In the analysis, the problem is to find the ultimate

PORTAL load ofFRAMES

a given structure with known plastic
36
moment values of its members. But in design, the problem is reversed. Given a certain set of
loads, the problem is to select suitable members.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 HAUNCHED PORTAL FRAMES
The basic structural form of portal frames was developed during the Second World War, driven
The
by themost
needcommon
to achieveform theof
lowportal
-costframe used
building in the construction
envelope. Now they are industry is commonly
the most the pinned-base
used
frame with different rafter and column member size and with haunches at both
structural forms for single-storey industrial structures. They are constructed mainly using hot- the eaves and
apex connections (Fig.1). These two important design features of the modern
rolled sections, supporting the roofing and side cladding via cold-formed purlins and sheeting portal frame
have
rails. been
Withdeveloped over a number
a better understanding ofof
theyears, from behaviour
structural practical and economic
of slender considerations.
plate elements under
combined bending moment, axial load and shear force, many fabricators now offer a structural
frame fabricated from plate elements. These frames are composed of tapered stanchions and
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c6
rafters in order to provide an economic structural solution for single-storey buildings. Portal
96e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d53465400000000
frames of lattice members made of angles or tubes are also common, especially in the case of
49454320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d48502020000000000000
longer spans.
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011
63707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b70740000
The slopes of rafters in the gable portal frames (Fig.1) vary in the range of 1 in 10 to 1 in 3
0204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014
depending upon the type of sheeting and its seam impermeability. With the advent of new
646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000086766965770000
0
cladding systems, it is possible to achieve roof slopes as low as 1 . But in such cases, frame
03d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c7
deflections must be carefully controlled and the large horizontal thrusts that occur at the base
25452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c74657874000000
should be accounted for. Generally, the centre-to-centre distance between frames is of the
00436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7
order 6 to 7.5 m, with eaves height ranging from 6 -15 m. Normally, larger spacing of frames is
90000646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000
used in the case of taller buildings, from the point of economy. Moment-resisting connections
012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
are
0000000provided at the eaves and crown to resist lateral and gravity loadings. The stanchion
to be
bases may behave as either pinned(a) or Haunched
fixed, depending
portal upon
framerotational restraint provided by
the foundation and the connection detail between the stanchion and foundations. The
foundation restraint ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943
depends on the type of foundation and modulus of the sub-grade. Frames
with pinned bases 435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e
are heavier than those having fixity at the bases. However, frames with fixed
base may require a74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006003100006163737
more expensive foundation.
04d534654000000004945432073524742000000000000000000
0000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000
For the design of portal frames, plastic methods of analysis are mainly used, which allows the
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
engineer to analyse000000000000000000000000000000116370727400000150000
frames easily and design it economically. The basis of the plastic analysis
method is the need0003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f0000000
to determine the load that can be applied to the frame so that the failure of
the frame occurs as14626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146
a mechanism by the formation of a number of plastic hinges within the
frame. The various758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d
methods of plastic analysis are discussed in an earlier chapter. In describing
the plastic methods6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c4000000887675656
of structural analysis, certain assumptions were made with regard to the
effect of axial force, shear, buckling etc. Unless
detail attention is given to such factors, the frame
40000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d6900
(b) Eaves
may fail prematurely 0003f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000
due to local, or stanchion or rafter buckling, prior to plastic collapse.
4300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c
Fig. 1 Typical gable frame
0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436
Due to transportation requirements, field joints are introduced at suitable positions. As a
f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d
result, connections5061636b61726420436f6d70616e79000064657363000000000
are usually located at positions of high moment, i.e. at the interface of the
column and rafter
© Copyright reserved members (at the eaves) and also between the rafter members at the apex
0000012735247422049454336313936362d322e310000000000
(ridge) (See Fig.1).00000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000
It is very difficult to develop sufficient moment capacity at these
connections by providing 'tension' bolts located solely within the small depth of the
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
rafter section. Therefore the lever arm of the bolt group is usually increased by haunching the
rafter members at the joints. This addition increases the section strength.

Although a short length of the haunch is enough to produce an adequate lever arm for the bolt
group, haunch is usually extended along the rafter and column adequately to reduce the
maximum moments in the uniform portion of the rafter and columns and hence reduce the size
of these members. But due to this there will be a corresponding increase in the moment in the
column and at the column-haunch-rafter interface. This allows the use of smaller rafter
member compared to column member. The resulting solution usually proves to be economical,
because the total length of the rafter is usually greater than the total length of the column
members. The saving in weight is usually sufficient to offset the additional cost of haunch.

