Chapter 8
for not having Rizal executed
Local level
Parish priest - who was usually a friar endorsed the candidates
running for office
- Also approves who should be admitted to higher
educational institutions in the Philippines
- Like the Archbishop of Manila, he was the guardian of
morals in the community and the chief censor
- He also keeps the record of people living in the
community
- Leading member of the local community,
Parish Priest/Friar-curate – invited to important
gatherings and social events; always occupies the
places of honor
National level
Archbishop of Manila
- The highest church official in the islands
- The most powerful religious official in the colony
Bishop Domingo Salazar
- Since his tine, confrontations took place between the
Archbishop and the religious officials and the
Governor General on many occasions during the early
part of Spanish rule
Some of the most spectacular conflicts involved over the
issue of the right of sanctuary for fugitives who sought
asylum in churches
- Governor General Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera
- Archbishop Hernando Guerrero
Corcuera – subsequently punished by imprisonment on
the instigation of the clergy at the end of his term
Bustamante – murdered by a mob led by churchmen on
October 11, 1719
- He clashed with Archbishop Fernando de la Cuesta
over the issue of immunity from crimes and sanctuary
“bad” Governor General
- They clashed with the Archbishops or were slow to
comply with their wishes
 Governor General Jose de la Gandara
- Accused to be favoring liberals
 Carlos Ma. De la Torre
-Consorted with liberals and the emerging
Filipino Middle Class during his time
 Emilio Terrero
-Not acting decisively on Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere
& for ordering the investigation of Dominicans
regarding their hacienda income
 Ramon Blanco
-Dismissing existence of Katipuneros in 1896 and
“Good” Governor Generals
- Those who were repressive towards Filipinos
 Rafael de Izquierdo
-Had three leaders of the secularization
movement executed in 1872
 Eulogio Despujol
-Made sure that Rizal would not be able to leave
the country after his arrival in 1892 and later
deported to Dapitan
 Camilo de Polavieja
-Repressive measures against the masons and
Katipunan suspects
-Also signed the death warrant of Rizal
Term
- Governor General (2 years)
- Archbishop (can stay in his post indefinitely)
Philippines had 96 appointed governor generals
Archbishops who was also the acting Governor General
1.) Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (October 11, 1719
– August 6, 1721)
2.) Archbishop Juan Arrechederra (September 21, 1745
– July 20, 1750)
3.) Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpleta (June 1759 – May 31,
1761)
4.) Archbishop Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra (June 1761
– October 6, 1762)
Queen Isabella II
- The position of the Church in the Philippines was
strengthened when she issued a decree making the
Rector of the University of Santo Tomas the
supervisor of all higher education in the Philippines
- It meant that all higher academic certificates and
titles will be issued by the University of Santo Tomas
Church was not a monolithic structure
Its members are divided into two types:
1.) Regular clergy – belongs to the religious orders
- Missionaries who established churches in the
Philippines belonged to them
- They were not supposed to administer parishes, they
were doing so because of the prevailing
circumstances
 Belong to the friar orders
- Dominicans
- Augustinians
- Recollects
- Franciscans
 Not friars
 - Jesuits
Members of the religous clergy has 3 vows
- Chastity
- Poverty
- Obedience
2.) Secular clergy – does not belong to any religious
order
- Their duties was to minister to the spiritual needs of
the people as compared to the regular clergy who do
not live a secluded life, live ministering to people
- Similar to the regular clergy, the secular clergy are
under the jurisdiction of the bishop or archbishop
whose diocese he belongs
Members of the secular clergy has 2 vows
- Obedience
- Chastity
The regulars cited the directives from:
Pope Leo X
Adrian VI
Clement VII
Julius III
- They were not subject to visitation by the archbishops
and bishops
- It was their duty to spread Christianity and not their
duty to administer the parishes, they were doing their
duties for the sake of the Catholic faith
- They should be exempt from visitation
The archbishops and bishops said other popes namely:
Clement IX
Benedict XIV
Urban VII
- Said that parishes held by regulars are subject to
visitation
Canon Law – mandated visitation by the archbishop or bishop
Council of Trent (1545 – 1563)
