This article discusses the wireless technologies for the safety and security of the deep sea,

including ship-to-shore radios, GPS-tracking solutions and RFID transponders

Fig. 1: SWiCOM (Credit: WFS Technologies)

Wireless technologies have made their way into deep sea applications. According to
Brendan Hyland, chairman, WFS technologies Ltd, sub-sea Internet of Things (IoT) is a
network of smart, wireless sensors and devices configured to provide actionable
operational intelligence such as performance, condition and diagnostic information.

Sambit Sengupta, associate director – field applications, Avnet India, adds, “The best
wireless technology possible today is through a complicated network of satellites and
multi-hop systems. Within ships and submarines, infrastructure can support local wireless
networks. But with the outside world, there has to be a mixture of acoustics and radio
technology with good satellite-based communication.”

Underwater wireless communication systems

Ship-to-shore radios, global positioning system (GPS)-tracking solutions, radio frequency
identification (RFID) transponders for freight monitoring and marine radars are the
various forms of wireless communication used underwater. These extend real-time
communication to personnel, vehicles and sensors in the most challenging environments.
Optical signals are used for high-speed, short-range water communication in mild
environments. Whereas, acoustics are used for long-range communication in controlled
environments. There must be a combination of radio and acoustic technologies to achieve
efficient wireless communication under deep sea.

For example, Seatooth Hybrid is a wireless underwater communication system that uses
optical, acoustic and RF electromagnetic carrier signals. Its features are:

 Acoustic data rates: 500bps and 1200bps

 Data rates for radio: 500bps, 1.2kbps and 2.4kbps
 Optical data rates: 10Mbps and 100Mbps
 Depth rate: 200 metres
 Operating temperature: -10°C to +60°C
 Data interfaces: RS232 and RS485

Acoustic transmission

Sound travels far in water and, hence, underwater loudspeakers and hydrophones can
cover larger distances. Sonic communication equipment are generally placed in the
seabed that is frequently travelled by submarines. These are connected to land stations by
underwater communication cables. Submarines hiding near such devices can stay in
contact with their headquarters. Gertrude, which is an underwater telephone, can also be
used to communicate with submarines.

Very low frequency (3kHz – 30kHz) transmission

This can penetrate seawater approximately 20 metres deep. A submarine at shallow depth
can use these frequencies, while a vessel more deeply submerged might need a buoy
equipped with an antenna on a long cable. The buoy rises to a few metres below the
surface, and is small enough to remain undetected by enemy sonar and radar.
Extremely low frequency transmission

Electromagnetic waves (3Hz – 300Hz) can penetrate seawater to the depths of hundreds
of metres, allowing signals to be sent to submarines at their operating depths.

Wireless technologies for diver automation

Seatooth LightRope is a smart, sub-sea wireless identification and location solution for
divers and remotely-operated underwater vehicles (ROVs). It has a unique fibre-lighting
system that offers a solution for challenging and hazardous sub-sea environments. It
provides positive identification of structures, locations and umbilicals.

For example, when Seatooth LightRope is used by a diver, the ROV automatically
switches on when the diver or ROV is five metres away. Its communication range
through seawater is 500 metres and 3000 metres deep, with standard operating
temperature of -0°C to +40°C.

Seatooth Wireless Communication and Control System (SWiCOM) is a secure and

resilient underwater C4ISR solution for divers. It provides bi-direction support through
water/air text communication up to nine metres. It supports remote sensor data
exfiltration and communication with unmanned aerial vehicles.

SWiCOM can also help monitor the diver’s core body temperature, wirelessly control
jetboots and correct inertial navigation system.

Wireless personal area network (wPAN) supports a broad range of sensors and
propulsion systems. It provides a bandwidth of 1.2kbps – 2.4kbps user-selectable range,
through seawater up to seven metres, with standard operating temperature of -10ºC to
+60ºC. Data interfaces are RS232 and RS485, with storage capability of 16MB.
 Fig. 2: Wirelessly monitoring diver
core body temperature (Credit: WFS Technologies)

Wireless technologies for safety above the deep

sea
Static pressure monitoring on offshore platforms is needed to monitor the pressure of the
gas well remotely. It reduces maintenance cost and increases the safety of maintenance
personnel. It also eliminates visits to the platforms for monitoring pressure. Also, it
increases productivity due to early detection of pressure changes.