The haunched frame may be designed in a manner similar to that of an unhaunched frame, the
only difference being that the hinges, which were assumed to be at nodes, are forced away
from the actual column-rafter junction to the ends of the haunches. Provided the haunch
regions remain elastic, hinges can develop at their ends. The haunch must be capable of
resisting the bending moment, axial thrust and shear force transferred by the joining members.
The common practice is to make the haunch at the connection interface approximately twice
the depth of the basic rafter section, so that the haunch may be fabricated from the same basic
section.

3.0 GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURE

The steps in the plastic design of portals, according to SP: 6(6) – 1972, are given below:

a) Determine possible loading conditions. b) Compute the factored design load

combination(s). c) Estimate the plastic moment ratios of frame members. d) Analyse the
frame for each loading condition and calculate the maximum required

plastic moment capacity, Mp e) Select the section, and f) Check the design
for other secondary modes of failure (IS: 800-1984).

The design commences with determination of possible loading conditions, in which decisions
such as, whether to treat the distributed loads as such or to consider them as equivalent
concentrated loads, are to be made. It is often convenient to deal with equivalent concentrated
loads in computer aided and plastic analysis methods.

In step (b), the loads determined in (a) are multiplied by the appropriate load factors to assure
the needed margin of safety. This load factor is selected in such a way that the real factor of
safety for any structure is at least as great as that decided upon by the designer. The load
factors to be used for various load combinations are presented in an earlier chapter on Limit
states method.

The step (c) is to make an assumption regarding the ratio of the plastic moment capacities of
the column and rafter, the frame members. Optimum plastic design methods present a
direct way of arriving at these ratios, so as to obtain an optimum value of this ratio. The
following simpler procedure may be adopted for arriving at the ratio.

(i) Determine the absolute plastic moment value for separate loading conditions.

(Assume that all joints are fixed against rotation, but the frame is free to sway). For beams,
solve the beam mechanism equation and for columns, solve the panel (sway) mechanism
equation. These are done for all loading combinations. The moments thus obtained are the
absolute minimum plastic moment values. The actual section moment will be greater than or at
least equal to these values.

(ii) Now select plastic moment ratios using the following guidelines.

At joints establish equilibrium.

For beams use the ratio determined in step (i)
For columns use the corner connection moments Mp (Col) = Mp (beam)
Neglect the effect of axial force on the plastic moment unless P > 0.15 Py, where P is the
actual axial force and Py is the axial force causing yielding of the full cross section.
If P is greater than 15 percent of Py,, the modified plastic moment capacity, Mpc, is given by

{ EMBED Equation.3 }
where

Mp is the plastic moment capacity of the section when the axial force is
absent. P is the actual axial force. Py is the axial force corresponding to
yielding.

The required design value of plastic section modulus under combined compression and
bending, Zreq,, for a member is given by:

In the step�(d) each loading condition is analysed by a plastic analysis method for arriving at
� � Mp � 0.85Z
the =minimum
Z req Z = required
Ζ M
(2)p. Based on this moment, select the appropriate sections in step (e).
� �
The step Ł(f)Mis to1−P ł y/ P the design according to secondary design considerations discussed in
pccheck
the following sections (IS: 800-1984).

where
4.0 SECONDARY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The 'simple plastic theory' neglects the effects of axial force, shear and buckling on the
member
Z = Mp /fstrength. So strength
y, fy = yield checks must
of be carried out for the following factors.

a) Reductions
the material. in the plastic moment due to the effect of axial force and shear
force.
4.2 Theb)influence
Instabilityofdue to local
shear buckling, lateral buckling and column buckling.
force
c) Brittle fracture. d) Deflection at service loads.
The effect of shear force is also to reduce the plastic moment. Due to the presence of shear,
two types of 'premature failure' can occur.
In addition, proper design of connections is needed in order that the plastic moments can be
(a) Generalatshear
developed yield of
the plastic the web
hinge may occur in the presence of high shear-to-moment ratios.
locations.