- Regulars holding parishes were subject to visitation
Fr. Domingo de Salazar – a Dominican, became Bishop of
Manila, he made it clear that he would visit the parishes in his
domain to stop any abuses committed in the spread of the
Gospel
- A veteran missionary in Mexico
- Though he was a strict disciplinarian, he gave up his
plan of visitation
In 1620, Archbishop Miguel Garcia Serrano
- Tried to visit the parishes under the regulars
In 1653, Archbishop Miguel Poblete
- Invoking the Papal Bull of 1633, ordered all the
regulars to submit to his authority and all parishes
should be visited
Royal Audiencia - Supreme Court of Justice
Juan de la Sierra – a Justice of the Royal Audiencia, began
investigating the Regular Orders regarding their land titles
- The friars objected to this investigation and appealed
to Archbishop Diego Camacho in 1697
Canonical Visitation –
In 1707, Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta
- Tried to enforce the Papal Bull of Clement XI
In 1744 and 1745, Pope Benedict XIV
- Decreed that the friar curates were subject to
visitation
Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa
- Said that he would enforce the visitation of the
parishes
Governor General Jose Raon
- Supported Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa
In 1767, King Charles III
- Issued a decree expelling the Jesuits not just from
Spain but its Empire
Jesuits – had grown in power and influence have produced
noted educators and scientists
- Were accused of causing intrigues and teaching
radical ideas which tend to subvert the people’s
loyalty to the monarchy
1768 – Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines, their
colleges were closed and their properties confiscated
Governor General Simon de Anda
- Replaced Governor Raon who died in 1770
- He replaced the friar curates with seculars as soon as
they resigned or died prompting condemnations from
the Regulars
- The friars never forgave him and considered him one
of the “bad” governor generals
The Church in the 19th Century: The Secularization Issue
Awakens Filipino Nationalism
December 11, 1776 – King suspended the secularization of
parishes
- Since that time on parishes held by seculars began to
be reverted to the Regulars
1859 – the Jesuits returned to the Philippines
1861 – a royal decree mandated the return of the missions in
Mindanao to be returned to the Jesuits
Filipino priests who led the movement for secularization:
1) Father Pedro Pablo Pelaez
2) Father Jose Burgos
3) Father Jacinto Zamora
Most brilliant native priests of the Philippines:
1) Father Pedro Pablo Pelaez
2) Father Mariano Gomes
3) Father Jose Burgos
4) Father Jacinto Zamora
Burgos – the youngest and the most brilliant with eight
degrees from the University of Santo Tomas
Fr. Zamora – an examiner of priests of the Manila Cathedral
Fr. Pelaez – most erudite among the three
Fr. Gomes – became parish priest of Bacoor protected the
ordinary natives from the abuses of the Dominicans in Cavite
- He was hated by the Regulars
Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre
- he dismissed his bodyguards and mingled with people
- he listened to views and complaints of Filipinos
- not really a kind and sympathetic governor general
- actually a devious and calculating
- while he allowed the natives to express their desire
openly for true meaningful change, he had their
leaders identified and closely placed under
surveillance
- their letters were intercepted and opened
Eduardo Camerino – leader of the agrarian unrest in Cavite
1870 – the brief liberal regime in Spain ended and the
monarchy was restored in Spain and Prince Amadeo of Savoy
became King of Spain
– Governor de la Torre was replaced by Rafael de
Izquierdo
1871 – a new governor general named Rafael de Izquierdo
arrived
Rafael de Izquierdo – repealed the reforms initiated by his
predecessor, saying he would rule with a cross on one hand
and a sword on the other
Polo y servicio – increase in taxes of state workers
1872 – workers at the Cavite Arsenal were aghast to learn that
their salaries were cut in half due to tax deductions and that
they were no longer exempted from forced labor
January 17, 1872 – expected that Lamadrid’s comrade in
Manila will join the uprising
- on the night, the district of Sampaloc had a noisy
celebration, which included a grand fireworks display
- mistaken as the signal by the Cavite mutineers who
started killing their Spanish officers
- the next day, Lamadrid and his men found to their
dismay that they were alone and soon troops from
Manila crushed the mutiny
- Lamadrid was killed in the fighting
Cavite Mutiny – secularization
- Growing intellectuals
- Part of a larger conspiracy to bring about the
