1

A
RESEARCH PAPER
ON
A STUDY OF COMPARISION OF MOBILE GENERATIONS
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHLORS OF COMMERCE

BABA FARID COLLEGE, DEON

(BATHINDA)

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

Ms. Ayushi Kamra Raman Bansal
Hunish Dhingra
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ABSTRACT

Wireless technology is crescent very fast these days. A recently wired network was needed to
get online. Even wired telephones are becoming a thing of past. Nowadays, Mobile networks
have full blown tremendously in the last four decades. The inception was the Cellular concept
which was introduced with 1G, where, ’G’ stands for generation networks. It had grown so
fast, from generation to generation, nurturing from 1G, 2G, 3G, and finally, launched to
4G. And, today, we are using 4G technologies. And, also, 5G technology is almost ready
to spread its wings to storm this competitive global mobile network market. Integrated
Research on 5G is being carried on and is expected to come in usage commercially by 2020.
The birth of 5G technology can be an optimal solution to the various problems that we are
facing in the current technologies nowadays. 5G will emerge as an intelligent technology that
will reduce the number of different technologies to a single entity of a global standard. This
paper is mainly focused on the development of mobile wireless communication network from
1G to 5G and how they are different from each other and their advantages and disadvantages
they possess.In this paper, all the new inventions from 18 th century to 5G has been studied
.Needs of Human never ends which tends to new inventions. In this paper, we have done the
comparison between generations of telecommunications services which are 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G,
5G.

INTRODUCTION
The last few years have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the wireless industry, both in
terms of mobile technology and its subscribers. There has been a clear shift from fixed to
mobile cellular telephony, especially since the birth of the century. By the end of 2010, there
were over four times more mobile cellular subscriptions than fixed telephone lines systems.
Both the mobile network operators and vendors have felt the importance of efficient networks
with equally efficient design. This resulted in Network Planning and optimization related
services coming in to sharp focus.With all the technological advances, and the simultaneous
existence of the 2G, 2.5G, 3G and 4G networks, the impact of services on network efficiency
have become even more critical. Many more designing scenarios have developed with not
only 2G networks but also with the evolution of 2G to 2.5G or even to 3G and 4G networks.
Along with this, inter-operability of the networks has to be considered. 1G refers to analog
cellular technologies; it became available in the 1980s. 2G denotes initial digital systems,
introducing services such as short messaging and lower speed data. CDMA2000 1xRTT and
GSM are the primary 2G technologies, although CDMA2000 1xRTT is sometimes called a
3G technology because it meets the 144 kbps mobile throughput requirement.[1]
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I. EVOLUTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

 1G –FIRST GENERATION :- In 1980 the mobile cellular era had started, and since
then mobile communication have undergone significant changes and experienced
enormous growth. 1G to the first generation of wireless telephone, mobile
telecommunications. These are the analog telecommunications standards that were
introduced in 1980s. It is used analog transmission for speech services. The first
generation was launched in JAPAN by NTT ( Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) in
1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo
[2]. The original cellular telephone networks provided analog traffic channels; these
are now reffered to as first generation systems. Since the early 1980s the most common
first generation system in NORTH AMERICA has been the ADVANCED MOBILE
PHONE SERVICES (AMPS) developed by AT & T [3]. In United States, the AMPS
waslaunched in 1982. The system was allocated a 40-MHz Bandwidth within 800-900
MHz frequency range by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for AMPS.
In 1988, an additional 10 MHz bandwidth called Expanded Spectrum (ES) was
allocated to AMPS. It was first developed by Chicago with a service area of 2100
square miles2.[2] Each AMPS-capable cellular telephone includes a numeric
assignment module (NAM) in read only memory. The NAM contains the telephone
number of the phone, which is assigned by the manufacturer. When the phone is turned
on, it transmits its serial number and phone number to the MTSO.[3]. Although Omni
directional Antennas were used in the earlier AMPS implementation, it was realized
that using directional antennas would yield better call reuse. In fact, the smallest reuse
factor that would fulfill the 18db signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)using 120-degree
directional antennas was found to be 7. Hence, a 7-cell reuse pattern was adopted for
AMPS. AMPS and TACS use the frequency modulation (FM) technique for radio
transmission. Traffic is multiplexed onto an FDMA (Frequency Division Multiplexing
Access) system.[2]
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 2G- SECOND GENERATION :- Second generation(2G) mobile system were

