First - he started an era in AD 78 which is known as shaka era and is used by The government of India.

Second - Kanishka extend his whole hearted patronage to buddha .

 In the royal court of Kanishka, a host of scholars found patronage, like persva,vasumitra,
asvaghosha,nagarguna,charak(physical) and mathara

The Sunga Dynasty (185 BC To 73 BC)

Sunga dynasty was established by pushyamitra Sunga.
 They are brahamins, the period saw the revival of bhagvatism
 Patanjali wrote “ Masahisa” at this time.
 Bharhut stupa is the most famous monument of the sunga period

The satavahanas
 Simuka(60 -37 BC) was the founder of satavahana dynasty
 Satavahanas extended their power over Karnataka and Andhra
 Gautami putra satakarni (AD 106-30) he defeated shaka and destroyed many Kshatriya rulers.
 Vashishthiputra pulumayi ( AD 130- 54) found in Andhra
 Ikshvakus – successor of satavahanas in early 3rd CAD
 The official language f satavahanas was prakrit.
 Issued coin of lead ( mainly) copper, bronze and potin.
 Satavahanas family structure- matrilineal
 Satavahanas phases – many chaityas ( sacred shrine) and monasteries were cut out of solid
rocks.
Chaitya – Buddhist temple.
Viharas – monasteries
 Gautami putra satakarni claim to be known as Brahmin
 Dharma shastras – king was upholder of dharma.
Sangam age
 Life of the Tamil in the beginning of the historical period is based on the Sangam literature.
 Sangam age corresponds to the post Maurya and pre Guptas period.
 Sangam was a college or assembly of Tamil poet held probably under the patronage of the chief
or kings.
 Sangam literature divided into 2 groups .
Narrative – malkann akku -- eight major work.
Didactive – kilkann akku – eighteen major work
Three Sangam were held
1. At Madurai – chairman Agastya
2. At y – chairman tilapia
3. At Madurai – chairman nakkiran

 Kurul by tiruvalluvas is called the 5th Veda or the bible of Tamil land
 Manimekalai – written by a grain merchant of Madurai .

Gupta period
On the ruin of Kushan empire arose a new empire that established its way over a sustained part of
dominion of Kushan – this was the empire of the Guptas- Vaishya origin

Different title for different varna

1. Sharman- Brahmana
2. Gupta or hidden – Vaishya
3. Varman – Kshatriya
4. Dasa – shudra
Gupta empire ( AD 335 to 455)
Chandragupta I ( AD 319 -34)

 1st important king of Guptas dynasty ,married to lichchhavi princes ( Kshatriya)

 Acquire the title of maharaja dhiraja
 He able to established his authority over Magadha, prayaga and saketa.

Samudragupta ( AD 335- 380)

 He was successor and son of Chandragupta 1

 Samudragupta delight in violence and conquest

  His court poet was harisena , the author of Allahabad
 Meghavarman the ruler of srilanka , sent a missionary to his court for permission to build a
Buddhist temple at Gaya
 He was called the napoleon of India ( by VA smith) on account of his conquest.

Chandragupta 2( AD 380 – 414 )

 Mehrauli inscription – the exploit of a king called Chandra are glorified in an iron pillar
inscription fixed near Qutab minar in Delhi .
 The court of Chandragupta II at Ujjain was adorned by numerous scholars including Kalidas a
and amra simha.
 In his reign the Chinese pilgrim fa-Hien ( AD 399-414) visited his court
 He was the first ruler to introduce silver coin in the memory of victory over sakas and adopted
the title sakari and Vikram Aditya
 Gupta age is called golden age of Indian history and issue largest numbers of golden coins
 Chandragupta II also succeeded in killing rangupta and married to his widow Dhruv Devi
 He also defeats saka kshatrap rudrasimha-III

Kumargupta-I (AD 415-455)

 Kumargupta-I son of Chandragupta-II
 He was the worshipper of god Karthikeya
 He founded the Nalanda mahavidyalaya

Skand gupta(AD 455-467)

 He was the last great ruler of gupta dynasty
 During his reign gupta empire was invaded by the huns
 Huns assumption of the title”vikramaditya”(bhitari pillar Inscription)

Pushyabhuti dynasty(AD 606-647)

Harshavardhana
 Greatest king, son of Prabhakar Vardhan a of tan Eshwar
 Harsha-ka tila in thaneshwar-brick building have been discover
 He shifted the capital to kannauj.
 Banabhatta-wrote the book called Harsha charitra and Kadambari
 Harsha himself wrote 3 plays-pryadarshika,ranawali and nagananda
 Hie tsang visited during his reign
 Harsha’s inscription speaks of various types of taxes and officials
 Defeated by pulakesin –II,the great chalukyan king of vatapi in AD 620.
Rashtrakutas
 Founded by dantidurg; Krishna I built kailasha temple of ellora
 Amoghavarsha, who is compare to vikramaditya.wrote the 1st kannada poetry kaviraj marg.
 Rashtrakutas credited for building cave shrine elephant dedicated to Shiva.

