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AIM:
To conduct the open circuit (no-load) and short circuit tests on the 1-phase
transformer and determine.
a) Parameters of the equivalent circuit and
b) Efficiency and regulation at various loads and power factors.
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(2 A,150V ,60W )
DPST A
switch LPF Wattmeter
Ph fuse M L
A
5A B V
(0-5A) MI C
230V V
O.C.
50 Hz E
V TEST
1 , A.C.SUPPLY (0 150V )
MI
C
fuse LV HV
N 230 /( 0 270 V ),50 Hz
1 , auto T / F 115V 230V
Fig.1(a)
A 10 A,75V ,300W
DPST
UPF Wattmeter 1KVA
Ph switch
fuse A M L
B
10A (0 10A)MI
230V C V
S .C .
50Hz E V TEST
1, A.C.SUPPLY
C
N fuse 230 /( 0 270V ),50 Hz HV LV
1 , auto T / F 230V 115V
Fig.1(b)
THEORY:
The equivalent circuit of the 1-phase transformer referred to primary is given below.
2 2
N1 N1
r2 x 2
r1 x1 N2 N2
IO
IC Im L
1
V1 E1 R 01 V2 O
X 01
A
D
Fig. 2(a)
2 2
N N
IO R 1 r1 1 r2 X 1 x1 1 x2
N2 N2
L
IC Im 1
V1 R 01 X 01 V2 O
A
D
O.C. Test :
Suppose the readings of all meters in this test are given below.
IC = I0 Cos 0 ; Im = (I 0 2 I 0 2 Cos 2 0 )
R01=V1 / IC ; X01 = V1 /Im.
The reading of the wattmeter gives the iron loss of the transformer for the rated
terminal voltage applied in the test.
Iron Loss = W0
S.C. Test:
In this test with the secondary / L.V. winding short circuited, a reduced voltage is applied to
the H.V. winding in this till full load current flows. Let following be the readings
obtained.
Efficiency of the transformer at a given load I2 and Power factor cos 2 is given
( V2 I 2 Cos 2 ) / ( V2 I 2 Cos 2 Wi Ws ( I 2 / I full ) 2 )
Regulation of the transformer at a given load I2 and power factor Cos 2 is found
from the formula.
2
% Regulation = ((E2 – V2)/V2) x 100, Where E2 and V2 are related by the equation E2 =
2 2
(V2 Cos 2 + I2 R2) + (V2 Sin 2 + I2 X2) ; Where E 2 = Secondary induced voltage
V2 = Secondary terminal voltage
PROCEDURE:
Make connection as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. 1 (a) for the O.C.
test.
Apply rated voltage to the primary of the transformer and note the readings of
all meters.
Make connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. 1(b) for the S.C.
test.
By means of the variac, apply a reduced voltage till full load current flows in
the winding. Note readings of all meters.
Evaluate R01, X01, R1 and X1 and insert the values in the equivalent circuit.
Find the regulation and efficiency of the Transformer at
(a) ¼, ½, ¾, 1, and 1 ¼ of full load current and at power factors of 0.8 lag,
unity and 0.8 leading.
Draw the approximate equivalent circuit and insert the values calculated as
discussed in theory.
(i) Taking Load current on the x – axis draw efficiency vs load current graph
at various power factors.
ii) Taking load current on the x-axis draw the regulation vs Load current
curve for various power factors.
RESULT:
QUIZ:
1. Why is the Iron Loss negligible in the S.C. test? Why is the copper Loss
negligible in the O.C. Test.
2. Under what conditions do you get negative regulation for transformer?
3. Using the approximate formula find the power factor for zero regulation?
4. Why are percentage values used more commonly for the resistance, reactance
and impedance of the transformer instead of absolute values?
5. What is the significance of leakage reactance in the transformer?
6. What steps are taken in the design of transformer to reduce the leakage fluxes?
AIM:
To conduct the back– to– back test on two identical 1-phase transformers and
predetermine.
1. Efficiency and Regulation at various at various loads and power factors, and
2. Parameters of the equivalent circuit.
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
300V , 2.5 A,60W
(0 2A)
LPF Waltmeter
MI
A1 M L
A
DPST
C V
switch W0
10A
fuse E
230 V ,
B 230V 230V
50 Hz (0 300V)
V1
A .C .Supply MI
THEORY:
In this test two identical transformers are connected Back-to-Back as shown in fig.2
with correct polarity. The polarities of the secondaries are checked by noting the reading of
voltmeter V2. Zero reading of voltmeter V2 ensures correct polarity and Back – to – Back
connection of the secondaries.