introduced in the end of 1980s.[2] Second generation systems have been developed to
provide higher quality signals, higher data rates for support of digital services, and
greater capacity.[3]. 2G network were commercially launched on the GSM standard in
Finland by Radiolinja in 1991.[4]. 2G used digital signals for voice transmission and
had a speed upto 64 kbps. It also provide the facility of short Message Service (SMS)
and used the bandwidth range of 30-200 KHz [5]. Consequently, compared with first-
generation systems, higher spectrum efficiency, better data services, and more
advanced roaming were offered by 2G systems.
Global Systems for Mobile Communications, or GSM, uses TDMA technology to support
multiple users. During development over more than 20 years, GSM technology has been
continuously improved to better services in the market. New technologies have been
developed based on the original GSM system, leading to some more advanced systems
known as 2.5 Generation (2.5) systems. GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communications):
The main element of this system are the BSS (Base Station Subsystem),in which there are
BTS ( BaseTransreciever Station) and BSC (Base Station Controllers); and the NSS
(Network Switching Subsystem), in which there is the MSC (Mobile Switching Centre); VLR
(Visitor Location Register); HLR (Home Location Register); AC( Authentication Centre) and
EIR( Equipment Identity Register).
This network is capable of providing all the basic services up to 9.6 kbps, fax, etc. The next
advancement in the GSM system was the addition of the platforms, called Voice Mail Service
(VMS) and the Short Message Service Centre (SMSC).
GSM and GPRS (General Packet Radio Services): As requirement for sending data on the
air-interface increased, new elements such as SGSN (Servicing GPRS). This part of the
network handling the packet data is also called the packet core network. The move into the
2.5G world began with General Packet Radio Services (GPRS). GPRS is a radio technology
for GSM networks that adds packet-switching protocols, shorter setup time for ISP
connections.
GSM and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates in GSM Environment): With both voice and data
traffic moving on the system, the need was felt to increase the data rate. This was done by
using more sophisticated coding methods over the internet and thus increasing the data rate
up to 384 kbps. Implementing EDGE was relatively painless and required relatively small
changes to network hardware and software as it uses the same TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) frame structure, logic channel and 200 KHz carrier bandwidth as today’s
GSM networks[6].
Technologies under 2G:
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2G comprised of the following mobile technologies. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS),
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM)
and Enhanced Data Rates For GSM Evolution (EDGE)[5].
 3G-THIRD GENERATION:-
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000(IMT--2000), better known as 3G or 3rd
Generation, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications
services fulfilling the International Telecommunication Union. [7] It uses Wide Brand
Wireless Network with which clarity is increased. The data are sent through the technology
called Packet Switching. Voice calls are interpreted through Circuit Switching. Along with
verbal communication it includes data services, access television/video, new services like
Global Roaming. It operates at a range of 2100MHz and has a bandwidth of 15-20MHz used
for High-speed internet services, video chatting. 3G uses Wide Band Voice Channel that is by
this world has been contracted to a little village because a person can contact with other
person located in in any part of the world and can even send message too. 3G Technology
comprises of Wideband CDMA, WLAN, Bluetooth, Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System (UMTS),High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). Data are sent through
packet switching. Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching. It also provides facilities
such as Global Roaming Clarity in voice calls, Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V,
Video conferencing, Video Calls, Multi Media Messaging Services (MMS), 3D gaming and
Multiplayer Gaming.[7]
1G 2G 3G 4G
1.Paging 1.Paging System 1.Single 1.LTE
system 2.Cordless standard Advanced
2.cordless Telephone under IMT- 2.IEEE
telephone {DECT, PACS} 2000,UMTS, 802.16m
3.Private 3.Private Mobile MC-CDMA. 3.3GPP
mobile Radio {TETRA} Long
radio 4.WLL Cellular Term
4.Cellular system Evolution
system {GSM,PDC {LTE}
{AMPS, etc.} 4.Mobile
ETC.} 5.Mobile WiMAX
5.Mobile Satellite System
Satellite {IRIDIUM,ICO}
System