The cholas
Founder vijayalal,capital tanjore.aditya I chola wiped out pallavas and weakened Pandya’s

Purantaka-I captured Madurai but defeated by Rashtrakutas ruler Krishna III at the battle of
takkolam

Rajaraja-I(AD 985-1014)-led a naval expedition against Shailendra empire (Malaya peninsula)and

conquered north sirlanka
Construct raja Rajeshwari Shiva temple at Tanjore

Rajendra-I-(AD 1014-1044)-annexed whole sri lanka.

 Took title of ganglaikonda and founded gangaikonda cholapuram
 Dancing figure of Shiva (Nataraja) belong to chola period
 Local self-government existed

Medieval period
Mohammad bin qasim

 Invaded India in AD 712 and conquered Sindh

 Sultan Mahmud of ghazni led about 17 expedition of India
 1025-He attacked and raided the most celebrate Hindu temple of Somnath, situated on the sea
coast of Kathiawar(Gujrat)

The Delhi Sultanat

1. Battle of terrain(1191)-1st battle of terrain fought between Mohammad Ghori and Prithviraj
Chauhan. Chauhan defeat Ghori
2. Battle of terrain(1192)-2nd battle of terrain again fought between them. This time Ghori defeat
Chauhan
3. Foundation of Muslim dominion in India
4. He may consider the founder of Muslim rule in India

Ilbary Dynasty(1206-1290)
 Qutub-ud-in-aibak-Mohammad Ghori was succeeded by qutbu-ud-in-aibak.in 1206 AD
 Initially capital in Lahore, later in Delhi
 He was the founder of slave dynasty
 Also called lakh Baksh because of his generocity
  Qutub-ud-in-aibak lait the foundation of Qutab minar after the name of famous Sufi saint
Khawaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar kaki
 He builds 1st Mosque in India-Quwwal-ul-Islam
 He Also Built adhai-din ka jhopra(Ajmer)
 He died while playing chaugan(polo)

Iltutmish(AD 1210-1236)
 He was the sun in law of aibak
 He had to fight and defeat the son of aibak
 He was the real consolidation of the Turkish conquest in north India
 Divided his empire into iqtas (assignment of land in line of salary
 Introduce two coins-sliver Tanka and copper jital
 In 1220,the khwarizm empire (ghazni) was the most powerful state destroyed by
mangols.formed trukan-e-chahalgami or chalisa(a group of 40 powerful Turkish nobles)

Raziya(1236-39)
 Iltutmish nominate his daughter raziya to the throne because none of his surviving son to be
worthy of the throne
 She was the 1st and last women ruler in medieval India
 She disregarded purdah, married with altumia the governor of Bhatinda
 Bahram shah, son of Iltutmish killed Razia
Balban.(1265-86 AD). Or Era of Balbon (1246-86 AD).
The struggle between the monarchy and the Turkish chief continued, till one of the Turkish chiefs
continued, till one of the Turkish chief ulugh khan (later little of Balban),gradually arrogated all power to
himself and finally ascended the throne in 1265.
He separated military department(dewan-e wazarat)
He declared that king was deputy of god(niyabat-e-khudai) and shodow of god(zile-e-illahi)
He introduce sijdah or paibos practice
Khilji dyanasty(AD 1290-1320)
Jalaluddin firuz khilji(AD 1290-96)
He was the 1st ruler who review that india cant be a totally Islamic state
He overthrew the incompetent successrs of balban in 1290
He rule only for six year
Alauddin khilji(AD 1296-1316)
He came to be throne by murdering his uncle and father-in law,jalaluddin khilji
His conuest were that of Gujrat ruled by vaghela king ranthambor ,chittor and malwa and later to be
south
He abolish zamindari in khializa land.no iqta was allotted in doab area
He adopted the blood and iron policy in tackling mangols
He built-khirzabad(Delhi),Alai darwaja(darwaja of mosque in qutub minar complex),hauz khas and
entrance of door of qutub minar
Adopted title sikarnar-i-sahi
Built permanent army.introduce chehra & dagh system
He was the 1st sultan-who separate religion from politics
His court poet-amir khusro and mir hassan dehlvi
Tughlaq dynasty(AD 1320-1412)
Ghiyasuddin tughlaq established a new dynasty which ruled till 1412
He built the fortified city of tuglaqbad
He also start irrigation wor.(first time)
Muhammad-bin-tughlaq(1324-51)
Son of ghiyasuddin tughlaq
Also called wise fool king on account of 5 experiments-
1 Transfer of capital to daulatabad
2 Taxation in doab
3 Quarchil expedition
4 Khumasan expedition
5 Token currency
The sultan setup a separate setup a separate department diwan-i-kohi
He gave sondhar loans to farmers
The famous traveler ibn-batuta visited his court
Firoz-sha tughlaq (AD 1351-88)
Nephew of ghiyasuddin tughlaq
He built new towns of hissar,Firozpur,fatehabad,jaunapur and Firozabad(his capital)
During his reign two ashokan pillar,one from topara in Ambala and the other from meerut were brought
He built canal
Was fond of slaves
Wrote a book fatuhat firozshahi
He repair qutub minar
Firoz shah tughlaq also made iqtadary system hereditary and imposed new taxes like kharaj(land tax
equal to one tenth of the producer and jaziya.
Zakat and khams (one tenth body capture in war)
He Introduce the following coins-aadha,bhikh,shashgani hasthragini
Sayyids and lodhis
Sayyids
Khizr khan-founded sayyids
Successors
Mubarak shah
Muhammad shah
Alauddin alam shah
Lodhis
Lodhis
Lodhis were the 1st afgan to rule india
Bahlol lodhi-(AD 1451-1481)-Founded the dynasty
Sikander lodhi-(AD 1481-1517)-Indroduce Gaz-i-sikandar(unit for measuring cultivated fields)
He founded agra in 1504
He wrote Persian verse “gulrukhi”
Ibrahim Lodhi (AD 1517-1526)-He defeated by rana sanga of mewar.
Also defeated by babur in aril,1526.
Provincial kingdom
Vijayangar kingdom(AD 1336-1580)
The vijayangara kingdom was founded by haridara-I and bukka who belong to a family of five brothers
Hari Hara-II (1377-1406)
Devaraya-I built a dam across Tungabhadra river and Italian traveler nicolo de conti visited his court
followed by Russian merchant nikitin.Devaraya-I(1404-1422)
Deveraya-II-(1425-1446) greatest ruler of this dynasty
He was seen as incarnation of indra by commoners
He was also called “gajabetekara”(the elephant hunter)
He wrote Mahanataka Sudanidhi
He commentary on the brahma sutra in sanskrit
Parsian ambassador abdur razzaq visited his courts
Krishnadev raya (AD 1509-29)
He was th greatest ruler
He was known as abhinava bhoja,Andhra pitamah and Andhra bhoja(great patron of literature)
Eight great poet of telugu (Ashta Diggaja) adorned his court like pednna and tenalirama.
Portogese dominigo paes and berbosa visited his court.
Battle of talikota(AD 1565)
Sadasiva the last ruler of Tuluva dynasty was defeated by alliance of ahmadnagar,bijapur,colconda and
bidar.
Bahamani kingdom.
Alauddin Hasan bahman shah(AD 1347-58)
Also known as hasan gangu,founded bahamani kingdom with capital gulbarg.
Firuz shah bahmani(AD 1397-1422)
Reamarkable figure in the bahmani kingdom
He was well-acquinted with religious science.
The most remarkable step taken by firuz shah bahmani was the induction of hindus in the
administration on a large scale.
Ahmad shah wali(AD 1422-1436)
He transferred the capital from gulbarg to bidar.
Bahmani kingdom broke up into following parts.