With S1 closed and S2 open apply rated voltage “V1” to the primaries of both the
transformers under test. Let A1, V1 and W0 be the readings of the meters. Then,
Since the two transformers are identical, the no-load of the same and iron losses are also
equally divided.
After ensuring the correct Back-to-Back connection switch S2 is closed and reduced
voltage is applied by the adjustment of the variac booster till full load current flows in the
tow secondaries. Let the readings of the meters be noted as below.
Assuming that the copper loss is equally divided between the two transformers,
Copper Loss at full load = Wc = Ws/2.
The equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance are determined from the readings as
given below :
R2 = Wc / Is2 ; Z2 = Vs / 2 x Is ; X2 = Z22 R 22
Using the above value regulation and Efficiency can be calculated as explained in experiment
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
QUIZ:
1. Why is the Sumpner’s test called Heat – run test ? In what respects the test is
superior to O.C and S.C. tests.
2. A transformer has 1 % resistance & 5 % leakage reactance. What is its regulation
at a p.f. of (a) 0.8 lag (b) Unity (c) 0.8 lead.
3. What is All-day-Efficiency? How is it different from the ordinary Efficiency?
For what type of transformer is this efficiency more suitable?
4. What is a conservator? What material does it contain?
5. What is the purpose of transformer oil ? What for is the Bucholz’s relay used.
6. Why the voltmeter V2 used in this test should have a range equal to twice the
secondary voltage of each transformer.
AIM:
To study the Scott connection of two 1-phase transformers for converting 3-phase a.c.
supply to 2-phase a.c. supply.
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TEASER
TRANSFORME R
F I2T (0 10 A)MI
(0 5 A)MI fuse A
TPST A
A
switch 0.866 (0 300V) L
fuse N2
R (0 300V ) V 3 V MI O
N1 A
3 φ,50HZ, MI (0 5 A)MI 2 D
415V, A.C. A
SUPPLY
5A I1 m G 10A
(0 300V)
Y fuse V fuse
MI
B (0 5 A) MI
fuse 0.5 N1
A
I1 m C B
Main Transformer
D N2 E
V
(0 300V )MI
(0 10 A)
A
MI
LOAD I 2M
Fig.3(a) R LM
I 2T
2
V 3 V
1 N
3
C V V B I2M V2 M
2 2
Fig.3(b) Fig.3(c)
THEORY:
The main transformer has a 50% tap on its primary. The teaser transformer has
3 / 2(0.866 ) tap on its primary.
Consider the connection diagram shown in fig. 3 (a). The primary of the main
transformer having N1 turns is connected between the terminals CB of a 3-phase supply. If
the supply line voltage is V then from fig. 3 (b).
Let the number of turns between A and D be ( 3 / 2 ) x N1. This makes the
volts/turns same in the primaries of both the transformers. If the secondaries of the two
transformer units have the same turns, the two secondary voltages will be equal in magnitude
and in quadrature as seen from the vector diagram shown in fig. 3.1 (b).
For unity power factor balanced load (purely resistive load) as show, the phase
voltages and phase currents of the main and teaser transformer are as shown in fig 3 (c).
Thus for balanced 3 phase 3 – wire a.c. supply, we get a 2 –phase, 4 wire balanced output.
For getting 2-phase 3 wire supply, any two leads say E and G ca be joined.
The V2T = V2M = VPh
VL = 2 VPh .
PROCEDURE:
Make connections as per the circuit diagram and connect meters of suitable
ranges.
Connect loads RLT and RLM to the secondaries of the two transformer units.
Note V2M and V2M. Check that V2 = 2 VPh, where Vph = V2M = V2T.
Gradually increase the above loads keeping R LT = RLM and note the load
currents I2T and I2M. Take about five readings till you get full load currents
IA, IB, IC and tabulate the results as below..
RESULT:
QUIZ:
1. Why is the primary of the Teaser transformer has 3 / 2 times the turns of the
primary of the main transformer.
2. If N1 and N2 are the number of turns of the Main Transformer, what is the turn ratio of
the teaser transformer?
3. Under balanced conditions, show that the rating of the main transformer is 15%
greater than the teaser.