Table1:-Different Standards used in different generations of mobile technologies.

 4G-FOURTH GENERATION:-
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In March 2008, the International Telecommunications Union-Radio communications sector

(ITU-R) specified a set of requirements for 4G standards, named the International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specifications, setting peak speed
requirements for 4G service at 100 megabits per second (Gbit/s) for low mobility
communication.[8]. A 4G system not only provides voice and other 3G services but also
provides ultra-broadband network access to mobile devices. Applications vary from IP
telephony, HD Mobile Television, video conferencing to gaming services and cloud
computing. One of the initial devices to access 4G network was USB wireless modem which
was later followed by cellular phones with WiMax and LTE technology.
Technologies under 4G:
4G comprised of the following Mobile Technologies:
Long Term Evolution (LTE) Standard based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA, 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Multiple In Multiple Output (MIMO) smart antenna
technology, Orthogonal Frequency Digital Multiplexing (OFDM), 802.16e- Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wi MAX), 802.20- Mobile Broadband Wireless
Access (MBWA)[9]
 5G-FIFTH GENERATION ( FUTURE GENERATION ) :-
5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is a term used in
some research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile
telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G is a also
reffered to as a beyond 2020 mobile communications technologies. 5G does not describe any
particular specification in any official document published by any telecommunication
standardization body. The fifth generation communication system is envisioned as the real
wireless network, capable of supporting Wireless World Wide Web (www) applications in
2010 to 2020 time frame. Currently there is 5G technology is in research. When this becomes
available it will provide very high speeds to the summers. Data Transfer speed is predicted to
cross the barrier of gigabits per sec. It would also provide efficient use of available
bandwidth as has been seen through development of each new technology. 5G services would
probably be available for use by the year 2020.
NEED FOR 5G: From user point of view, apart from throughout other factors that
differentiate 5G from its predecessors and makes its implementation essential are:
1. Battery Consumption Alleviation
2. Improved coverage range and higher data rate availability at cell edge.
3. 5G provides support for interactive multimedia voice, video, internet and other broadband
services which are more effective and more attractive.
4. Improved security feature; better cognitive radio/Software Development Radio (SDR).
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5. Higher system level spectral efficiency.

5G technology offer high speed bandwidth for crazy cell phone users. The advanced biling
interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive and effective. 5G technology also
providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action. The high quality services of 5G
technology based on Policy to avoid error. The 5G core is to be a Re-configurable, Multi-
Technology Core. The core could be a convergence of new technologies such as
nnanotechnology, cloud computing and cognitive Radio, and based on AII IP Platform [10].

