CHAPTER 1

OVERIEW OF PROJECT

1.1 INTRODUCTION
In this modern, fast moving and insecure world, it has become a basic necessity to be
aware of one’s safety. Maximum risks occur in situations wherein an employee travels for
money transactions. Also the Company to which he belongs should be aware if there is some
problem. There is a real necessity in designing a system that can track the vehicle and send the
information about the vehicle to the concerned person.
According to ancient Greek scripts BIOMETRICS means study of life. Biometrics
studies commonly include fingerprint, face, iris, voice, signature, and hand geometry
recognition and verification. Many other modalities are in various stages of development and
assessment. Among these available biometric traits, Finger Print proves to be one of the best
traits providing good mismatch ratio and also reliable. The present scenario to operate a bank
locker is with locks which are having keys. By this we can’t say that we are going to provide
good security to our lockers. To provide perfect security and to make our work easier, we are
taking the help of two different technologies viz. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS and BIOMETRICS.
Firstly discussing about Biometrics we are concentrating on Fingerprint scanning. For
this, we are using FIM 3030N high voltage module as a scanner. This module has in-built ROM,
DSP and RAM. In this, we can store the fingerprints of up to 1000 users. This module can
operate in 2 modes i.e., Master mode and User mode. We will be using Master mode to register
the fingerprints which will be stored in the ROM present on the scanner with a unique id.
This application will be mostly used in organizations, banks etc. The persons who are the
employees of that particular organization will be asked to scan their images for the first time
they enter into the organization. After that, whenever the employee tries to enter into the
organization, he has to scan his image to prove that he is an authorized person to the
organization. Thus, the fingerprint module scans the image and sends it to the microcontroller.
The microcontroller reads the image, compares the image with the already stored images in the
database. If the scanned image matches the stored image, If it is not matched Whenever anyone
tries to unlock or take away the vehicle, immediately a message and location will be sent to the
user mobile. The user, after checking the message, can respond immediately to save his vehicle.
1
Even when the user tries to unlock or lock the vehicle, a message and location will be sent to his
mobile. Thus, he may ignore the message in this case.
The system that functions as a tracking and a security system has been designed that uses
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). This system can deal with both pace and
security. The VMSS (Vehicle Monitoring and Security System) is a vehicle tracking system that
is used for security applications as well. Thus, the complete data related to the vehicle is
available at the controlling unit. This information is sent to the owner or to the concerned person
using a GSM modem. This GSM modem has an antenna too. The information about the vehicle
can also be displayed on LCD. The user can lock or unlock the vehicle by sending a predefined
message to the controlling unit fixed to the vehicle. Thus, the motor of the vehicle can be started
or stopped according to the message received from the user mobile.