4. Where is the neutral of the given balanced 3-phase supply.
5. What is the application of Scott-connection in industry?
AIM:
To determine the regulation of the given 3-phase alternator by
(a) Synchronous Impedance method and
(b) Ampere – turn or m.m.f method.
IRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DPST L A F TPST
switch 300 / 1.7 A
switch
L1 F1 F2 S
fuse
Z (0 600V)MI
A R
220V V
A (0 10A)MI
D.C Supply
B Y
AA
S
L2 ZZ
fuse
X XX
S
DPST (0 2A)MC A
switch If
Ph fuse X
230V RECTIFIER
Variable d .c. output
A.C . fuse
N XX
THEORY:
In this experiment the 3-phase alternator is driven by the D.C. shunt motor at rated
speed. The field is excited by a variable d.c. voltage output drawn from a rectifier.
The regulation of the alternator is determined by (a) synchronous impedance and (b)
M.M.F method from the O.C.C. and S.C.C tests.
If 2
V
E1 If 2
S.C.C.
O.C.C. Ifa
E ph in volts
Ia
Ifa If 2 FieldCurrent
fig. 5 (b)
Note: For lagging power factor is positive and for leading power factors is negative.
Regulation by synchronous impedance method:
Suppose it is required to find the synchronous impedance and synchronous reactance
of the alternator at a load current of Ia.
For the armature current Ia, find the field current Ifa required from the S.S.C. From
the O.C.C. find E1 corresponding to Ifa. Then Za the synchronous impedance is given by
Zs = E1/Ia.
Suppose, it is required to find regulation at any armature current Ia and power factor
Cos . This is determined by the amp-turn method from the O.C.C. and S.C.C. as below.
Corresponding to Ia, find the field current required Ifa from the S.S.C.
Corresponding to V1 the rated terminal voltage, find the field current required If from
the O.C.C. shown in fig 5(b). Construct the phasor diagram of these mmf’s as in fig (b).
I a Zs Ia Xs
Ia R a
Ia
Fig 5© PHASOR DIAGRAM OF ALTERNATOR
Corresponding to Ifr, find the induced voltage E from the O.C.C. then regulation at the
given load current and p.f. is given by
% regulation = (E – V)/V) x 100
PROCEDURE:
Make connections as per the circuit diagram for obtaining the O.C.C. or
magnetization curve. Keep the switch S is open.
Start the D.C. motor by means of the 3-point starter and adjust the speed of the
set to the rated value.
Switch on the rectifier and supply the field current to the field terminals of the
alternator.
Starting with zero field current, gradually vary the field current and obtain the
corresponding reading of voltmeter connected across the armature. Continue
this till you get nearly a constant voltage in the armature.
Plot the O.C.C. taking If on the x-axis and E-phase on the y-axis. This will be
obtained as shown in fig 5(b).
For obtaining he S.C.C. make connections as per the circuit diagram in fig
5(a). Replace all the meters with meters of new ranges.
Start the set by means of the 3-pt starter of the d.c. motor and adjust speed to
the rated value by the field regulator.
Close the switch S. Switch on the rectifier. Starting with zero field current,
gradually increase the field current and note the corresponding armature
current. Continue this till full load current flows through the armature.
The d.c. resistance of the armature is found using the drop method. Allow
20% extra fro the skin effect and find the Rac.
Calculate Xs the synchronous reactance of the armature at a given Ia and find
the regulation from equations (1) and (2) as explained in theory. Similarly
find the regulation using the m.m.f. method as per the procedure given in
theory.
Draw the regulation vs load curve graphs at (a) 0.8 lag (b) unity and (c) 0.8
lead power factors both the above methods.
RESULT:
QUIZ:
AIM:
To calculate and determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit of a 1-Φ Induction
motor.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
230v,50 Hz
(0 300V )
1 , A.C. V
MI
Supply SW2
C1 RW 2
fuse C2
C
N
230/(0 270V),50Hz XX
1, autoT / F
10 A , 75 V , 300 W
UPF wattmeter ( 0 10 A )
DPST
switch A MI
fuse X
Ph M L A
B
10A C V
S1 S2
SW1 RW1
230v,50 Hz
E (0 75V )
1 , A.C . V
MI
Supply
SW2
C1 RW2
fuse C C2
N
230 /( 0 270V ),50 Hz
XX
1 , auto T / F
THEORY:
“Any uni-axial alternating quantity can be represented by two rotating vectors of half
120f
the magnitude of alternating quantity and each rotating at NS = . Accordingly an
p
alternating sinusoidal flux can be represented by two revolving fluxes each of equal
magnitude and half the value of the alternating flux, and rotating at synchronous speed
120f
NS = in opposite directions.
p
Assume that the flux that is rotating in the same direction as that of rotor as forward
flux and other as backward flux.
