g2 = 0.7117, g3 =
3.3487, g4 = 1.

Continue...
Impedance and frequency scaled elements are, Rs = g0 R0 =
50Ω, C10 = g1 /(R0 ωc ) = 5.33pF, L20 = (g2 R0 )/ωc = 2.83nH,
C30 = 5.33pF, RL = g4 R0 = 50Ω
Rs L20
+
V C10 C30 RL
−

Example: Design a 3rd order Chebyshev low-pass filter that has a

ripple of 0.5dB and cutoff frequency of 1 GHz.
Solution:
N = 3, Element values are: g0 = 1, g1 = 1.5963, g2 = 1.0967,
g3 = 1.5963, g4 = 1.
Impedance and frequency scaled elements are, Rs = g0 R0 =
50Ω, L10 = L30 = (R0 g1 )/ωc = 12.70nH, C20 = g2 /(R0 ωc ) =
3.49pF, RL = g6 R0 = 50Ω

Frame Title
Continue...
Rs L10 L30
+
V C20 RL
−
Rs = RL = 50Ω, L10 = L30 =

12.70nH , C20 = 3.49pF
Filter Response

Example: Design 3rd order band pass maximally flat filter at

frequency f0 = 100MHz and -3dB bandwidth of 20MHz.
Solution:
N = 3, Element values are: g0 = 1, g1 = C1 = 1, g2 = L2 = 2,
g3 = C3 = 1, g4 = 1.
Calculate ∆: ∆ = (f2 − f1 )/f0 = 20/100 = 0.2
Impedance and frequency scaled Rs and RL : Rs = g0 R0 =
50Ω, RL = g4 R0 = 50Ω
Using impedance and frequency scaling, shunt capacitor of low
pass filter prototype is converted into parallel LC circuit.
Using impedance and frequency scaling, series inductor of low
pass filter prototype is converted into series LC circuit.

Continue...
1st Parallel LC circuit:
L10 = (∆R0 )/(ω0 C1 ) = (0.2×50)/(2π×100×106 ×1) = 15.91nH,
C10 = C1 /(R0 ω0 ∆) = 1/(50 × 2π × 100 × 106 × 0.2) = 159.15pF
2nd Series LC circuit:
L20 = (L1 R0 )/(ω0 ∆) = (2 × 50)/(2π × 100 × 106 × 0.2) = 800nH,
C20 = ∆/(R0 ω0 L ) = 0.2/(50 × 2π × 100 × 106 × 2) = 3.18pF
3rd Parallel LC circuit:
L30 = (∆R0 )/(ω0 C3 ) = (0.2×50)/(2π×100×106 ×1) = 15.91nH,
C30 = C3 /(R0 ω0 ∆) = 1/(50 × 2π × 100 × 106 × 0.2) = 159.15pF

Continue...
C20
Rs L20
+
V C10 L10 C30 L30 RL
−

3rd Order Band Pass Filter Realization

3rd Order Band Pass Filter Realization

Limitations of Filter design using Lumped

components
Lumped element inductors and capacitors are available
only for a limited range of values.
Difficult to implement at microwave frequency range.
Solution
Distributed circuit such as short circuited or open
circuited transmission line stubs are used to
approximate ideal lumped elements.

Richards Transformation
Richards transformation: Ω = tan βl
Reactance of an inductor: jXL = j ΩL = jL tan βl
Suceptance of an capacitor: jBL = j ΩC = jC tan βl

Inductor to a short-circuited stub
jXL ⇒ L jXL ⇒ Z0 = L SC
l = λ/8 at ωc
To obtain the cutoff of a low-pass filter prototype at unity frequency, the length must be λ/8. The
distributed circuit is act as a unit cell for Z0 = 1.

Capacitor to a open-circuited stub
jBC ⇒ C jBC ⇒ Z0 = 1/C OC
l = λ/8 at ωc

Problem with Richards Transformation

Separation between two distributed components affects
the filter performance at microwave frequencies.

Kuroda’s Identities
Kuroda’s identities can be used to separate the filter
elements physically by using transmission line sections.
Kuroda’s identities use redundant transmission line
section to achieve practical microwave filter.

Advantages of Kuroda’s Identities

Physically separate the transmission line stubs.
Additional transmission line sections do not affect the
filter response.
Transform series stubs into shunt stubs, or vice versa.
Change impractical characteristic impedances into more
realizable values.