Name Founder
Nizamsahis of ahmadnagar Malik Ahmad Bahri
Adilsahi of bijapur yusuf adil shah
Imadsahis of berar falullah khan,imad-ul-mulk
Qutub sahis of Golconda- quli qutub shah
Bardsahis of bidar- ali barid

The gol gumbaz(a tob with world’s second largest dome)was built by Muhammad adil shah
Golconda fort was built by qutubshah
Muhammad quli qutubshah founded Hyderabad and built Charminar

Mughal Empire (AD 1526-1707)

Babur (AD 1526-1530)
He was the founder of Mughal empire
1st battle of Panipat (20 aprl,1526)-between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi.
Babur use gun and fire,1st time in this battle. Babur calls this device an ottoman(runi)device.
Battle of Khanwa (1527)-Between Babur and rana sanga (sangram Singh)
Babur solemnly declared the war against sanga to be jihad
On the eve of the battle he implies all the wine jar and broke the wine flakes
Battle of chanderi (1528)-between Babur and medini rai of chanderi in malwa. women perform jauhar
Battle of ghagra (1529)-between in Turkish language.
He died in 1530, buried at Aram bagh (Agra). later his body was taken to Aram bagh (Kabul)

Humayan (AD 1530-1556)

Humayun succeeded Babur in Dec 1530 at the young age 30. built “Dinpanah” at Delhi 2nd capital.
Sher shah suri (sher khan)-strength his position in Bihar between 1535-1537.
Battle of chausa (March 1539)-Between humayu & shershah humayu defeated.
Battle of kanauj (May 1540)- Decisive battle between them humayu defeated and exile for 15 years
Humayu took Shelter at the court of Iranian king, recaptured Qandahar and Kabul in 1545.
Humayus life-he went riches to rags and from rags to rich.
Again invaded India in 1555 with the help of his officer bairam khan
Died in 1556, fall from the 1st floor of the library building in Delhi.
Humayu-Nama-written by gulbadan begum (sister of Humayun)
Akbar (AD 1556-1605)
He was crown at kalanaur in 1556 at the young age of 13 years 4 months by bairam khan (wakil of
kingdom-khan-i-khanan)
2nd battle of panipat (5 nov,1556)-Between Akbar under bairam khan and Hemu.Akbar Had virtually to
reconquer his empire.
Expansion of the empire. Under Akbar
Malwa (1561)-Defeating Baz Bahadur
Garh-Katanga-Ruled by rani Durgavati
Chittor (1568)-Rana Udai Singh
Ramthabhor recaptured (1569)-Bikaner and Jaisalmer submitted to Akbar.
Gujrat (1572)
Mewar (battle of Haldighati (1576)
Kashmir (AD 1586)
Sindh(1593)
Asirgargh (1603)
Buland Darwaza (1572)-Constructed at fatehpur sikri

Akbar’s Land revenue system

Karoris-officials appointed all over north India for collection.