NS - N
Slip of the rotor w.r.t forward flux Sf =
NS
N S - (- N)
Then the slip of the rotor w.r.t backward flux = S b =
NS
NS + N
=
NS
= 2 - Sf
Each of the two component fluxes, while revolving round the stator cuts the rotor,
induces an emf, thus produces its own torque.
1 S 2
Power developed by the torque I2R 2
S
Rotor i/p: Rotor cu loss: Rotor o/p = 1: S: 1-S.
Rotoroutput 1- S
=
Rotorcopperlosses S
1- S 2
Rotoroutput I 2 R 2
S
2NT
Rotor power developed
60
1 S 2 2 NT
I 2R 2
S 60
60 1 S 2
Tg I 2R 2
2 N S
KI 22 R 2 KI 22 R 2
Tf ; Tb
S 2S
r1 / 2 x1 / 2 x12 / 2
r21
E f xm
2
2
V1
x12 / 2
xm r21
Eb
2 ( 2 s)
r1 / 2 x1 / 2
Equivalent circuit of a 1-Φ I.M. based on rotating field theory when the rotor is rotating at a
slip‘s’.
The parameters of 1-Φ I.M. can be determined by no load and blocked rotor test an in
the case poly phase induction motor.
NO LOAD TEST:
r21
In no load test, the slip is very small.
in the forward equivalent circuit is
2s
considered as and so the corresponding rotor circuit may be taken as open circuit.
xm r1 x 2
In the backward sequence circuit, is omitted because 2 , 1 are less
2 4 2
xm
then .
2
r1
Then the iron loss P1 I 20 r1 2
4
V0
The no load impedance is Z 0 R 0 jX 0
I0
r1 x x1
Z 0 r1 2 j x 1 m 2
4 2 2
x m x 12
x 0 x1
2 2
xm x1
X 0 x1 2
2 2
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST: When the rotor is at standstill, slip ‘s’=1, then the circuit
reduced to the form
DPST 10 A , 75 V , 300 W ( 0 10 A )
switch UPF wattmeter MI r1 / 2 x1 / 2
Ph M L A
fuse
C V r21 / 2
x12 / 2
230v,50 Hz
1 , A.C.
r21 / 2
Supply
x12 / 2
N
fuse r1 / 2 x1 / 2
xm r1 x
Hence 2 . The losses are only cu losses since iron losses are negligible. m can be
2 2 2
removed from the equivalent circuit.
W sc
I sc2 r1 r 21 Then
W sc
r1 r 21
I sc2
W
r 21 2 sc r1
I sc
The equivalent resistance of rotor referred to stator.
V sc
Now the equivalent impedance Z sc
I sc
Z sc r 1 r 21
2
x 1 x 12 2
x 1 x 12
Z sc2 r1 r 21 2
x 1 x 12
Assuming x 1 x 12
2
(0 2 A ) MC
A
200 / 2.8A
SW1 RW1
220 v,
D.C. sup ply
( 0 75V) V
MC SW2
C1 RW2
C2
a) Circuit diagram
TABULAR FORM:-
PROCEDURE:
TABULAR FORMS
NO LOAD TEST
RESULT:
QUIZ QUESTIONS:
APPARATUS:
Circuit diagram:
(0-
V
V (0-
150V) (0-(0-
V
V Spst
SPST
1,230V
,50Hz,
180V)
MI 600V)
600 switc
SWITCH
V (0-(0-
V 300V)
MI
A.C 300
MI
supply
00V Resista
V 0 nce
0V
V
(0-5A)
N
N 20 A MA
N
1 50Hz 115V11 23 I
230V (0-5A)
Variac
00 0V
0V
Theory :- The T/F’s are connected in parallel when the load on them is more than the
rating of individual t/f’s . Several smaller units are operated in llle which share a common
load. Thus it is avoided that the total is supplied by single unit due to use of parallel
operation. The ll le operation is advantageous is the sense that the spare parts can be
interchangeable and their storage is easy.