Kuroda’s Identities (n2 = 1 + Z2 /Z1 )

Kuroda’s Identities
Equivalent circuits illustrating Kuroda identity (a) in Table

Low-Pass Filter Design Using Stubs

Eaxample: Design a low-pass filter for fabrication using
microstrip lines. The specifications include a cutoff
frequency of 4 GHz, an impedance of 50 Ω , and a
third-order 3 dB equal-ripple pass band response.
Solution:
From Table the normalized low-pass prototype ele-
ment values are g1 = 3.3487 = L1 , g2 = 0.7117 =
C2 , g3 = 3.3487 = L3 , g4 = 1.0000 = RL

Continue...
Lumped-element low pass filter prototype circuit is obtained.

Continue...
Richards transformations is used to convert inductors and
capacitors to series and shunt stubs.

Continue...
Unit elements are added at the ends of the filter.

Continue...
The second Kuroda’s identity is applied to convert series SC
stubs to shunt OC stubs.
n2 = 1 + Z2 /Z1 = 1 + 1/3.3487 = 1.299

Continue...
Impedance and frequency scaling are done.

Continue...
Design and fabrication of actual low pass microstrip filter.

Low-Pass Filter Design Using Stubs

Eaxample: Design a low-pass, fourth-order, maximally
flat filter using only shunt stubs. The cutoff frequency is
8 GHz and the impedance is 50 Ω. Use CAD to plot the
insertion loss versus frequency.
Solution:
From Table the normalized low-pass prototype ele-
ment values are g1 = 0.765 = L1 , g2 = 1.848 = C2 ,
g3 = 1.848 = L3 , g4 = 0.765 = C4 , g5 = 1 = RL

Continue...
Rs L1 L3
+
V C2 C4 RL
−

Continue...
Apply Richards Transformation.
0.765 1.848
0.541 1.307

Continue...
Add unit elements (UE) at both ends.
Z1 = 0.765
Z2 = 1.000 Z1 = 1.000
n2 = 2.307 0.765 Z2 = 1.307
1.848 n2 = 2.307
UE UE
1 1
0.541 1.307

Continue...
Use second Kuroda’s identity on left and first Kuroda,s identity
on right.
Z1 = 1.848 Z1 = 1.848
Z2 = 0.567 Z2 = 0.567
n2 = 1.307 1.848 0.433 n2 = 1.307
0.567 1.000
1.765
2.307 0.541

Continue...
Use second Kuroda’s identity twice .
1 1.765 2.415 1.433 1
2.307 0.541 0.741 3.309

Continue...
Scale to 50Ω.
l = λ/8
50Ω 88.30Ω 120.8Ω 71.7Ω 50Ω

l
115.4Ω 27.1Ω 37.1Ω 165.5Ω
All lengths are λ/8 long at 8 GHz.

Continue...
Filter response

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RF Filter

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla

Sindhudurg Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s College of

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 1 / 120

Filter design methods

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 2 / 120

Two Port Network.

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 3 / 120

Zi1 = input impedance at port 1 when port 2 is terminated with

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 4 / 120

At Port 1, the port voltage and current are related as

The input impedance at port 1, with port 2 terminated in Zi2 , is

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 5 / 120

Similarly, at Port 2, we have

These are obtained by taking the inverse of the ABCD matrix

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 6 / 120

We desire Zin1 = Zi1 and Zin2 = Zi2

Solving for Zi1 and Zi2 gives

If the network is symmetric, then A = D and Zi1 = Zi2

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 7 / 120

A two-port network terminated in its image impedances and

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 8 / 120

The output voltage at port-2 can be expressed as,

The voltage ratio is,

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 9 / 120

The factor D/A occurs in reciprocal positions in above

The hyperbolic cosine function cosh γ is,

ABCD Parameters: ABCD Parameters:

Image Impedance: Image Impedance:

Propagation constant: Propagation constant:

ABCD Parameters: ABCD Parameters:

Image Impedance: Image Impedance:

Cutoff frequency: Cutoff frequency:

Image Impedance: Image Impedance:

Constant-k low pass filter,

Propagation Constant: Propagation Constant:

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 16 / 120

Constant-k low pass filter.

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 17 / 120

Passband and stopband characteristics of low pass constant-k filter

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 18 / 120

Constant-k high pass filter,

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 19 / 120

Constant-k high pass filter,

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 20 / 120

High pass constant-k filter

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 21 / 120

For ω > ωc , ZiT , Zi π are real, |e γ | = 1, which imply a passband.

Passband and stopband characteristics of high pass constant-k filter

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 22 / 120

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 23 / 120

Constant-k band pass filter

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 24 / 120

Constant-k band pass filter

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 25 / 120

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 26 / 120

Constant-k band pass filter

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 27 / 120

Limitations of constant-k filter

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 28 / 120

Choose Z20 to obtain same image impedance ZiT

Mr. Sajeed S. Mulla RF Filter January 20, 2020 30 / 120