(b)
4.1 After the beam
Influence has force
of axial becomeonpartially plastic at a critical section due to flexural
plastic moment

This has been already explained in an earlier chapter on Beam Columns. Even though the
presence of axial force tends to reduce the magnitude of the plastic moment, the design
procedure may be modified to account for its influence, retaining the 'plastic hinge'
characteristic.

IS: 800 recommend the following provisions to account for axial compression on Mp.
Aw = effective cross sectional area resisting shear after deducting the area that has yielded
under flexure.

Usually it is found that the reduction in moment capacity due to shear is more than
compensated by the strain hardening of extreme fibre under flexure and consequently effect of
shear on plastic moment capacity may be neglected in most cases.

4.3 Local Buckling of Flanges and Webs

If the plates of which the cross section is made are not stocky enough, they may be subject to
local buckling either before or soon after the first plastic moment is reached. Due to this, the
moment capacity of the section would drop off and the rotation capacity would be inadequate
to ensure formation of complete failure mechanism. Therefore, in order to ensure adequate
rotation at Mp values and to avoid premature plastic buckling, the compression elements should
have restriction on the width-thickness ratios. The variables representing dimensions of typical
sections are indicated in Fig. 2.

According to IS: 800 the projection of flange or other compression element beyond its
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000f
fe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c
484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2
007ce00020009000600310000616373704d53465
4000000004945432073524742000000000000000 Fig. 2 Plate Elements in
0000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202 Steel Sections
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000001163707274000001500000003
outermost point of attachment, bf (in mm) required to participate in a plastic hinge shall not
364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f
exceed the value given below
000000014626b707400000204000000147258595
a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0000001
{ EMBED Equation.3 }
46258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025
400000070646d6464000002c4000000887675656
where 40000034c0000008676696577000003d40000002
46c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c
0000002474656368000004300000000c72545243
T1 is the thickness of flange of a section or plate in compression or the aggregate
thickness of the 0000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c
plates forming the overhang in mm.
625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000
fy is yield the
yielding, 436f707972696768742028632920313939382048
strength in Mpa.
intensity of shear stress at the centre line may reach the yield condition. The
65776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d7061
calculated
Note: This maximum
equation shear capacity
relates bf and T1,Vi.e.
ym, of a beam under combined shear and moment shall be
6e79000064657363000000000000001273524742
a non -dimensional quantity { EMBED Equation.3 } is
2049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000
related through a dimensioned quantity { EMBED Equation.3 }. It is only valid if fy is
0000000012735247422049454336313936362d32
expressed in Mpa
2e31000000000000000000000000000000000000
Vym = 0.55 Aw000000000000000000
.fy. (3) where
The distance, b (in mm), between adjacent parallel lines of attachment of a compression flange
or another compression element to other parts of member, when such flanges or
elements are required to participate in a plastic hinge action, shall not exceed the limit as
given below:

{ EMBED Equation.3 }
where

b and T1 are in mm and fy is in Mpa.

The maximum permissible value of the web depth, d1, corresponding to web thickness, t, in
any plastic hinge zone shall be { EMBED Equation.3 }, where the quantities are in SI units
(mm and Mpa). When the web is subjected to combined bending and compression, the
following conditions apply (Fig.3).

a) where { EMBED Equation.3 } exceeds 0.27, then the depth d1 shall not exceed { EMBED
Equation.3 } ; and

1120
� �d1
f
�y �t limit
Ł ł 688

0.27 P/Py

Fig. 3 Limitation on web slenderness

b) when { EMBED Equation.3 } is less than or equal to 0.27, then the depth d1 shall not
exceed { EMBED
Equation.3 }

4.4 Lateral Buckling of flexural members

To avoid lateral buckling and torsional displacements, bracings should be provided to

compression flanges at points as given below. (Fig. 4).

(a) Lateral support to the compression flange should be provided at the location of plastic
hinges.

(b) The ratio of laterally unsupported length of the compression flange to the radius of
gyration of the member about weak axis, l/ry , shall not exceed 640u /� fy (with fy in Mpa),
where uis defined below in Eq.7.