Dahsala (1580)-one third of the average produce was state share.
Zabti system-system of measurement and the assessment
Marsabalari system-holder of rank to organize nobility and army.
Married to harkha bai, daughter of Rajput ruler.
Ralph pitch (1585)-1st Englishman to Visit Akbar court.
Abolish jaziyah (156)-Poll tax which the non-Muslim were required to pay in a Muslim state
He believes in Sul-kul (Peace to all).
Ibadat khana (1575)-Akbar built a hall for prayer at fateh pur sikri. Open for all religion.
The declaration which was signed by the leading ulamas has been wrongly called a degree of infallibility.
(1579)
Formulate religious order “Din-i-ilahi” (1582). birbal was the 1st to embrace it.
Navratnas in his court included birbal, Abdul fazl, tulsidas (wrote ramcharitramanas and faizi.
Jahangir (AD 1605-1627)

Jahangir, the eldest son of Akbar, succeeded to the throne.

Jahangir’s succession his eldest son, khusrau broke out into rebellion. Tussle between father and son.
He Executed the 5th Sikh Guru-Guru arjan dev.
The Persian conquest of qandhar which was a blow to Mughal prestige.
He married with mehr-un-nisa (Nur Jahaj) in 1611.
Zanzir-i-adil-chain of justice outside his place Agra.
Captain Howkins and sir Thomas roe visited his court.
Famous painter-abdul Hassan, ustad Mansur and bishandas.

Shahjahan (AD 1628-1658)

Shahjahan-son of Jahangir
Annexed Ahmednagar while bizapur and Golconda accepted his over-load ship.
He secures Kandhar (1639)
Two Frenchman, bernier and Tavernier and an Italian adventure manucci visited his court.
He built moti masjid and and Taj mahal at Agra.
Jama masjid and red fort at Delhi
His reign was considered the golden age of Mughal empire.

Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
Aurangzeb became victorious after the brutal war of succession among his brother dara, shuja and
Murad.
During his 50years long reign, Mughal empire reached its territorial climax.
His annexation of Marwar in 1658
9th Sikh guru teg bahadur was executed by him in 1675
He began to be called as a zinda pir or a living saint or darvesh
He conquered bijapur (1686) and Golconda (1687) and imposed jaziya in 1679.
He Built-Bibi ka makbara on the tomb of his queen raboud-durani at Aurangabad.
Moti maszid within red fort Delhi
Jami or bashahi mosque at Lahore
He was a orthodox Muslim ruler.
Literature of Mughal emperor
Author work
Babur tuzuk-i-babari
Abul fazal ain-i-akbari, akbanana
Abdul qadir badauni kitab-ul-ahadish, taikh-i-alfi, muntakhab-ul-tawarikh
Khawaja nizamuddin tabaqat-i-jahangir
Jahangir tuzuk-i-jahangir
Hamid padshanama
Darashikoh majn-ul-bahrain
Mirza md qazim alamgirnama

Later Mughal ruler

Bahadur Shah-I (1709-march 1712)-2-year war of succession mauzzam the eldest son of Aurangzeb
became emperor as bahadur Shah-I. He got title shah-i-bekhabar.
Jahandar shah-(march 1712-feb 1713)-He became the emperor with the help of zulifqar khan (appointed
as prime minister). Introduce izara (improve financial condition). Jahandar shah abolish jaziya.
Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719)-became emperor with the help of sayyid brother (king maker)-Abdullah khan
and Hussain ali. he gave Farman to the British.
Rafi-ud-darajat (feb 28 to June 4,1719)
Rafi-ud-daula (June 6 to sept 17,1719)
Muhammad shah (1719-48)-given the title of “rangeela” in 1719-nadir shah abdali (general of nadir
shah) marehed towards Delhi.
Alamgir-II (1754-58)- ahmad shah abdali occupied Delhi. Battle of plassey was tough in June 1757 in his
reign.
Shahjahan-III (1785-89)
Shah Alam-II (1759-1806)-His reign saw two decisive battle-3rd battle of panipat (1761) and battle of
buxar (1764)
Akbar-II (1806-37)-He gave title of raja to ram Mohan rai. pensioner of east India company
Bahadur sha-II (1837-57)-He was the last Mughal emperor. The revolt of 1857 had made a futile attempt
to declare to him the emperor of India
Maratha (AD 1674-1818)

Shivaji (AD 1627-80)