1) The supply system voltage and frequency must suit the primary windings of the t/f’s
2) The t/f’s that are connected and frequency must suit of 3- t/f’s . The t/f should have
same angular displacement and same phase sequence.
procedure:
Calculation :-
Precautions :-
Avoid loose and wrong connections
Don’t touch live terminals
Note down readings with out parallax error.
Result
APPARATUS:
S. No Name of the meter Type of meter Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 0-10 A 1
2 Voltmeter MI 0-600V 2
3 Wattmeter UPF 5/10A, 600V, 2
1500W
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
5 / 10 A,600V ,1500W
UPF
M L
TPST L1 U1
U1
R fuse C U2
V
(0 600V )
3 , 415 V
MI 1
V
50 Hz , STATOR
A.C.sup ply
(0-10A)MI
IL L 2 V2 V2 U
Y fuse (0 600V ) W2 2
MI V1
V2 W2
V ROTOR
fuse C V1
B W2
M L L3 W2
STARDELTA
5 / 10 A,600V ,1500W
STARTER
UPF
S1 S2
Fig 6
THEORY:
Brake test in a direct method of testing. It consists of applying a brake to a water –
cooled pulley mounted on the shaft of the motor. A rope is wound round the pulley and its
two ends are attached to two spring balances S1 and S2. The tension of the rope can be
adjusted with the help of swivels. Then,
The force acting tangentially on the pulley = (S1 – S2) Kgs.
If R1 is the pulley radius, the torque at the pulley,
The motor input can be measured directly as in the circuit diagram 6. For finding the
performance characteristics, the speed of the motor can also be measured by a tachometer.
PROCEDURE:
Starting from no-load, take the readings as the line current is increased from
¼, ½, ¾, 1 and 1 ¼ of its full value.
The output and input of the motors, Efficiency, Torque and slip can be
calculated and the performance characteristic.
a) Load vs Efficiency
b) Load vs Speed
c) Load vs Torque
d) Load vs Slip and speed are drawn
RESULT:
QUIZ:
1. What are the types of starters generally used for squired cage induction motors ?
2. How is the supply voltage related to the starting Torque ?
3. In what respects slipping I.M. superior to squirrel cage ?
4. What is the value of rotor resistance, which give maximum starting torque ?
5. For what value of slip, do you get maximum running torque in I.M ?
AIM :
To conduct (i) No-Load and (ii) blocked rotor tests on the 3-phase induction motor,
construct diagram and find performance characteristics of
(a) B H P vs efficiency curve
(b) B H P vs Torque, slip and speed curves and
(c) Find Max. Mech. Power developed, max. torque and starting torque in terms of
full load torque.
APPARATUS:
THEORY :
The performance characteristics of the given 3 – phase induction motor are obtained
from the circle diagram. The circle diagram is constructed from the No-Load and Blocked
rotor tests.
No-Load Test : In this test, supply is given to the stator of the motor through a 3-phase variac.
The variac serves as a device to start the motor and also to enable rated voltage to be applied
to the stator.
In the No-Load test, with the machine running at No-Load, rated voltage is applied to
the stator and readings of meters are taken. Let W0, I0 and V0 be the readings of wattmeter,
ammeter and voltmeter respectively. For the construction of circle diagram I0 and 0 are
evaluated as below.
Iron Loss + Mech. Losses of motor = W0
3 V0I0 Cos 0 = W0 where V0 = rated voltage of stator
I0 = No-Load current
0 = No-Load p.f. angle.
Cos 0 = W0 / ( 3 V0I0).
This test is similar to the S.C. test of Transformer. The rotor of the motor is blocked
by some means, and a reduced voltage (starting from zero) is applied to the stator till full-
load current flows through the stator. Readings of all the meters are noted.
1
Is = (V/Vs) x Is Where “V” is the rated line voltage of stator.
Measurement of stator and rotor resistances is done in the normal way. By measuring the
voltage across the sliprings, the turn ratio of the stator to rotor and the ratio of stator copper
loss to rotor copper loss at stand-still can be found cut as below.
12
Stator copper loss = 3 x (Is ) x Rs, Rs = resistance per phase of stator.
12 2
Rotor Copper Loss = (3 x (Is ) x R) / K R = Resistance per phase of rotor.
K = N2/N1 = Turn ratio of rotor to stator.
From the diagram, If VL = Line voltage of stator, when the stator current QL = I1,.