(c) The slenderness ratio of compression flange, l/ry of the length, adjacent to the
unsupported length where the moment exceeds 0.85 Mp, shall not be greater
 960
than ffd8ffe000104a464946000102
0100c800c80000ffe20c584943
y
435f50524f46494c4500010100
(d) The000c484c696e6f021000006d6e
slenderness ratio, l/ry, of the rest of the elastic portion of the member shall be
74725247422058595a2007ce0
such that the lateral buckling strength of that portion is greater than actual maximum elastic
moment 0020009000600310000616373
in the region.
704d534654000000004945432
0735247420000000000000000
where
000000000000f6d6000100000
000d32d485020200000000000
fy = yield strength of the material in Mpa and u may be taken conservatively as 1.0 or may be
0000000000000000000000000
calculated using the following equation.
0000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
{ EMBED 0000000001163707274000001
Equation.3 }
5000000033646573630000018
where q is 40000006c77747074000001f0
the ratio of the plastic rotation at the hinge point just as the mechanism is formed to
the relative00000014626b7074000002040
elastic rotation of the far ends of the beam segment containing the plastic hinge.
00000147258595a0000021800
0000146758595a0000022c000
000146258595a000002400000
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c69
0014646d6e640000025400000
6e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346540000000049
070646d6464000002c4000000
454320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000000
88767565640000034c0000008
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001163707
676696577000003d400000024
274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b707400000204000
6c756d69000003f8000000146
000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640
d6561730000040c0000002474
000025400000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d40000002
656368000004300000000c725
46c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c7254524300000
452430000043c0000080c6754
43c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079726
52430000043c0000080c62545
9676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630
2430000043c0000080c746578
000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049
7400000000436f70797269676
454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
8742028632920313939382048
65776c6574742d5061636b617
26420436f6d70616e79000064
6573630000000000000012735
247422049454336313936362d
322e310000000000000000000
0001273524742204945433631
3936362d322e3100000000000
4.5 Column 0000000000000000000000000
Buckling
000000000000000000(with fy
In the planeinofMpa) (Fig.of4).columns
bending f which would develop a plastic hinge at ultimate loading, the
slenderness ratio l / rx shall not exceed 120, where l is the centre-to-centre distance of bracing
members connecting and providing restraint against weak axis buckling of the column or the
distance from such a member to the base of the column. Further, columns in moment resisting
frames, where sidesway is not prevented, shall be so proportioned such that
 ffd8ffe0
00104a46
49460001
020100c8
00c80000
ffe20c584
943435f5
{ EMBED Equation.3 } The slenderness ratio, l /ry, of the frame in the plane normal to the
0524f464
plane of frame action under consideration
94c45000 shall be such that the following condition is
satisfied. 10100000
c484c696
{ EMBED Equation.3 } e6f02100
0006d6e7
Mpc / Mp, the ratio of end moment to the plastic moment capacity of columns and other axially
47252474
loaded members, shall not exceed unity nor the value given by the following formula.
22058595
a2007ce0
00200090
Case I - For columns bent in 00600310
double curvature by moments producing plastic
hinges at both ends of the columns:
00061637
3704d534
{ EMBED Equation.3 } 65400000
00049454
32073524
Case II - For slender struts, where P / Py in addition to exceeding 0.15 also exceeds
74200000
01 + β −λ 00000000
Shall not contain plastic hinges. However, it is permissible to design
1+β+λ 0 00000000 the
member as an elastic part of a0000000f
plastically designed structure. Such a member shall be
6d600010
designed according to the maximum permissible stress requirements satisfying:
0000000d
{ EMBED Equation.3 } 32d48502
where 02000000
00000000
P = axial force, compressive or00000000
tensile in a member; Mpc = maximum
00000000
moment (plastic) capacity in the beam - column; Mp = plastic moment
00000000
capacity of the section when no axial force is acting. M0 = lateral buckling
00000000
strength in the absence of axial load
00000000
= Mp if the beam column is adequately braced against lateral buckling
00000000
Pac = buckling strength in the plane of bending if only axially loaded (without any
00000000
bending moment) and if the beam - column is laterally braced. If the column is not
00000000
adequately laterally braced, Pac is the weak axis buckling strength under only axial
00000000
compression. 00000000
2
01163707
Pe = Euler load = p 27400000
2
s