Remote leak detection for pipelines is needed to ensure safety, by monitoring oil leaks. It
also lowers the burden on the environment by avoiding pollution. Facilities and personnel
safety are also taken care of. Installation costs are reduced, since there is no need for
cabling and anti-theft measures for cables.

Achieving the above with long-range wireless communication is difficult without

repeaters, as it is not possible to place the repeaters between offshore platforms. There is
a need to deal with height pattern variance, which is caused by tidal level changes.

Height pattern is the relationship between the height of antenna and signal strength. This
pattern is generated by an interaction between radio waves arriving through different
paths. Height pattern variation at offshore platforms is caused due to radio waves through
a direct path and reflected on sea surface. Height pattern at offshore platforms changes
periodically, as relative height of the antenna from sea surface varies with tidal levels.

Ajoy Kumar, deputy general manager – field instruments business division, Yokogawa
India Ltd, says, “Our solution for monitoring pressure is a plant-wide field wireless
system that consists of YFGW710 (wireless integrated gateway), YFGW510 (wireless
temperature transmitter), EJX530B (wireless pressure transmitter) and YFGW410
(wireless management station).

“Battery-operated pressure transmitters are used, which means there is no need for an
electric power source at the well platform. Two access points are installed at different
heights to prevent height pattern variance. A high-gain antenna and remote antenna cable
are used for remote leak detection for onshore pipelines.”

Other solutions for wireless communication for

ships and submarines
For better connectivity and faster wireless device processing, dual-band transmission-
balanced antennae combine ground-plane independence with high-radiation efficiency.
This reduces engineering resources and costs needed to mitigate PCB ground-induced
radiation. High radiation efficiency with a 34.90mm x 9mm strip antenna offers total
efficiency values of at least 75 per cent minimum in 2.4GHz band and at least 70 per cent
minimum in 5GHz band.

A base transceiver station (BTS) is designed for both point-to-point and point-to-
multipoint network applications. The software engine allows the BTS to provide a user-
friendly graphical user interface with installation tools for site survey, antenna alignment,
delayed reboot and so on. It is compatible with the wireless network management system.

BTS Max by Maksat Technologies is a 5GHz point-to-multipoint product with superior

performance for building long-distance links, super high power OFDM and 2×2 MIMO
diversity 5.8GHz links. It is equipped with extreme output power up to 29dBm and
802.11n radio.

An integrated communications control system provides secure and reliable

communication for any type of warship, from patrol boats to submarines. It enables
efficient control and management of the ship’s overall communication, featuring internal
and external communication equipment, remote control with real-time status monitoring
and gateway to combat management system. It is composed of the following:

1. Network-centric switches that provide necessary digital and analogue interfaces for non-
IP communication devices
2. Multi-functional units to reduce ship’s cabling
3. Management terminals for enabling a single operator to fully control and supervise the
system, through user-friendly human-machine interface
 4. Network access unit for providing digital and analogue interfaces as required by
communication system components; responsible for switching and signal distribution
functions

TWH-101N by EID marine wireless headset has a compact radio unit and headset, which
is used with voice and user terminals. Its main features include:

1. Simultaneous operation of external and internal circuits

2. Encrypted communication with voice/user terminals
3. Up to 64 users (reception)
4. Spread spectrum technology based on 2.4GHz
5. RF output power of -1dBm up to +24dBm

Challenges in designing underwater acoustic and

sensor networks
Mohit Kumar Chauhan, manager – pre-sales, Maksat Technologies, explains the
challenges in designing underwater acoustic and sensor networks, “Battery power is
limited and, usually, batteries cannot be recharged. This is also because solar energy
cannot be exploited. Available bandwidth is severely limited, too. Long and variable
propagation delays, high bit-error rates, multi-path and fading are other problems. Also,
underwater sensors fail because of fouling, corrosion and other such issues.”
 Fig. 3: Static
pressure monitoring on offshore platform (Credit: Yokogawa India Ltd)
Some other challenges are:

1. Underwater sensors are expensive.

2. Underwater network deployment is deemed to be sparse.
3. Underwater network readings are often not correlated due to longer distances between
sensors.
4. Higher power is needed in underwater communication, due to longer distances and
complex signal processing at receivers.
5. Radio waves do not travel efficiently in salty water.