separation of the Philippines from Spain and the main
leaders were the leaders of Secularization Movement
Spanish authorities arrested Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora
- They were charged for advocating a revolution that
would bring about the independence of the
Philippines from Spain
- Their weaknesses is that they gambled once in a while
Father Zamora – wrote in a piece of paper to his
colleagues to bring “powder and shot for a meeting
tonight”
Powder and shot – terms for gambling money that they
were to bring for a session of panguingue, a card game
- That piece of paper fell to in the hands of Spanish
authorities
- Alleged that Father Burgos was the leader of a
movement that will separate the Philippines from
Spain and the two other priests were his co-
conspirators
Fr. Pelaez – escaped being included among the three
principal accused because he was earlier killed in the
earthquake in 1863
Marianas Islands
13 lawyers & businessman
Other members of the native clergy
 Father Pedro Dandan
 Toribio del Pilar
Rich businessman
 Crisanto de los Reyes
 Jose Ma. Basa
 Balvino Diego
Lawyer
 Antonio Ma. Regidor
 Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
Fathers Gomes, Burgos and Zamora 1) Saturnina Rizal
- Provided Jose with good basic education
- Found guilty of treason and attempted rebellion 2) Paciano “Senor Paciano” Rizal (only brother)
- Francisco Zaldua, false witness, testified against them - Became a member of Katipunan
- the three were sentenced and garroted at the 3) Narcisa Rizal
Bagumbayan Field - Help in financing Jose’s study in Europe
- February 21, 1872, three priests were taken to 4) Olympia Rizal
Bagumbayan Field - Mediator between Segunda and Jose
- First to be executed was the false witness, Francisco - Segunda Katigbak, 1st love of Jose Rizal, classmate
Zaldua, a messenger from the Governor General 5) Lucia Rizal
- Fr. Gomes, first among the priests to be executed “I - She narried Mariano Herbosa who died with cholera
am going to where the leaves of the trees will not 6) Maria Rizal
move without the will of God” - It was her to whom Jose talked about wanting to
- Fr. Zamora, second priest to be executed; he did not marry Josephine Bracken
say anything but was silently led up and made to sit 7) Jose “Pepe” Rizal
on the executioner’s chair; he did not know what was 8) Concepcion “Concia” Rizal
happening as he was already insane; his fatal and - very close to Jose Rizal
innocent note led to his execution and those of his 9) Josefa “Panggoy” Rizal
colleagues - died a spinster, katipunera
- Fr. Burgos, he was crying; he stood up and cried “I am 10) Trinidad “Trining” Rizal
innocent!”; Death cut short his prayer - Custodian of Rizal’s last and greatest poem before he
Governor General Izquierdo – asked Archbishop of died
Manila Meliton Martinez to defrock the three priests 11) Soledad “Choleng” Rizal
- The youngest child and a teacher
Archbishop of Manila Meliton Martinez – he doubted
that the three priests were not really guilt of the crimes Gregoria de Jesus – wife of Andres Bonifacio
they were accused of RIZAL’S EARLY EDUCATION
- had the bells of the Manila Cathedral tolled as a Education – part of the historical context that modeled
requiem for the three priests Rizal’s nationalism as well as that other Filipinos
- Spaniards thought that it was a signal for the natives
to fall upon them; Spaniards hurriedly fled for the Mother – first teacher
safety of the Walled City (Intramuros) and did not
come out for a week Teodora Alonso – Rizal’s mother who could speak Spanish
well
Rizal – dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo in the
memory of the three priests and offering its pages as a tardy - she knew about practical mathematics
tribute to their unknown graves - Rizal learned the rudiments of the alphabet and
writing
Fr. Fidel Villaroel – wrote that during the Spanish Revolution,
the Dominicans blamed the Jesuits for training and inspiring
future enemies like Rizal and the other propagandists 2 tutors
Regulars – blamed the Seculars because the latter sided with 1) Lucas Padua
the Revolutionists 2) Leon Monroy (taught Rizal Latin)
Fr. Evaristo Rodriguez Arias – sent an advice to General Emilio Lorenzo Alberto – taught Rizal the necessity of keeping one’s
Aguinaldo not to follow the doctrines of organizations body fit through exercise
opposed to Church; referring to the Masonic organizations
Young Rizal use the time drawing and crude sculpture
Chapter 9
Age of nine – Rizal was sent to school of Maestro Justiano
Jose P. Rizal Aquino Cruz (used to be Paciano’s teacher) in Binan, Laguna
- Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda THE ROLE OF THE DOMINICANS IN PHILIPPINE EDUCATION