3 VL IK = Motor input
3 VL JN = Stator copper loss 3 VL JK = Fixed Losses
3 VL MK = Total Loss 3 VL MN = Rotor copper loss
3 VL NL = rotor input & Torque 3 VL ML = mech. Output.
Efficiency = rotor input & Torque = ML/ LK
Slip = rotor cu. Loss / rotor input = MN / NL
1–s = N/Ns = actual speed / syn. Speed = rotor output / rotor input = ML / NL
Stator power factor = Cos 1 = LK/OL
PROCEDURE :
Make connections as per the circuit diagram 4 (a) using meters of suitable
ranges.
Apply rated three – phase voltage to the stator of the I.M. through the variac.
Gradually increase the output voltage of the variac till rated voltage is applied
to the stator. Allow the rotor to run at no-load for few minutes and note the
readings of all meters.
Blocked Rotor Test :
Replace all meters with meters suitable for blocked rotor test as per the circuit
shown in fig. 4(a).
Block the rotation of the rotor of the I.M. by a wooden block and keep the
position of variac at zero.
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM 28
ELECTRICAL MACHINES –II LAB MANUAL
Slowly adjust the applied voltage to the stator, keeping the rotor blocked, will
full load current flows through the stator.
Take the readings of all meters and disconnect the supply.
Construct the circle diagram and predetermine the performance characteristics
as explained in theory.
RESULT:
QUIZ:
AIM:
To determine the direct axis reactance (Xd) & quadrature axis reactance (Xq) of a
Salient pole synchronous machine.
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(0-10A) TPST
3 Point Starter
DPST A
mI fuse Switch
L A F R R
switch
+ fuse (0 - 300V)
V MI 3-
5A
415 V
A 300Ω N 50 Hz
220 V,
N
1.7A A .C .
D.C. Supply
Z Y Supply
AA
fuse
Y
B
ZZ
fuse B
3-φVARIAC fuse
x xx
A (0 - 2 A),
+ mc
600Ω
1A
fuse
fuse
DPST
switch
220 V, D.C.Supply
+ -
THEORY:
According to two-reaction theory, the sinusoidal armature m.m.f. ‘Fa’ is resolved into
two components ‘Fas’ along d’ axis & ‘Faq’ along ‘q’ axis.
The difference between e.m.f. method & reaction theory method must be carefully
noted. The e.m.f. method introduces the concept of Xs, which accounts for the both the
armature leakage & armature reaction fluxes. The two reaction theory introduces Xd & Xq,
the Sd accounts for the armature leakage flux & ‘Xq’ accounts for the armature reaction flux.
In e.m.f. method, the armature reaction e.m.f. = E 2 ad + E 2 aq , lags ‘Ia’ by an angle other than
900.
At one instant, when the peak of armature m.m.f. wave is inline with the field poles or
direct axis, the reluctance offered by the small air gap is minimum.
After the armature of slip cycle, the peak of armature m.m.f. wave acts on the inter
poles or q-axis of magnetic circuit & the reluctance offered by long air gap is maximum. At
this instant the ratio of armature terminal voltage/phase to corresponding armature current
Ia/phase gives quadrature axis synchronous reactance (Xq).
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
QUIZ QUESTIONS:
AIM:
To obtain V and inverted Λ curves of synchronous machine.
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Clampon
PF METER
3 Point Starter Ammeter
DPST A L M
switch
L A F
V C
L1
fuse (0 40A)
APSEB
R
500
5A SUPPLY
2 .8 A
N SIDE
A z
220V, B
D.C.Supply Y
HzFrequency
meter
A A
ZZ
L2
fuse
x xx
TPST
SYNCHRONIZING
L3
A (0 20A)MC SWITCH
A (02A)
mc
fuse
fuse
THEORY :
The armature current of a synchronous motor changes with the change in field
current .If the field current is increased from a small value, the armature current Ia decreases
until the armature current becomes minimum. At this point the armature is operating at UPF
up to this the motor is operating at a lagging power factor. If the field current increased
further, the armature current increases again and the motor will operate at leading pf. When
this variation of Ia with If is plotted for various loads the resultant curves obtained are called
the V curves and since they resemble V in their shape.
A family of curves is obtained by plotting the power factor vs field current. These are
inverted v curves. The highest point on each of these curves indicates unity power factor .It is
noted that the field current for unity power factor at no load is less than field and for unity
power factor at full load.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. The prime mover is, “DC motor and by adjusting its field current the speed can be brought
to the synchronous machine” rated speed.