Fig 3. Smart applications of 5G system

CHALLENGES IN MIGRATION TO 5G
 Multi mode user terminals: By means of 4G, a need will arise to design a single
user terminal which will be able to operate in different wireless networks and
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will overcome the design troubles such as restrictions on the size of the device. This
trouble can be easily solved by using software radio approach.
 Choice among various wireless systems: With the rapid advancements in the wireless
systems, each and every wireless system has its distinctive characteristics and
roles. The choice for the most appropriate technology will be dependent for a
specific service at a specified place and at specified time. The most
appropriate technology will be chosen which meets the demands and the best
possible fit of consumer QoS (Quality of Service) requirements.
 Security Reconfigurable, adaptive and lightweight protection mechanisms should be
designed.
 Network infrastructure and QoS support: Integrating the current non-Internet
Protocol and Internet Protocol based systems and providing QoS assurance for end-
to-end services that engage different systems is a challenge.
 Charging and Billing: It becomes extremely difficult to bring into account, collect
and handle the Consumers’ account information from many service providers. In
the same way consumers’ billing is also a difficult task.
 Attacks on Application Level Software: applications which will offer some new
features to the consumer but will also start and produce new bugs.
 Spoofing and Jamming: Spoofing is a fake GPS signal being sent out, in which
the GPS receiver considers that the signals arrives from the satellites and
computes the wrong coordinates. Such wrong computation can lead to more
criminal activities and increase the crime rate. Jamming occurs when a transmitter
sending out signals at the same frequency shifts a GPS signal.
 Data Encryption: If a GPS receiver will communicate with the main transmitter then
the communication link between these two is easy to break and the consumer
must use the encrypted data
Generatio Definitions Speed Technology Time Features 9
ns Period

1G Analog 14.4 Kbps PTT, MTS, AMTS, 1970-1980 Voice only

IMTS, AMPS,
TACS
2G Digitan narrow 9.5-14.6 TDMA, CDMA, 1990-2004 Data
band circuit kbps GPRS, GSM, connectivity,V
data, Packet EDGE oice Streaming
data with mobile
web browsing
support
3G Digital 3.1 Mbps CDMA, WCDMA, 2004-2005 Universal
broadband and (peak) WLAN, access to
Packet data 500-700 Bluetooth, different
Kbps UMTS, HSDPA mobile devices
made possible
along with
Multimedia &
streaming
services.
4G Digital 100-300 802.16e WiMAX, Now High Definition
broadband and Mbps LTE, 3GPP, (Transition streaming sup
Packet All IP (peak) 3-5 MIMO ing to 4G) ported.
very high Mbps Portability
100 Mbps( increased
wifi) further.
5G Not yet fixed Higher Wwww (coming Soon Dynamic
than soon) (Probably Information
1Gbps 2020) access,
Wearable
devices with AI
Capabilities

OBJECTIVE
1. To Find the challenges faced in generations
2. To check difference between the mobile generations
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Asvin Gohil (2013) tells that comprehensive study related to 5G technology of mobile
communication has been existing research work in mobile communication is related to 5G
technology. In 5G, researches are related to the development of World Wide Wireless Web
(WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN) and Real Wireless
Communication. The most important technologies for 5G technologies are 802.11 Wireless
Local Area Networks (WLAN) and 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN),
Ad-hoc Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) and Wireless networks for digital
communication. 4G technology will include several standards under a common umbrella,
similar to 3G. The major contribution of this paper is the key provisions of 5G (Fifth
Generation) technology of mobile communication, which is seen as consumer oriented. In 5G
technology, the mobile consumer has given utmost priority compared to others. 5G
Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile Technology. 5G technology is to make use of
mobile phones within very high bandwidth. The consumer never experienced the utmost
valued technology as 5G. The 5G technologies include all types of advanced features which
make 5G technology most dominant technology in near future.

Hardik Modi (2014) tells about the main objective of this paper is a detailed and
comprehensive study about the evolution of the different mobile generation technologies in
the wireless communication. The paper deals with evolution of mobile generation which
helped in developing the mobile and telecommunication sector. The first generation has
fulfilled the basic needs of voice, while the second generation has introduced high capacity
and vast coverage area. The third generation included transmission of data at much higher
speed giving its users' 'mobile broadband experience'. The fourth generation will provide
access to wide range of telecommunication services, including advanced mobile services,
supported by mobile and fixed networks. The fifth generation of mobile technology is based
on IEEE 802.11 wireless technology.5g technology includes Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN), Wireless Metropolitan Area (WMAN) and AD-hoc wireless technology.

