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Construction
The art or process of discovering and expounding the meaning and intention of the
authors of law, where that intention is rendered doubtful by reason of the ambiguity in its
language or the fact that the given case is not explicitly provided for in the law.
Purpose: to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the law, to determine legislative
intent.
Legislative Intent
The essence of the law. The intent of the legislature is the law, and the key to, and
the controlling factor in, its construction and interpretation.
The primary source of legislative intent is the statute itself.
Where the words or phrases of a statute are not obscure or ambiguous, its
meaning and the intention of the legislature must be determined from the language
employed.
Legislative Purpose
The reason why a particular statute was enacted by the legislature.
Legislative Meaning
What the law, by its language, means: what it comprehends, what it covers or
embraces, what it limits or confines.
The duty and power to interpret or construe a statute or the Constitution belongs to
the judiciary.
The SC construes the applicable law in controversies which are ripe for judicial
resolution.
The court does not interpret law in a vacuum.
NOTES ON STAT CON
Based on Agpalo
Page 1 of 11
The legislature has no power to overrule the interpretation or construction of a
statute or the Constitution by the Supreme Court, for interpretation is a judicial function
assigned to the latter by the fundamental law.
The SC may, in an appropriate case, change or overrule its previous construction.
A condition sine qua non before the court may construe or interpret a statute, is
that there be doubt or ambiguity in its language. The province of construction lies
wholly within the domain of ambiguity. Where there is no ambiguity in the words of
a statute, there is no room for construction.
1. Title
The title may indicate the legislative extent or restrict the scope of the law, and a
statute couched in a language of doubtful import will be construed to conform to the
legislative intent as disclosed in its title.
When the text of the statute is clear and free form doubt, it is improper to resort to its
title to make it obscure.
1. Preamble
That part of the statute written immediately after its title, which states the purpose,
reason or justification for the enactment of a law. It is usually expressed in the form of
“whereas” clauses.
It is not an essential part of the statute. But it may, when the statute is ambiguous, be
resorted to clarify the ambiguity, as a key to open the minds of the lawmakers as to the
purpose of the statute.
1. Punctuation marks
Punctuation marks are aids of low degree; they are not parts of the statute nor the
English language.
Where there is, however, an ambiguity in a statute which may be partially or wholly
solved by a punctuation mark, it may be considered in the construction of a statute.
1. Capitalization of letters
An aid of low degree in the construction of statutes.
1. Headnotes or epigraphs
These are convenient index to the contents of the provisions of a statute; they may
be consulted in case of doubt in interpretation.
They are not entitled to much weight.
NOTES ON STAT CON
Based on Agpalo
Page 3 of 11
1. Lingual text
Unless otherwise provided, where a statute is officially promulgated in English and
Spanish, the English text shall govern, but in case of ambiguity, omission or mistake, the
Spanish may be consulted to explain the English text.
The language in which a statute is written prevails over its translation.
1. Policy of law
A statute of doubtful meaning must be given a construction that will promote public
policy.
1. Dictionaries
While definitions given by lexicographers are not binding, courts have adopted, in
proper cases, such definitions to support their conclusion as to the meaning of the particular
words used in a statute.
1. Presumptions
Based on logic, common sense; eg. Presumption of constitutionality, completeness,
prospective application, right and justice, etc.
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY
Where a statute is susceptible of several interpretations, there is no better means of
ascertaining the will and intention of the legislature than that which is afforded by the history
of the statute. The history of a statute refers to all its antecedents from its inception until its
enactment into law.
1. Reports of commissions
In construing the provisions of the code as thus enacted, courts may properly refer to
the reports of the commission that drafted the code in aid of clarifying ambiguities therein.
1. Amendment by deletion
The amendment statute should be given a construction different from that previous to
its amendment.
1. Adopted statutes
Where local statutes are patterned after or copied from those of another country, the
decisions of courts in such country construing those laws are entitled to great weight in the
interpretation of such local statutes.
CONTEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION
The constructions placed upon statutes at the time of, or after, their enactment by the
executive, legislature or judicial authorities, as well as those who, because of their
involvement in the process of legislation, are knowledgeable of the intent and purpose of the
law, such as draftsmen and bill sponsors.
The contemporary construction is the strongest in law.
1. Construction by the Sec. of Justice as his capacity as the chief legal adviser of the
government
In the form of opinions issued upon request of administrative or executive officials
who enforce the law.
President or Executive Secretary has the power to modify or alter or reverse the
construction given by a department secretary.
Legislative interpretation
Legislative interpretation of a statute is not controlling, but the courts may resort to it
to clarify ambiguity in the language thereof.
Legislative approval
The legislature is presumed to have full knowledge of a contemporaneous or
practical construction of a statute. Legislative ratification is equivalent to a mandate.
Reenactment
The most common act of legislative approval; the reenactment of a statute,
previously given a contemporaneous construction, is a persuasive indication of the
adaptation by the legislature of the prior construction.
Stare Decisis
The decision of the SC applying or interpreting a statute is controlling with respect to
the interpretation of that statute and is of greater weight than that of an executive or
administrative officer in the construction of other statutes of similar import.
LITERAL INTERPRETATION
If a statute is clear, plain and free from ambiguity, it must be given its literal meaning and
applied without attempted interpretation. Verba legis non est recedendum, from the words of
a statute there should be no departure .
IMPLICATIONS
No statute can be enacted that can provide all the details involved in its application. What is
implied in a statute is as much a part thereof as that which is expressed.
Grant of jurisdiction
The jurisdiction to hear and decide cases is conferred only by the Constitution or by statute.
The grant of jurisdiction to try actions carries with it all necessary and incidental powers to
employ all writs, processes and other means essential to make its jurisdiction effective.