Shivaji born at shivner, father shahji bhonsle and mother jijabai
His religious teacher was Samarth ramdas and guardian was dada ji kondadev.
After the death of dadaji kondadev-Shivaji became his own master and full control of poena jagir
(father’s jagir)
Treaty of purandar (1665)-between Shivaji and Mughal 23 fort out of 35 fort, four lakh of Huns were to
be surrender to Mughal.
Coronation at raigarh (AD 1674)
Shivaji had assume the title of hainadava-dharmodharak (protector of the Hindu faith)
Ashtapradhan (2nd line administration). (eight minister)
1. Peshwa
2. Sir-i-navbat (senapati or military)
3. Mazumdar or amatya(account)
4. Waqenavis(intelligence)
5. Surunavis(correspondence) or chithis
6. Davir or sumanta(ceremonies)
7. Nyayadhish (Justice) and panditro(charity)
Successors of Shivaji were shambhaji, raja ram and shahu (fought the battle of khed in AD 1708)
Peshwa (AD 1719-1818)
Founded by Balaji vishwanath (1713-20), who conducted the agreement with sayyid brother (the king
maker) by which Mughal emperor farukh siyyar recognized shahu as the king of swarajya.
Baji Rao-I (1720-40
Balaji baji rai-1740-61)-3rd battle of panipat with ahmad shah abdali.
Madhav rao-1761-72
Narain Rao-1772-1773
Madhav Rao-1773-1795
Baji Rao II- 1795-1818
Sikh Gurus
Guru Nanak Dev (1469-39)-Founded Sikh religion
Guru Angad Dev (1538-52)-Invented Gurmukhi
Guru Amardas (1552-74)-Struggle against sati system and purdah system and established 22 Gadiyans to
propagate religion.
Guru Ramdas (1574-81)-founded Amritsar in 1577.
Akbar granted the land.
Guru Arjan Dev (1581-1606)-founded swarn mandir (Golden Temple) and composed adi granth.
Guru hargobind Singh (1606-45)-establish akal takht and fortified Amritsar.
Guru har rai (1645-61)-met dara shikoh (son of Aurangzeb)
Guru harkishan (1661-64)-Ramraya established separate seat of guru at Dehradun
Guru teg bahadur (1674-75)-Executed by Aurangzeb at Delhi.Sisganj Gurudwara marks the site of his
martyrdom.
Guru gobind singh (1675-1708)-was the last guru who founded the khalsa. after him Sikh guruship
ended
Modern India
Advent of Europeans in India
Portuguese
Vasco-da-gama-arrived with 3 ship,led by a gujrati pilot named abdul majid,at calicat(zamorin the ruler
of Calicut) in May 1498.
Set up trading factory at cannonre,Calicut and cochin under vasco-da-gama
Fansisco de ameida(1505)-Appointed as a governor in India
Alfonso de Albuquerque-he succeeded almeida.
Real founder of portugese in power in the east
Caputured goin in 1510
Nino-do-cunga-(1529)-He shifted headquarted from cochin to goa.
The Dutch.
Dutch east India company was formed in 1602.
Dutch 1st factory in masulipatam(in Andhra) in 1605.and other factory were at
surat(1616),bimlipatam(1641),karikal(1645),chinsura(1653),Baranagar,kashimbazar,balasor,patna,nagap
atam(1658) and cochin(1663).
Battle of Hoogly(Nov 1759)-English Defeated the dutch as per agrupment,dutch gain the control over
Indonesia and British over India,Sri Lanka and Malaya.
English.
In 1599-A Group of English Merchant Calling east india company was formed.
In dec 31,1600-queen Elizabeth –I issued a charter for EIC.
Captain Hawkings arrived in th court of Jahangir in 1609 and get permission to erect a factory at surat in
1613.
In 1615-sir Thomas roe get permission to setup factory at agra,Ahmednagar and broach of the Mughal
emperor Jahangir.
Bombay had been gifted to king Charles II by the king Portugal as dowry-for married with portugese
princes Catherine in 1662
Golden Farman-English Company’s Position improve when this farman issued by sultan of goconda in
1632
1690-Job charnock sighned a treaty with mughaland set up a factory in sutanuti.
1698-English succeeded to get zamindary in 3 village sutanuti,Gobindapur and kalikata.
Fort William was setup in 1700-1st president sir Charles eyre.
Farrukhsiyar’s farman(1715)-English defeated sirajuddaula (Nawab of Bengal).This battle called as
decisive battle.
Battle of Buxar (1764)-Captain Munro defeated joint forced of mir
qasim(Bengal),Shujauddaula(awadh)and shah Alam II (Mughal).
Danes
The Danish east india company was established in 1616 and 1620.
They founded a factory at serampore(Kolkata) and tranqubar(Tanjore-Tamilnadu)
They sold their factory to british government in 1845
The Danes are better known for their missionary activities.
The French
During the reighn of louis XIV,His famous minister Colbert lait the foundation of the French east india
company in 1664.
1668-1st French factory at surat under fancois caron.
1669-Factory at Masulipatam;obalaining patent from sultan of galeonda.
1673-Establish a township at chandernagore (Calcutta) from shaista khan(Mughal subadar)
1674-Pondicherry was founded –Nerve centre of French power in India.
French were defeated by English in battle of wandiwash in 1760-Treaty of peace of paris.(1763).
Governor-Generals of Bengal
Warren Hasting(1773-1785)
Regulating Act 1773-Dual Government was ended
Act of 1781-Power of Juridiction between the governor general in council and the supreme court at
Calcutta were clearly divded.
Pitt India Act 1784
Rohilla war (1774)
1st Anglo-Maratha war in 1775-82-Treaty of Salbai in 1782
2nd Mysore war in 1780-84
Foundation of Asiatic Society of Bengal (1784) by sir William jones.
Translation of Abhigyan Sekutalam in English in 1789 by sir William Jones and Introduction to the English
translation of Bhagvatgita by Charles wilkins.
Lord Cornwalli’s (1786-1793)
3rd Aglo-Mysore war (1790-92)-Treaty of seringapatam(1792)
Cornwalis code(1793) in corporating several judicial reforms and separation of Bengal and bihar (1793)
Eruopeopnisation of administrative Machinery and Introduction of Civil services.
Sir john Shore(1793-1798)
Chater Act of 1793
Battle of Kharda between Nizam and the Maratha