- Born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna
- Facing the sky, Jose Rizal fell on the ground dead at In 1865, Queen Isabella II – appointed the Rector of the
exactly 7:03 am on the morning of December 30, University of Santo Tomas as the supervisor of all the
1896 in Bagumbayan secondary and higher education in the Philippines
- 11 siblings
- Because of this royal order, University also holds
Rizal and his siblings entrance and final examinations of all those who wish
 to enter secondary and higher education; University
issued diplomas of the graduates
May 14, 1872, Don Antonio Estrada – Secretary General of the
University of Santo Tomas, issued an announcement for the
holding of entrance examination for those who would like to
take the Bachiller of Artes course
June 10, 1872 – Rizal went to Manila to take his entrance
examination
After passing the examination, Rizal was given the choice of
enrolling at either;
 Jesuit-run Ateneo de Manila
 Dominican San Juan de Letran College
-Rizal chose the Ateneo Municipal (Manila’s Escuela Pia or
charity school)
-Rizal was almost rejected in attending the Ateneo because he
was too frail and was too sickly
Manuel Xeres Burgos – a family friend, because of him Rizal
was able to enroll
Rizal – first in the entire blood to use the surname Rizal to
avoid any association between him and his brother Paciano
who was closed to the martyred Fr. Jose Burgos
-the fears turned out to be false as records showed that Rizal
used the surname Mercado while studying at the Ateneo
EDUCATION UNDER THE JESUITS
Rizal studied at the Ateneo for the next five years (1872-1877)
(June 1872)
Rizal’s classmates in the Ateneo were a mixture of Spaniards,
mestizos and natives
Memorias de Un Estudiante de Manila – an autobiography
which Rizal wrote down his experiences in the Ateneo
As educators, Jesuit professors – practiced emphasis on strict
discipline, character building and religious instruction
Fr. Bech – told Rizal to give equal attention to the sciences as
Rizal was drawn too much to literature
Emeperor – highest position
Dignitaries – students void
Teodoro Romualdo de Jesus – simple sculptor that Rizal
learned sculpting
- Rizal learned the need to remember the great
precolonial past of the Filipinos and to embrace their
identity as a people
De Jesus influence is reflected in Rizal’s novel Noli Me Tangere
through the words of Filosofo Tasio and Simoun
Filosofo Tasio – depicted as a man highly learned in precolonial
Philippine culture but was thought to be insane and out of
touch of reality
Simoun – Rizal bewailed the loss of national identity, which the
Filipinos inherited from their ancestors
Sobresaliente – excellent grade
Donya Victorina – opposite of Romualdo de Jesus
Perito agrimensor – expert surveyor
Roman Empire – comprised of interns or boarders
Catharginian Empire – comprised of externs
UNDER THE DOMINICANS
University of Santo Tomas – more than 400 years of existence
(as of 2019)
- Administered by the Dominican Order
Governor General Jose Raon & Governor General Simon de
Anda – tried to secularize the UST but failed
1869 – bloodless revolution, ousted by Queen Isabella II
Segismundo Moret – Spanish Minister of the Overseas
Territories
- Enacted a series of decrees aimed at secularizing not
only the University of Santo Tomas but also other
institutions
Ateneo Municipal
Escuela de Dibujo
Academia Maritima of the Philippines
- These institutions would have been abolished and
reorganized as the Instituto Filipino (Philippine
Institute) with a layman as its President
1870 – liberal government resigned and is replaced a
conservative administration that was friendly to the friars took
over the country.
January 17, 1872
- Cavite Mutiny broke out
- It was portrayed by Governor General Izquierdo and
the Spanish Community as part of a larger conspiracy
to overthrow colonial rule in the islands.
- Alleged Conspirators: Fathers Burgos, Zamora and
Gomes Lay persons like Jose Ma. Basa,
the lawyer Antonio Regidor, and
physician Joaquin Pardo de Tavera.
1898
- The UST will be totally suppressed by the
Revolutionary Government under General Emilio
Aguinaldo and its place would rise the short-lived
 Universidad Cientifico-Literaria which will be La Cuacha
succeeded by the University of the Philippines in 1908.
- Wanderlust
The suppression of UST was shortlived and it allowed to - Playing truant or doing nothing
reopen in 1899 under American rule.
Groups of Rizal joined and created:
1871
(1) Compañerismo
- The new college of Pharmacy and Medicine was (2) Les compañeros de Jehu
established in the UST.
He form an org. inspired by Alexander Duma’s Three
Spanish Tradition: Musketeers