3. The synchronous machine field is excited by varying the resistance is the field circuit of
synchronous machine the voltage can be adjusted to grid voltage.
4. Conditions for parallel operation are to be checked. Once they are satisfied, close three-
pole switch of the synchronous machine.
5. When bulbs are dark close the synchronous switch and open the dc motor supply.
6. Now synchronous machine will run as a motor and dc machine as a dc generator.
7. At no load armature current, field current and power factor readings are to be tabulated.
8. Connect the load and adjust the load current to 3A, 6A and 9A respectively.
9. Take the readings of armature current, field current, power factor readings and tabulate the
readings.
10. Reduce the load and open the synchronous motor 3pole switch and field switch
simultaneously.
11. Draw the V and inverted V curves.
TABULAR FORMS:
AT NO LOAD: AT 3A LOAD:
MODEL GRAPHS:
Ia
RESULT:
AIM:
Create a plot of the induced torque, power converted, power out , and efficiency of
the induction motor as a function of slip of the given system a 440V, 50Hz, two –pole Y-
Connected induction motor is rated at 75kW. The equivalent circuit parameters are R1=
0.075, R2 = 0.065, Xm = 7.2 , X1 =0.17 . X2 =0.17,PF&W = 1.0kW, P misc = 150
W, P core = 1.1kW, For a slip of 0.04
APPARATUS:
1) PC – 1no
2) MAT LAB software
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
IA R1 R2
jX1 Jx2
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
(a) The easiest way to find the line current (or armature current) is to get the equivalent
impedance
ZF of the rotor circuit in parallel with jXm , and then calculate the current as the phase
voltage divided by the sum of the series of the impedance , as shown below.
The equivalent impedance of the rotor circuit in parallel with jXm is:
1 1
zF 1.539 j 0.364 1.5813.20
1 1 1 1
jX m Z 2 j7.2 1.625 j 0.17
V 2540 0V
IL I A
R1 jX 1 RF jX F 0.075 j 0.17 1.539 j 0.364
I L I A 149.4 18.30 A
X2 0.17
R tan -1 tan -1 5.97 0
R2 / s 1.625
There fore the rotor power factor is
R2
(e) The air gap power is PAG 3I 22 3I 2A R F
s
R2
(Note that 3I2A R F is equal to 3I 22 , Since the only resistance in the original rotor
s
circuit it was R2/s, and the resistance in the Thevenin equivalent circuit is RF. The
power consumed by the Thevenin equivalent circuit must be the same as the power
consumed by the original circuit.)
R
PAG 3I 22 2 3I 2A R F 3149.4A 1.539Ω 103kW
2
s
(f) The power converted from electrical to mechanical form is
Pcosv 1 s PAG 1 0.04103kW 98.9 kW
(g) The synchronous speed of this motor is
120 f s 120(50 Hz )
n sync 3000 r.p.m
P 2
2 rad 1 min
sync 3000r.p.m 314 rad/sec
1rev 60 s
There fore the induced torque in the motor is
PAG 103kW
ind 327.9 N m
sync 3000 r.p.m 2 rad 1 min
1rev 60 s
(h) The out put power of this motor is
POUT Pconv Pmech Pcore Pmisc 98.9 kW - 1.0kW - 1.1kW -150W 96.6kW
POUT POUT
100% 100% 89.4%
PIN 3V I A cos
96.6kW
100% 89.4%
3254V 149.4A cos(18.30 )
(j) The motor speed in revolutions per minute is 2880 r/min. The motor speed in
radians per second is
2 rad 1 min
n 2880 r/min 301.6 rad/s
1r 60s
PROGRAM:-
%First , initialize the values needed in this program.
% Induced torque
t_ind(ii)=(3*v_th^2*r2/s(ii))/(w_sync*((r_th +
r2/s(ii))^2+(x_th + x2)^2));
% Power converted
p_conv(ii)=t_ind(ii)* wm(ii);
% Power input
zf=1/(1/(j*xm)+1/(r2/s(ii)+j*x2));
ia=v_phase/(r1+j*x1+zf);
p_in(ii)=3*v_phase*abs(ia)*cos(atan(imag(ia)/real(ia)));
% efficiency
eff(ii)=p_out(ii)/p_in(ii)*100;
end
PROCEDURE:
MODEL GRAPH:
The four plots are shown below:
600
500
400
ind (N-m)
300
200
100
0
2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
n (r/min)
m
160
140
120
(kW)
100
conv
80
p
60
40
20
0
2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
n (r/min)
m
160
140
120
(kW)
100
out
80
p
60
.