15000000
Py = yield strength of axially()loaded
l
03364657section = As . fy ;
36300000
As = effective cross-section area of the member; Cm = a
18400000
coefficient whose value shall 06c77747
be taken as follows:
07400000
a) For member in frames where side sway is not prevented:
1f000000
014626b7
Cm = 0.85
07400000
b) For members in frames where side sway is prevented and not subject to
20400000
transverse loading between their supports in the plane of bending:
01472585
95a00000
21800000
01467585
95a00000
22c00000
01462585
frames where side sway is prevented in the plane of loading and subjected to transverse loading betwe
d against rotation Cm = 0.85 For members whose ends are unrestrained against rotation Cm = 1.0

as the applied moment;

tio = the ratio of end moment; = actual strut length.

a) Strength -The connection should be designed in such a way that the plastic moment
(Mp) of the members (or the weaker of the two members) will be developed. For straight
connections the critical or 'hinge' section is assumed at point H in Fig. 6 (a). For haunched
connections, the critical sections are assumed at R1 and R2, [Fig. 6 (b)].

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46
494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007c
e00020009000600310000616373704d5346540000000049454320735247420
000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000001163707274000001500000003364657363000
001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147
258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024
000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c40000008876756
5640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000
000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452430
000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080
c7465787400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776
c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000
4.6 Connections 1
00012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000001
2
2735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000000000
In a portal frame, points of maximum moments usually occur at connections. Further, at
corners the000000000000000000000000000
connections must accomplish the direction of forces change. Therefore, the design
of connections must assure that they are capable of developing and maintaining the required
4
moment until the frame fails by forming a mechanism.