1. The eldest son inherits the family fortune. Members:

2. The daughters would have been married to
their future husbands and separated from 1. Galicano Apacible
the family. 2. His boardmates at Casa Tomasiana, which was
3. For sons who were not first-born they would managed by his uncle Antonio Rivera, the father of his
have to earn their own fortune. fiancée, Leonor.

Philosophy and Letters course A la Juventud Filipina

- Preparatory courses to the priesthood and the study - Youth is the beautiful hope of the motherland.
of law. Consejo de los Dioses – his play which he wrote in honor of
- was the first course of Rizal in college. Safest course Cervantes.
because Rizal was still unsure.
RIZAL’S UST
Medicine
The university was actually a haven of diversity.
- he shifted in this course upon the advice of his former
professors at the Ateneo. 19th Century was a period of change, many changes took place
in the educational system.
Licenciado en derecho
Escuela de Matronas y Parteras
- law degree
- Apolinario Mabini graduated with licenciado en - School for women ,offering a course for midwives.
derecho in 1894. - The opening of this school was authorized by
Governor Domingo Moriones in respose to the need
Rizal said he took up medicine with a desire to cure his mother to reduce deaths of mothers and babies as child births
of failing eyesight. were presided over the traditional hilots.
RIZAL’S RARE PRIVILEGE - This school was set up in the old colegio de San Jose
building on the other side of Intramuros.
He had the rare privilege of taking two courses leading to
medicine at the same time. New scientific instruments

(1) Ampliacion or the preparatory course for medicine 1. Phonographs

and , 2. Telephones
(2) First year medicine itself. 3. Michael Faraday’s electro magnet
4. Morin’s machine for measuring gravity
According to Fr. Fidel Villaroel, O.P. Rizal was permitted to take 5. Cooke’s radiometer
two courses because he was allowed by none other than the
Governor General of the Philippines Governor Genral It’s library had 12,000 volumes of books for the students.
Domingo Moriones. 5,747 specimens [plants and animals]
Rizal was an above-average student in the University. 1885
He used the free time to take another title, perito de - It inaugurated an amphitheater in w/c students can
agrimensor at the Ateneo. His classmate Jayme de Veyra took watch dissection of cadavers.
up commerce also at the Ateneo.
To be a student of the university means he was the cream of
Leonor Valenzuela, Leonor Rivera and Vicenta Ybardaloza society.
[1879 and 1882] Miss L – Concepcion Leyba, who later became
the wife of his cousin Galicano Apacible. A UST student was excempt from polo y servicios and from
taxes like samboangan
Samboangan

- Tax used to pay for the maintenance of the forts and

military installations.

Students walked around wearing coats and walking sticks.

They spent time eating at the panciteria in nearby Binondo

district and frequented stores like Roman Ongpin’s El 88 where
they bought drawing and writing supplies.