40
20
0
2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
n (r/min)
m
90
80
70
60
(% )
50
40
30
20
10
2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
n (r/min)
m
The machine is rated at 75kW. It produces an output power of 75kW at 3.1% slip, or a speed
of 2907 r/min
Result:
Hence the plots of the induced torque, power converted, power output, and efficiency of the
induction motor of as a function of slip of the given system are obtained.
AIM: Calculate and plot the motor’s V-Curve for the load condition of the given system a
480-V , 60Hz 400-hp 0.8 – PF – leading six –pole -connected synchronous motor has a
synchronous reactance of 1.1 and negligible armature resistance. Ignore its friction ,
windage, and core losses for the purposes of this problem
(a) If this motor is initially supplying 400 hp at 0.8 PF lagging, what are the magnitude and
angles of BA and IA ?
(b) How much torque is this motor producing? What is the torque angle d? How near is
this value to the maximum possible induced torque of the motor for this field current
setting?
(c) If EA is increased by 15 percent . What is the new magnitude of the armature current?
What is the motor’s new power factor?
(d) Calculate and plot the motor’s V-Curve for this load condition.
APPARATUS:
1) 1PC- 1no
2) MAT LAB Software
MODEL CALCULATION:
a) If losses are being ignored, the output power is equal to the input power, so the input
power will be
PIN 400hp 746W/hp 298.4kW
This is situation shown in the Phasor diagram below:
V
IA
jX s I A
E A V jX s I A
EA
48000 V - j 1.1 259 - 36.870 A 384 36.40 V
B) This motor has 6 poles and an electrical frequency of 60 Hz, so its rotation speed is
N m 1200rpm. the induced torque is
P 298.4kW
τ ind 0ur 2375 N.m
ω m 1200 r.p.m 1 min 2 rad
60 sec 1rev
The maximum possible induced torque for the motor at this field seeting is
3V E 3480V 384 V
τ ind, max φ A 4000N.m
ω m X s 1200 r.p.m 2π rad 1 min 1.1Ω
1rev 60 s
(c) If the magnitude of the internal generated voltage E A is increased by 15% , the new
torque angle can be found form the fact that constant
E A sin α P constant .
E A2 1.15 E A1 1.15 (384 V) 441.6V
E 384V
2 sin -1 A1 sin 1 sin -1 sin( 36.4 0 ) 31.10
E A2 441.6V
The new armature current is
V E A 2 480 0 0 V - 441.6 31.10 V
I A2 227 24.10 A
jX s j1.1
% M-file create a plot of armature current versus Ea
% for the synchronous motor problem
% Initialize values
Ea = (1:0.01:1.70)*384; % Magnitude of Ea Volts
Ear = 384; % Reference Ea
Deltar = -36.4 * pi/180; % Reference torque angle
Xs = 1.1; % Synchronous reactance
Vp = 480; % Phase Voltage at 0
degrees
Ear = Ear * (cos(deltar) + J * sin (deltar));
% Calculate delta 2
Delta 2= asin (abs (Ear)./ abs (Ea) . * sin (deltar);
% Calculate the phasor Ea
Ea = Ea .* (cos(delta2) + j . * sin (delta2));
% Calculate Ia
Ia = (Vp –Ea ) / ( j.Xs);
% Plot the v- Curve
Figure (1);
Plot (abs(Ea), abs (Ia), ‘b’ ,’ Linewidth’, 2.0);
Xlabel1 (‘\bf\itE_{A}\rm\bf, (V)’);
Y label (‘\bf\itI_ {A} \rm\bf,(A)’);
Title (‘\bf Synchronous Motor V-Curve’);
Grid on;
PROCEDURE:
1) Double click the Matlab 7.6 icon on the desktop
2) Open the command window, and enter the command with the specifications.
3) Check for the errors , if any clear the errors.
4) Open figure window and draw the curve with all the points.
Model Graph:
The resulting plot is shown below
250
240
230
220
210
200
400 450 500 EA 550 600 650 700
350
Result: Hence Plot of the motor’s V-curve for the load condition is obtained