Lord Wellesley(1798-1805)
Introduction of Susidiary alliance system(1798)
1st Alliance with Nizam of hyderaad followed by mysore,tanjore,awadh,peshwa,bhosle and scindia
4yh mysore war 1799
Treaty of bassein(1802)-between English & Maratha.
Second Maratha war (1803-1805)
Sir George Barlow(1805-1807)
Vellore Mutury(1806)-it was the 1st major Meeting by inidna sepoys in the east inidan company
Lord Minto-I (1807-1813)
Treaty of Amritsar with Maharaja Ranjit singh.(1809)
Charter Act 1813 were passed.
Lord Hasting (1803-1823)
Anglo-Nepal War (1814-18)-Treaty of sagauli(1816).
3rd Aglo-Maratha war(1817-19)-Dissolution of Maratha confederacy and creation of Bombay
presedency.(1818)
Strife with pindaris(1817-1818)
Treaty with scindhia.(1817)
Establishment of Ryot wari system by Thomas Munro,Governor of Madras(1820).
Lord Amerst(1823-1828)
1t Burmese war (1824-1826)-Treaty of yandaboo
Capture of bharatpur(1826)
Governor-General of India
Lord William Bentinck(1828-1835)
1. 1st governor-general of inida before him governor general of bengal.
2. Abloition of sati and other cruelrites(1829)
3. Suppression of thugi(1830)
4. Charter Act of 1833 were passed.
5. Resolution of 1835-Introduction of English as an official language.
6. Annexation of mysore(1831),coorg(1834) and central cachar(1834)
7. Treaty of perpetual friendship with ranjeet singh
8. Abolition of provincial court of appeal and circuit set up Cornwallis
Lord Metcalfe(1835-1836)
1. New press law removing restrictions on the press in india
Lord Auckland (1836-1842)
1. 1st afgan war (1838-42)-English defeated.
2. Death of Ranjeet Singh(1839)
Lord Ellenborough(1842-1844)
Annexation of Sindh(1843)
War with Gwalior(1843)
Lord Hardinge I (1844-1848)
1)1st Anglo sikh war (1845-46)-Treaty of Lahore.
2)Social Reforms including abolition of female infanticide and human sacrifice.
Lord Dalhousie(1848-1856)
1)2nd Anglo-Sikh war (1845-46)-Annexation of Punjab-(1846)
2)Annexation of Lower Burma and Pegu(1852).
3)Introducation of docotrine of Lapse and annexation of satar(1848),Jaitpur and
sambhalpur(1849),Udaipur(1852),Jhansi(1853),Nagpur(1854)and Awadh(1856).
4)1st Railway line connecting Bombay and Thane in 1853.
5)Telegraph line between Calcutta with Bombay,madras and Peshawar.
6)
Post office Act 1854-1st issue of Indian stamp in karachi in 1854.
7)Gangas canal declared open(1854);establishment of separate public workds department,gerand trant
road work and harbor of karachi,Bombay and Calcutta.
8).Widow remarriage act,1856-Ishwar Chandra vidyasagar)
9)Charter Act-1853-selection to civil service through competitive examiniation.
10)Started Engineering college at Roorkee;made Shimla the summer capital.
Lord Canning (1856-1857)
1)Establishment of 3 Universities at Calcutta,Madras and Bombay 1857.
2)Revolt of 1857
Viceroys of India
Lord Canning(1858-1862)
1)Government of India Act 1858-Transfer of Control from East India Company to crown.
2)White Mutiny by Europeon Troops in 1859.
3)Indian Council Act-1861.
Lord Elgin(1862-63)
1)Wahati Movement
Lord John lowrence.(1864-1869)
1)Bhutan war (1865)
2)Seting up of high court at Calcutta,Bombay and madras in 1865.
3)Creation of Indian forest Department.
Lord Mayo(1869-1872)
1)Opening of the Rajkot Collge in Kathiawar and the Mayo college at Ajmer for political Training of
Indian princess
2)Esatabishment of statisctical survey of India.1st time in Indian history a census was held in 1871.
3)Establishment of department of agriculture and commerce.
4)Introduction of state railwary.
5)Started process of financial decent realization in India.
6)He was only vicroy to be murdered in office.
Lord Northbrook (1872-876)
1)Visit to prince of wales in 1875
2)Kuka movement in Punjab-Fuling of self respect & sacrifice for the country.
Lord Lytton(1876-80)
1)Famine of 1876-78,affecting Madras,Bombay,Mysore,Hyderabad part of central india and Punjab-
Finance commission under Richard strachey (1878).
2)Royal Title Act 1876,Queen Victoria assuming the title of Kaiser-i-hind or queen Empress of india.
3)Delhi Durbar in January 1877.
4)The Vernacular press Act.1878.
5)The Arms Act (1878)
6)The Second Afgan War (1878-1880).
Lord Rippon (1880-84)
1)Reppeal of the vernacular press Act (1882).
2)1st Factory Act (1881) to Improve Labour Conditions.
3)Continuation of financial decentralization.
4)Government resolution on Local self government (1882).
5)Appointment of education commission under chairmanship of sir wiliam hunter(1882).
6)the Ilbert Bill Controversy (1883-84)-It Enabled Indian Magistrate to try European criminals.
Lord Dufferin (1884-188)
1)3rd Burmese war (1885-1894)
2)Establishment of Indian National congress (1885).
Lord Lansdowne(1888-1894)
1)Factory Act 1891
2)Categorisation of civil services into imperial,Provisional and Subordinate.
3)Indian Council Act 1892.
4)Setting up Durand commission (1893)-Durand line between India and Afghanistan now Pakistan and
afganistan.
Lord Elgin II(1894-1899)
1)Two British officers assassinated by chapekar brothers.
Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
1)Appointment of police commission (1902)-sir Andrew frazer.
2)Appointment of Universities commission (1902)-Sir Thomas Raleigh -Passing of universities Act 1904.
3)Establishment of department of commerce and industry.
4)Calcutta corporation act 1899.
5)Ancient monument preservation act (1904.
6)Partition of Bengal 1905
7)Archeological Survey of India was established.
8)Agriculture research Insitute Pusa (Delhi) was established.
Lord Minto(1905-08)
1)swadeshi movement 1905-08
2)Split in congress in the annual session of 1907 in surat
3)establishment of muslim league by aga khan 1906
4)Morley minto reform (1909)
Lord Hardinge -II (19010-19016)