Rama Sanjeeva Reddy (2016) explain that Mobile and Wireless Communication systems will
allow 5G support for the expected increase in data volumes and broadening in the range of
application domains. 5G systems are built upon the evolution of existing technologies
complemented by new radio concepts that are designed to meet the new and challenging
requirements shown in Figure 1. Essential services such as e-banking, e-learning and e-health
will continue to proliferate and become handier for pocket devices. Evolutionary research has
been carried out on the development of interactive television (iTV), Video on Demand (VoD)
and broad wireless internet contents, which will progressively be delivered over mobile and
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wireless systems. These developments will lead to an avalanche of mobile and wireless traffic
volume, projected to increase a thousand-fold over the next decade.

Haard Mehta (2016) we have studied about the different wireless technologies and
generation bands of 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G.The paper shows how the evolution of
wireless technologies occurred and how they came into existence. Advanced Wireless
technologies have proved to be of great boon to the telecommunication sector in
developing it. With latest research and advances, the purpose of the user has been served
more rather than the operator making it more reliable for the user. As a result, the
user centric networks are given more priority nowadays giving the provided services
which the user may not have experienced before.

M.Benisha (2019) Recent developments in the wireless technology has made the
communication more familiar and reachable to all peoples. In one way
the demand for mobile communication needs the integration of wireless networks into
the existing fixed network like local area network(LAN), wide area network(WAN) etc.,
Otherwise we can say that, it needs advancements, adaptability and compatibility
over the mobile services provided by various mobile generation technologies like 1G,
2G, 3G, 4G and 5G. In this paper we deeply discuss about the growth of Mobile
generation technologies from 1st Generation to 5th Generation. And this paper gives
an idea about how these technologies are operating and providing increased performance over
the earlier generation and their merits and applications.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select,
process, and analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology section
allows the reader to critically evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability.

PRIMARY SOURCES: Primary resources contain first-hand information, meaning that you
are reading the author’s own account on a specific topic or event that s/he participated
in. Examples of a primary source are:

 Original documents such as diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, records,

eyewitness accounts, autobiographies

SECONDARY SOURCES: Secondary sources describe, summarize, or discuss information

or details originally presented in another source; meaning the author, in most cases, did not
participate in the event. Examples of a secondary source are:

 Publications such as textbooks, magazine articles, book reviews, commentaries,

encyclopedias, almanacs
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CONCLUSION
The last few years have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the wireless industry. The ever
increasing demand of user have triggered researchers and industries to come up with a
comprehensive manifestation of the up-coming fifth generation (5G) mobile communication
system. As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce
a number of technologies to a single global standard. The first generation (1G) has fulfilled
the basic mobile voice, while the second generation (2G) has introduced capacity and
coverage. This is followed by the third generation (3G), which has quest for data at higher
speeds, to open the gates for truly a AIJ mobile broadbandAI experience, which is further
realized by the fourth generation (4G). Fifth Generation (5G) will bring high data transfer
speeds (reaching up to few gigabits per sec) and other high quality services.

REFERENCE
[1] Measuring the Information Society. In ITU (2010), 2010.
[2] 1G vs 2G vs 3G vs 4G vs 5G comparison differences and analysis (online) Available at:.
http://www.teqlog.com/1gvs-2g-vs-3g-vs-4g-vs-5g-comparison-differences-andanalysis.html
[3] Wireless Communications & Networks by William Stallings
[4] Radiolinja's History - April 04 - Corporate.elisa.com
[5] http://2gprod.com/what-is-2g-technology-answer.html
[6]Transition to 4G: 3GPP Broadband Evolution to IMTAdvanced. Rysavy Research/3G
Americas, 2010.
[7] 3G Wireless Networks - Clint Smith, Daniel Collins
[8] Requirements related to technical performance for IMT-Advanced radio interface(s) -
ITU-R, Report M.2134
[9] 5G mobile communication systems based on beamdivision multiple access and relays
with group cooperation - IT R&D program of MKE/IITA: 2008-F-004-01
[10] Prospective of Fifth Generation Mobile Communications - Dr. Anwar M.Mousa.