The various types of connections that might be encountered in steel frame structures are
23
shown in Fig.5 25
6
There are four principal requirements, in design of a connection
1 Corner 4. Column Splice
2 Beam - column 5. Column Base
3 Beam- Girder 6. Miscellaneous
 ffd8ffe0
ffd8ffe0 ffd8ffe0001
00104a46
00104a46 04a4649460
4946000
49460001 001020100c
1020100c
020100c8 800c80000ff
800c8000
00c80000 e20c584943
Eq. 12 states that the 0ffe20c5
changeffe20c584
in angle between sections R1 and 435f50524f4
R2 as computed shall not be
8494343
greater than the curvature 943435f5
(rotation 6494c45000
per unit of length) times the equivalent length of the knee.
5f50524f
0524f464 10100000c4
46494c45
94c45000 84c696e6f02
0001010 1000006d6e
c) Rotation Capacity –10100000
The plastic rotation capacity at the connection hinge is adequate to
7472524742
assure that all necessary0000c484
c484c696
plastic hinges will form in the structure to enable failure mechanism
2058595a20
c696e6f0
e6f02100
and hence all connections should be proportioned to develop adequate rotation at plastic
07ce000200
hinges. 2100000
0006d6e7
0900060031
6d6e7472
47252474 0000616373
d) Economy - Extra 5247422
22058595 materials and labour required
connecting to achieve the connection
704d534654
058595a2
should be kept to a minimum. a2007ce0 0000000049
007ce000
00200090 4543207352
2000900
00600310 4742000000
0600310
00061637 0000000000
HAUNCHffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f0210
0006163
3704d534
00006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346540000000049454320735247420
POINT, H 0000000000
000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000000000000000000000
73704d5
65400000 00f6d60001
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001163707274000001500000003364657363000
3465400
00049454 00000000d3
001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0
0000004
32073524 2d48502020
000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c400000088767565
9454320
74200000 0000000000
640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465
6368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c74
7352474
00000000 0000000000
65787400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d7061
2000000
00000000 0000000000
6e790000646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735
0000000
0000000f 0000000000
247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000
6d600010 0000000000
0000000
0000000d 0000000000
0f6d6000
32d48502 0000000000
1000000
02000000 0000000000
00d32d4
00000000 0000000000
Fig.6 Designation
8502020 of Critical Sections in Straight 0000116370
00000000 and Haunched Sections
0000000
00000000 7274000001
5000000033
0000000
00000000
4.6.1 Straight Corner Connections:
6465736300
0000000
00000000
0001840000
0000000
In the case of unstiffened 00000000
corner connections, (Fig. 7) the design objective is to prevent
006c777470
yielding of the web due0000000 00000000
to shear force. For this the moment at 74000001f0
which the yielding commences
Fig. 5 Types of00000000
0000000Connections in Buildings Frames According to Their Function
due to shear force, Mh (t), given by Eq.13, should not be less than the plastic moment, Mp.
0000001462
Using the maximum shear 0000000
00000000
stress ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c58494
yield condition { EMBED Equation.3
6b70740000 } and assuming that the
b) Stiffness -Average unit
0000000 rotation
00000000 of the connecting region should not exceed that of an
3435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d
shear stress is uniformly distributed in the knee web, and that the flange carries all of the
0204000000
equivalent length of the0000000
beam being joined. The equivalent length is the length of the
6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006003100006163
flexural stress (Fig. 8), we 00000000
can get the value of Mh (t) as 147258595a
connection or haunch measured
0000000 along the frame line. Thus in Fig. 6(a).
73704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000
01163707 0000021800
0000000 00000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000
27400000 0000146758
DL = r1 + r2 0000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
15000000 595a000002
00000000000000000000000000000000000011637072740000
{ EMBED Equation.3 }0000000 03364657 2c00000014
This requirement reduces to36300000
0001163 the01500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001
following 6258595a00
7072740 f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218
18400000 0002400000
{ EMBED Equation.3 }0000150 000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000
06c77747 0014646d6e
where θh is the joint 0000003
d1 07400000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c40000
6400000254
rotation. 0088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000
0000007064
3646573
1f000000 P
246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c00000024
6d64640000
6300000
014626b7
74656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c67
02c4000000
1840000
07400000
5452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465
8876756564
006c7774
20400000
787400000000436f7079726967687420286329203139393820
7074000
01472585 0000034c00
4865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e790000
0000867669
001f0000
95a00000
64657363000000000000001273524742204945433631393636
0001462
21800000 6577000003
2d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049454336
d400000024
6b70740
01467585
313936362d322e310000000000000000000000000000000000
6c756d6900
0000204
95a00000
0000000000000000000036 -{PAGE }
 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c
80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c450
0010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74
725247422058595a2007ce0002000900060 F0
0310000616373704d53465400000000494
5432073524742000000000000000000000
0000000f6d6000100000000d32d48502020
0000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000011637072
7400000150000000336465736300000184 F1
0000006c77747074000001f000000014626
b707400000204000000147258595a00000
218000000146758595a0000022c0000001
46258595a0000024000000014646d6e640
000025400000070646d6464000002c4000
00088767565640000034c0000008676696
Fig.8 Forces 577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8
and Stresses Assumed to act on Unstiffened
Straight Corner Connection
000000146d6561730000040c0000002474
Relating this to Mp = fy Z 656368000004300000000c725452430000
to obtain the required web thickness given
by: { EMBED Equation.3 } 043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080
c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400
000000436f7079726967687420286329203
where Z is the smaller of the plastic section modulus of the members meeting at the joint.
1393938204865776c6574742d5061636b6
1726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300
If the knee web is deficient0000000000001273524742204945433631
in resisting the shear force, a diagonal stiffener may be used. (Fig.
9). Then the force F0 is made up of two parts, a force carried by the web in shear and a force
3936362d322e3100000000000000000000
transmitted at the end by the0012735247422049454336313936362d32
diagonal stiffener. i.e., Fo = Fweb + Fstiffener.
2e31000000000000000000000000000000 F0
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c5849434
