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ABSTRACT
The interactions between living creatures and inanimate matter have shaped the planet and its inhabitants from the moment that
life arose. The existence of microorganisms in diverse deep subsurface environments both terrestrial and oceanic has often been
noted and is of increasing scientific and practical interest. The microbial communities of these environments play a significant role
in biogeochemical processes and are the only life forms found in the deeper regions of earth's crust. Subsurface microorganisms
with novel metabolic capabilities are of interest, among others, in bioremediation and biotechnology applications. Microbial
reduction of various metals such as Fe (III) and Mn (IV) may explain a significant fraction of organic carbon turnover in many
environments. Toxic metals such as Cr (VI) can also be reduced by microbial communities, thus enabling the bioremediation of
contaminated aquifers. Other metals may also be reduced including the V (VI) to V (IV), arsenate As(V) to arsenite As(IV) and
silver Ag(I) to metallic silver Ag(0). Microorganisms are involved in the solubilization and precipitation of gold and seem to play a
larger role than previously thought. Bacteria such as Cupriavidus metallidurans can actively contribute to the formation of grains of
gold in surface environments.
Key words: Bioleaching, biomineralization, biomining, geomicrobiology, microbial reduction.
a través de un mecanismo que involucró citocromos del tipo C, Hoeft, S. E., Kulp, T. R., Stoltz, J. F., Hollibaugh, J. T., y Oremland, R. S.
precipitando extracelularmente nanopartículas de plata, lo que 2004. Dissimilatory arsenate reduction with sulfide as electron
ofrece un posible método para recuperar plata de aguas donor: experiments with Mono Lake wáter and isolation of strain
contaminadas y para fabricar nanopartículas de plata. MLMS-1, a chemoautotrophic arsenate respirer. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 70:2741-2747.
Los microorganismos capaces de solubilizar y precipitar activa- Head, I. M., Martin Jones, D., y Larter, S. R. (2003). Biological activity in
mente oro, parecen jugar un papel más grande de lo que an- the deep subsurface and the origin of heavy oil. Nature. 426:344-
teriormente se creía, las investigaciones indican que diversos 352.
procariotes están involucrados en cada paso del ciclo biogeoquí- Kanso, S., Greene, A. C., y Patel, B. K. C. (2002). Bacillus subterraneus
mico, desde la formación de la mineralización primaria en sis- sp. nov., an iron- and manganese-reducing bacterium from a deep
temas hidrotermales y subsuperficiales profundos, a su solubi- subsurface Australian thermal aquifer. Int. J. System. Evol.
lización, dispersión y reconcentración como oro secundario bajo Microbiol. 52:869-874.
condiciones superficiales (Reith et al., 2007). Placeres de oro en Kashefi, K., Tor, J. M., Nevin, K. P., y Lovley, D. R. 2001. Reductive
Alaska, parecen incluir metal que se ha acumulado químicamen- precipitation of gold by dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing Bacteria and
Archaea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:3275-3279.
te a bajas temperaturas en y sobre células de la bacteria Konhauser, K., Hamade, O. T., Raiswell, R., Morris, R. C., Ferris, F. G.,
Pedomicrobium manganicum, el hallazgo de depósitos semejan- Southam, G., y Canfield, D. E. (2002). Could bacteria have formed
tes en China y Sur África, indican que puede ser amplia la for- the Precambrian banded iron formations?. Geol. 30:1079-1082.
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e hipertermófilos reductores de Fe(III) pudieron reducir Au(III) a reduction by Geobacter sulfurreducens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
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