 Creation of Bengal prudency (like Bombay & Madras in 1911)

 Transfer of capital from Calcutta to delhi in 1911
 Partition of Bengal was cancelled.
 Coronation durbar of king George V held in Delhi 1911.
 Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha in 1915 by Madan mohan Malviya
Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921)

 Formation of home rule leagues by annie besant and tilak 1916

 Lucknow sesson 1916-Pact between the congress and muslim
 Gandhiji return to India 1915,Formation of sabrmati ashram(1916),Launch of chmapran
satyagraha(1916),kheda satyagraha(1918) and satyagraha at Ahmedabad 91918).
 Montagu’s August declaration (1917)
 Governmnet of India Act (1919)
 The Rowlatt act (1919)
 Jallianwala bagh Massacre (1919)
 Lauch of Non-Cooperation and khilafat Movement.
 Foundation of women’s Universities at poona (1916) and appointment of saddler’s commission
1917 for reform in educational policy
 Death of tila(august 1,1920)
 Appointment of S.p Sinha as governaor of bihar (the 1st Indian to became a governor)
Lord Reading (1921-1926)
 Chauri chaura incident (feb 5,1922) and the subsequent withdrawal of non-Cooperation
Movement.
 Moplah Rebllion in Kerala (1921)
 Repeat of the press act of 1910 and rawlatt act of 1919.
 Criminal Law Amendment Act and Abolition of Cotton exice.
 Communal riot in Multan,Amritsar,Delhi,Aligargh,Arvi and Calcutta.
 Kakori train robbery (1925)
 Murder of swami shradhanand (1926)
  Establishment of swaraj party by C.r Das and Motilal Nehru (1922)
 RSS Founded in 1925.
 Decision to hold Simultaneous examinations for the ICS both In Delhi and London,With effect
from 1923
Lord Irwin(1926-1931)
 Visit of simon commission to india 1928 and the boycott of the commission by the Indian
 All party conference held at lucknow (1928),suggestion for the constitution of india called Nehru
report or Nehru constitution.
 Appointment of the hercourt butler Indian state commission (1927)
 Murdered of sounders (assistant superintendent of police of Lahore);bomb blast in the assembly
hall of delhi (1929);Lahore conspiracy case and death of jatin das after prolonged hunger
trie(1929),Bomb accident in train in delhi (1929)
 Lahore session of the congress (1929);Purna swaraj resolution.
 Dandi March (March 12,1930)by Gandhi to launch the civil disobedience movement.
 Boycott of 1st round table conference (19300,Gandhi -Irvin pact (1931) and suspension of civil
disobedience movement.
Lord Willingdon (1931-1936)
 2nd Round table confrerence (1931) and failure of the conference,resumption of civil
disobedience movement
 Announcement of communcal award (1932)
 “Fast Unto Death”by Gandhi in Yeravada Prion broken after the poon pact(1932)
 3rd round table conference.
 Launch of Individual civil disobedience (1933)
 The Government of India Act 1935.
 All India Kisan sabha(1936) and congress Socialist Party by acharya narendra dev and
jayapraksha Narayan(1934)
 Burma separated from India 1935.
Lord Linlthgow(1936-1944)
 1st General Election (1936-37);Congress attained absolute majority.
 Resignation of the congress minstireis-2nd world war 1939.
 Subhas Chandra bose-51st Session of congress President 1938.
 Resignation of bose in 1939 and formation of forwar block (1939)
 Lahore resolution (March 1940) by the Muslim League,demand for separate state for muslims.
 “August offer”(1940) by the viceroy;its critised by the congress and endorsement by the muslim
league.
 Escape of Subhas Chandra bose (1941) from India and organization of Indan National Army.
 Cripps Mission’s-Plan to offer dominion status to India and setting up of constitutnt assembly;its
rejection by the congress.
 Passing of the “quit India resolution”by the congress (1942)
 “Divide and quit”Slogan at the karamchi session (1944) of the Muslim League.