35f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74
000000000000000000000000
725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704
d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000000
00000000f6d6000100000000d32d48502020000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000011637072740000015000000
03364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014
626b707400000204000000147258595a0000021800000014675
F
8595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e
1
640000025400000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640
000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d690000
03f8000000146d6561730000040c00000024746563680000043
00000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c00
00080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70
797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d506
1636b61726420436f6d70616e79000064657363000000000000
0012735247422049454336313936362d322e310000000000000
00000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 ffd8ffe000 ffd8ffe000104a4
104a464946 ffd8ffe000104a464
649460001020100
0001020100 9460001020100c800
c800c80000ffe20c
c800c80000 c80000ffe20c584943
584943435f50524
φφδ8φφε000104α46494
ffe20c5849 435f50524f46494c45
f46494c45000101
43435f5052 00010100000c484c6
00000c484c696e6
60001020100χ800χ8000
4f46494c45 96e6f021000006d6e
f021000006d6e74
0φφε20χ584943435φ505 74725247422058595
0001010000
24φ46494χ45000101000 725247422058595
0c484c696e a2007ce0002000900
a2007ce00020009
00χ484χ696ε6φ0210000 06003100006163737
6f02100000 000600310000616
06δ6ε7472524742205859
6d6e747252 04d53465400000000
373704d53465400
5α2007χε000200090006
4742205859 49454320735247420
000000494543207
00310000616373704δ534
5a2007ce00 00000000000000000
352474200000000
65400000000494543207
0200090006 0000000000f6d6000
000000000000000
0031000061 100000000d32d4850
00000f6d6000100
35247420000000000000
6373704d53 20200000000000000
000000d32d48502
000000000000000φ6δ60 00000000000000000
4654000000 020000000000000
00100000000δ32δ485020 00000000000000000
0049454320 000000000000000
20000000000000000000
When both web 00000000000000000
and000000000000000
7352474200 diagonal stiffener have reached the yield
00000000000000000000
0000000000 00000000000000000
000000000000000
Fo = f 00000000000001163
00000000000000000000
condition3 d +d
y
y ss2
td2 d (15)
0000000000 000000000000000
1 2 70727400000150000
00000000000000000000
000000f6d6 000000000000000
where00000000000000001163
bs and t0001000000
s are the
00033646573630000
000000011637072
sum of the width and the thickness of the diagonal stiffeners provided
on both 00d32d4850
the sides of the web. 01840000006c77747
740000015000000
70727400000150000000 074000001f0000000
2020000000
33646573630000018400 033646573630000
0000000000 14626b70740000020
The available moment01840000006c777
00006χ77747074000001 capacity of this connection type is thus given by:
0000000000 4000000147258595a
47074000001f000
φ000000014626β707400 00000218000000146
¬0000000000 000014626b70740
00020400000014725859
dd 758595a0000022c00
Mh = f yd2 t 0000000000
11 000020400000014
ss 0000146258595a000
5α000002180000001467
0000000000
3 7258595a0000021
22
d12+ d
≡
58595α0000022χ000000
0000000000 0024000000014646d
800000014675859 ⇓
0000000000 6e640000025400000
5a0000022c00000
146258595α0000024000
The required thickness of diagonal stiffeners in corner connections, ts that would ensure the
0000000000 070646d6464000002
0146258595a0000
000014646δ6ε640000025
moment as governed byc4000000887675656shear resistance of the corner (Mh) which is greater than the plastic
0000000011
400000070646δ64640000 024000000014646
moment capacity Mp = Z40000034c00000086
fy is obtained from
6370727400 d6e640000025400
02χ40000008876756564 76696577000003d40
0001500000 000070646d64640
{ EMBED Equation.3 } (17)
0000034χ000000867669 00000246c756d6900
0033646573 00002c400000088
6577000003δ4000000246
6300000184 0003f8000000146d6
767565640000034
χ756δ69000003φ800000
0000006c77 561730000040c0000
c00000086766965
4.6.2 Haunched
0146δ6561730000040χ0
7470740000 00247465636800000
Connections
77000003d400000
01f0000000 4300000000c725452
0246c756d690000
00000247465636800000
Some of the typical 14626b7074 430000043c0000080
haunched connections are shown in Fig. 10. Haunched connections are to
03f8000000146d6
4300000000χ725452430 c675452430000043c
be proportioned to develop
0000020400 plastic moment at the junction between the rolled steel section and
561730000040c00
000043χ0000080χ67545
the haunch. In0000147258 0000080c625452430
order to000024746563680
force formation of hinge at the end of a tapered haunch (Fig. 10), make
2430000043χ0000080χ6
the flange thickness 595a000002 000043c0000080c74
in00004300000000c
the haunch, to be 50 percent greater than that of section joined. Check
25452430000043χ00000
the shear resistance 65787400000000436
of725452430000043
1800000014 the web to ensure Mp governs the strength.
80χ74657874000000004
6758595a00 f7079726967687420
c0000080c675452
36φ70797269676874202
00022c0000 28632920313939382
430000043c00000
0014625859 04865776c6574742d
80c625452430000
86329203139393820486
5a00000240 5061636b617264204
043c0000080c746
5776χ6574742δ5061636 36f6d70616e790000
0000001464
β61726420436φ6δ70616 578740000000043
6d6e640000 64657363000000000
6f7079726967687
ε79000064657363000000 00000127352474220
0254000000 420286329203139
00000000127352474220
70646d6464 49454336313936362
3938204865776c6
49454336313936362δ322
000002c400 d322e310000000000
574742d5061636b
ε31000000000000000000
0000887675 00000000000012735
61726420436f6d7
00001273524742204945
6564000003 24742204945433631
0616e7900006465
4c00000086 3936362d322e31000
736300000000000
4336313936362δ322ε310
7669657700 00000000000000000
000127352474220
00000000000000000000 00000000000000000
0003d40000 494543363139363
00000000000000000000 00000000000000000
00246c756d 62d322e31000000
00000000000001 +(16) f .b .t
 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f4649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(a) (b)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(c) (d)
000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c000
0080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f5052
d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247422049454
4f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e7472524742205859
336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322
5a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d534654000000004945432
e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d48
5020200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001163707274000001
500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f0000000146
26b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000
022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e64000002540000007
0646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c000000867669657700
0003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c00000
02474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c67545243
0000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436
f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b
61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247422
049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422
049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000
 4.6.3 Interior Beam to Column Connections

Typical interior beam-column connections are shown in Fig. 11.

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6
f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346540000000049454320
735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d48502020000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000116370727400000150
0000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a0
0000218000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400000254000000706
46d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f800
0000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c6754524300
00043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967687420286329203139393
8204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247422049
454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
(a) Top (b) Side (c) Interior

Fig.11 Beam to column connections of (a) Top, (b) Side, and (c) Interior Type

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484
c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346540000
000049454320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b
707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024
000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676
696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000
4300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c
7465787400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726
420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e310000
00000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000
 The function of the ‘Top’ and the ‘Interior’ connections is to transmit moment from the left to
the right beam, the column carrying any unbalanced moment. The ‘side’ connection transmits
beam moment to upper and lower columns. The beam -column connection should have
sufficient stiffening material so that it can transmit the desired moment (usually the plastic
moment Mp) without the shear strength of the corner governing the design.

In an unstiffened beam-to-column connection, the concentrated force, Tf, from the beam
flange, which the column web can sustain, is given by Eq.18 (a). (Fig.12)

The reaction width is equal to the column web thickness, wc.

{ EMBED Equation.3 }

where Afb, Tfb are area and thickness of the beam flange, twc is the thickness of the column
web and kc is the distance to the roof of the column web. Thus, { EMBED Equation.3 } (18b)

which gives the required minimum column web thickness to develop the plastic moment in
the beam, without stiffening the corner.

If the column web thickness does not meet the requirement for preventing the column web
from buckling, stiffeners may be provided (Fig.13). In that case, the plastic moment (Mp) will
be acting at the end of the beam, and the thrust T from the beam flange should be balanced by
the strength of the web (Tw) and of the stiffener plate (Ts) or

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100
000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006003100006163737
04d5346540000000049454320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d600010000000
0d32d48502020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000116370727400000150000000336465736300000184000
0006c77747074000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a0000021800000014
6758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d
6464000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69
000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c7254524300000
43c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c746578740000000043
6f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d706
16e790000646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000
000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000sy T = fy. Ab /2
1

T = Tw + Ts (19) where Tw = force resisted by the column web = fy twc (Tf + 5kc

) Ts = force resisted by stiffener plate = fy.ts.bs and T = fy . Afb (20) If ‘flange’ stiffeners are

used for reinforcement, their required thickness of the stiffener is

given by:

{ EMBED EQUATION.3 }

where b is the width of the stiffener on each side of the web.

5.0 STRUCTURAL DUCTILITY

Ordinary structural grade steel for bridges and buildings may be used with modifications,
when needed, to ensure weldability and toughness at lowest service temperature.

Fabrication processes should be such as to promote ductility. Sheared edges and punched holes
in tension flanges are not permitted. Punched and reamed holes for connecting devices would
be permitted if the reaming removes the cold-worked material.

In design, triaxial states of tensile stress set up by geometrical restraints should be avoided.

6.0 SUMMARY

The analysis, design of members and connections in steel portal frames encountered
in single storey industrial buildings was discussed. Example problem is illustrated
in the appendix to this chapter.

7.0 REFERENCES

1IS800:1984 Code of practice for use of structural steel in general building

construction.
2SP:6 (6) – 1972, “Handbook for Structural Engineers Application of Plastic Theory
in Design of Steel Structures”