Lord Wavell (1944-1974)

  Wavell plan and Shimla conference (1942)
 End of 2nd world war 1945
 Proposal of the cabinet mission (1946)-1st Meeting 9th Dec. 1946
 Observation of “Direct Action Day”(16 August 1948) by muslim league.
 Election of constitutent assembly,formation of interim government by the congress (Sept 1946)
 Announcement of end of British rule in India by clement attlee( prime minister of England)on
feb 20,1947
Lord Mountabatten (1947-1948)

 Last vicenoy of british India and the 1st governor general of free india.Partition of India
decidedby the June 3 plan or Mount batter plan.
 C.Rajagopalachari the 1st and Last Governon General of Free India.
 India Independence Act was passed by the british parliament July 4,1947,By which India become
independence on August 15,1947.
Socio-religious reform Movement
Brahmo Samaj (Founded in Calcutta in 1830)
 By raja ram mohan roy-Author of “Gift to Montheist”.precepts of jesus and th e journal sambad
kaumadu and mirat-ul-Akbar.
 Idea-Propogate monotheist,opposed sacrifices idollatory,superstition and sati.
 Anti-sati-Act 1929-Great effort of rammohan roy.

Tattvabodhini sabha (1839)

 By devendranath Tagore-With its organ tattvabodhini patrika in Bengali.
 Propogate brahmo samaj idea,eventually founding adi brahmo samaj(1866)
Brahmo samaj india (1865)
By Kesub Chandra sen-His journal inidan mirror.
Secessionist from this group from sadharan brahmo samaj 1878.
Prarthana samaj (1863)

 Kesub Chandra sen helped founded the prarthana samaj

 In Mumbai (1867)-by atmaram Pandurang
 Monotheism,Upliftment of women,Abolition of caste discrimination
Young Bengal Movement (1826-1831)
 Henry Vivian denozio(1809-31)-1st Modern Nationalist port.Brought out journal”Janansresan”
 Derozians also support women’s right and education.
 Oppose the vius in society and believed in truth,freedom and right.
Dharma sabha (1820) Rohilakhand
  By radhakant deb
 Emerged to counter brahmo samaj and propogate orthodoxy.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
 He opened the Sanskrit college to non-brahmins
 Widow remarriage act
 Bethune school (Calcutta)-for women’s education.
Darpan in 1832
 Bal shastri jabekar in Bombay-started weekly darpan in 1832.
 He Attack on Brahmanical orthodoxy.
Parathhansa Mondali(1849) in Maharashtra
 Dodoba Pandurang
 Mandali believe in one god.breaking caste rule
Satyashodhak samaj(1873)
 Jyotibha phule belong to the mali (gardener)
 Movement Against upper caste domination and Brahmanical supremacy.
The Servant of India societ(1905)
 Gopal Krishna Gokhale
 Faine relief and improving tribal conditions In particulars.
Social service league,Bombay
 Narayan Malhar Joshi.
Ram Krishna Mission (1897)
 By swami vivekanand (original home narendranath dutta)
 Revive Hinduism,against caste restricitions,superstition in Hinduism and overhaul of education
system.
Arya samaj(1875)Bombay
 Dayanand sarsawati(original name mulshankar)
 Gave the slogan”go back to vedas”
 His famous work “satyarth Prakash”
 Revivalist frame work denounced rites,idolatory brahmins supremacy etc.
 He Attack on Hindu Orthodoxy.
 Dayanand Anglo Vedic School,established 1st in at Lahore in 1886.
Seva Sadan (1885)
A Parsi social reformer ,behramji M. Mabari
Organization for those women who were exploited and then discareded by society.
Deva samaj(1887),Lahore
Shiv Narain Agnihotri
Favoured a code of conduct against brive taking ,gambling

Radheswami movement(1861)
Tulsi Ram,Banker from Agra
He Believe Supermace of the Guru and a simple social life.
Justice Movement (1917)
By C. Mudaliar,T.M Nair and P. Tyagaraja
To secure Jobs and representation for the non-brahmin legislature.

Self respect movement (1920)

By e.V Ramaswamy Naicker
Prime Instrument of Exploitation of the lower castes.

Indian Social confernecce (1887) Madras

M.g Ronade & Raghunath rao.
Pledge Movment to inspire people to take a pledge againt child marriage.

Madras Hindu Association (1892)

Versialingam Pantan
Social Purity movment and against devadasi system

Deccan Education Society (1884) (Pune)

By M.G Ranade,VG Chilinkar and G.G Agarkar.
To Contribute to Education and culture in western India
Established Forguson college Pune (1885).

Wahabi Movement (1820)Rohilakhand

Syed Agmed of Rai Bareilly
Popoliarisation the teaching of Waliullah
Stressed the role of individual conscience in regiligion/.