Radio frequency
identification (RFID)
technology is a non-contact
method of item
identification based on the
use of radio waves to
communicate data about an
item between
a tag and a reader. It uses
the unlicensed spectrum
2
space of the
electromagnetic radio wave
frequency and this band is
the Industrial Scientific
Medical (ISM) range [1]. It
was introduced
back in the 1960s but has
taken long to become a
mainstream technology [2].
This is
attributed to the fact that
RFID is not as cheap as the
traditional labelling
technologies like
the barcode, though it
offers added value in read
3
rates and data storage per
label. Stanford,
[3] propounds that
considering an Electronic
Product Code (EPC) tag is
underestimating its
capabilities. An EPC tag can
contain data amounting up
to 96 bytes, for example,
the GID-96
hexadecimal coded EPC [3].
The technology originated
from the military to identify
aircraft
as friend or foe and is now
used in race timing,
4
manufacturing processes,
animal tracking
and in the supply chain [5].
The technology can also be
used in toll collection at toll
gates
and this enables the
tracking of vehicles as well
as the goods they carry, in
real time.
Location tests done prove
that RFID is the best
technology for tracking
items in motion [5].
The technology enables
remote storage and
5
retrieval of data [7] and
this is why
developments towards
wireless identification point
towards low-bandwidth
systems like RFID
[8].
The RFID data is stored on
tags which respond to the
reader by transforming the
energy of
radio frequency queries
from the reader (or
transceiver), and sending
back the information
they enclose. A computer
hosting a specific RFID
6
application pilots the reader
and processes
the data it sends. The
ability of RFID to read
objects in motion and out of
the line-of-sight is
its major advantage. The
tags can be read under
harsh conditions of
temperature, chemicals
and high pressure [7].
RFID has the potential to
change an organization’s
ability to get real time
information on the
location of asserts and even
personnel. The use of RFID
7
technology reduces
operational costs
by reducing the need for
human operators in
systems that collect
information and in revenue
collection. In
manufacturing, a tagged
product or part can be
traced and this gives better
visibility and the
bottlenecks in automated
manufacturing processes
can be easily identified
[5].
The product presented in
this paper is an investment
8
in logistics. As goods are
transported,
the senders and the
receivers are interested in
knowing the location of the
transporter in
order to plan accordingly.
This information can be
accessible to the
stakeholders in real time
if a network of RFID
enabled tollgates is put in
place. This is achieved by
building a network
of RFID systems referred to
as an EPC network. A
9
complete EPC network
consists of the RFID
hardware connected to a
backbone network of
application servers and web
servers [9]. The
information acquired from
RFID hardware can be
transferred to the
interested parties
without delay through the
EPC network. The product
discussed in this paper
reduces delays
that may happen if hard
cash is used at tollgates. A
10
prepaid system ensures
that a paid up
vehicle does not have to
stop at a tollgate. The
sensor is positioned at a
position where it
can read the information
about a vehicle before it
reaches the physical barrier
and if it is
paid up, the barrier opens
and the vehicle will pass.
Such a product eliminates
the need to
pay cash at the tollgate and
this is very safe and
11
convenient. The product
described in the
paper uses a mechanical
boom gate which receives
instructions from a
microcontroller. The
instruction from the
microcontroller is
dependent on the status of
the vehicle’s account as
reported from the RFID
system.
Radio frequency
identification (RFID)
technology is a non-contact
method of item
12
identification based on the
use of radio waves to
communicate data about an
item between
a tag and a reader. It uses
the unlicensed spectrum
space of the
electromagnetic radio wave
frequency and this band is
the Industrial Scientific
Medical (ISM) range [1]. It
was introduced
back in the 1960s but has
taken long to become a
mainstream technology [2].
This is
13
attributed to the fact that
RFID is not as cheap as the
traditional labelling
technologies like
the barcode, though it
offers added value in read
rates and data storage per
label. Stanford,
[3] propounds that
considering an Electronic
Product Code (EPC) tag is
underestimating its
capabilities. An EPC tag can
contain data amounting up
to 96 bytes, for example,
the GID-96
14
hexadecimal coded EPC [3].
The technology originated
from the military to identify
aircraft
as friend or foe and is now
used in race timing,
manufacturing processes,
animal tracking
and in the supply chain [5].
The technology can also be
used in toll collection at toll
gates
and this enables the
tracking of vehicles as well
as the goods they carry, in
real time.
15
Location tests done prove
that RFID is the best
technology for tracking
items in motion [5].
The technology enables
remote storage and
retrieval of data [7] and
this is why
developments towards
wireless identification point
towards low-bandwidth
systems like RFID
[8].
The RFID data is stored on
tags which respond to the
reader by transforming the
energy of
16
radio frequency queries
from the reader (or
transceiver), and sending
back the information
they enclose. A computer
hosting a specific RFID
application pilots the reader
and processes
the data it sends. The
ability of RFID to read
objects in motion and out of
the line-of-sight is
its major advantage. The
tags can be read under
harsh conditions of
temperature, chemicals
and high pressure [7].
17
RFID has the potential to
change an organization’s
ability to get real time
information on the
location of asserts and even
personnel. The use of RFID
technology reduces
operational costs
by reducing the need for
human operators in
systems that collect
information and in revenue
collection. In
manufacturing, a tagged
product or part can be
traced and this gives better
18
visibility and the
bottlenecks in automated
manufacturing processes
can be easily identified
[5].
The product presented in
this paper is an investment
in logistics. As goods are
transported,
the senders and the
receivers are interested in
knowing the location of the
transporter in
order to plan accordingly.
This information can be
accessible to the
stakeholders in real time
19
if a network of RFID
enabled tollgates is put in
place. This is achieved by
building a network
of RFID systems referred to
as an EPC network. A
complete EPC network
consists of the RFID
hardware connected to a
backbone network of
application servers and web
servers [9]. The
information acquired from
RFID hardware can be
transferred to the
interested parties
20
without delay through the
EPC network. The product
discussed in this paper
reduces delays
that may happen if hard
cash is used at tollgates. A
prepaid system ensures
that a paid up
vehicle does not have to
stop at a tollgate. The
sensor is positioned at a
position where it
can read the information
about a vehicle before it
reaches the physical barrier
and if it is
21
paid up, the barrier opens
and the vehicle will pass.
Such a product eliminates
the need to
pay cash at the tollgate and
this is very safe and
convenient. The product
described in the
paper uses a mechanical
boom gate which receives
instructions from a
microcontroller. The
instruction from the
microcontroller is
dependent on the status of
the vehicle’s account as
22
reported from the RFID
system.

CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused job.
Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax machine, mobile
phone etc. are examples of embedded systems. Each of these appliances will have a processor
and special hardware to meet the specific requirement of the application along with the
embedded software that is executed by the processor for meeting that specific requirement. The
embedded software is also called “firm ware”. The desktop/laptop computer is a general purpose
computer. You can use it for a variety of applications such as playing games, word processing,
accounting, software development and so on. In contrast, the software in the embedded systems
is always fixed listed below:

23
· Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do different things. .
Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory. Generally, they do not
have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have
to work against some deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a specific time. In
some embedded systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a
deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property. Embedded systems are
constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate through a battery, the power
consumption has to be very low.
· Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very
high temperatures and humidity.
Overview of Embedded System Architecture
Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing
Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The
software residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system
architecture can be represented as a layered architecture as shown in Fig.
The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above the
operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop

computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating
system in every embedded system. For small appliances such as remote control units, air
conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system and you can write only the
software specific to that application.

24
For applications involving complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In
such a case, you need to integrate the application software with the operating system and then
transfer the entire software on to the memory chip. Once the software is transferred to the
memory chip, the software will continue to run for a long time you don’t need to reload new
software.
Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded
system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are;
· Central Processing Unit (CPU)
· Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)
· Input Devices
· Output devices
· Communication interfaces
· Application-specific circuitry

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: microcontroller,
microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-cost processor. Its
main attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other components such as memory,
serial communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc. So, for small applications, a
micro-controller is the best choice as the number of external components required will be very
less. On the other hand, microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use many external
components with them. D5P is used mainly for applications in which signal processing is
involved such as audio and video processing.
25
Memory:
The memory is categorized as Random Access 11emory (RAM) and Read Only Memory
(ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas
ROM retains the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the
ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is program is
executed.

Input devices:
Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability.
There will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded system is no
easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to give a
specific command. A keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many embedded systems used
in process control do not have any input device for user interaction; they take inputs from sensors
or transducers 1’fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other systems.

Output devices:
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some embedded
systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of the system
modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) may also be
used to display some important parameters.

Communication interfaces:
The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may have to
transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided with one or a
few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE
1394, Ethernet etc.

Application-specific circuitry:
Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an embedded
system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to carry out the
26
necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either through the 230 volts
main supply or through a battery. The hardware has to design in such a way that the power
consumption is minimized.

Following are the advantages of Embedded Systems:

1. They are designed to do a specific task and have real time performance constraints which
must be met.
2. They allow the system hardware to be simplified so costs are reduced.
3. They are usually in the form of small computerized parts in larger devices which serve a
general purpose.
2.1Application Areas

Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded systems. The embedded
system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very market
segment- consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical
engineering, wireless communication, data communication, telecommunications, transportation,
military and so on.

2.1.1 Consumer appliances At home we use a number of embedded systems which include
digital camera, digital diary, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for
TV and air-conditioner, VCO player, video game consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-
tech car has about 20 embedded systems for transmission control, engine spark control, air-
conditioning, navigation etc. Even wristwatches are now becoming embedded systems. The
palmtops are powerful embedded systems using which we can carry out many general-purpose
tasks such as playing games and word processing.

2.1.2 Office automation: The office automation products using em embedded systems are
copying machine, fax machine, key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.

2.1.3 Industrial automation: Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process
control. These include pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity
generation and transmission. The embedded systems for industrial use are designed to carry out
specific tasks such as monitoring the temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and
27
then take appropriate action based on the monitored levels to control other devices or to send
information to a centralized monitoring station. In hazardous industrial environment, where
human presence has to be avoided, robots are used, which are programmed to do specific jobs.
The robots are now becoming very powerful and carry out many interesting and complicated
tasks such as hardware assembly.

2.1.4 Medical electronics: Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded
system. These equipments include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring
devices, X-ray scanners; equipment used in blood analysis, radiation, colonoscopy, endoscopy
etc. Developments in medical electronics have paved way for more accurate diagnosis of
diseases.

2.1.5 Computer networking: Computer networking products such as bridges, routers,

Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and
frame relay switches are embedded systems which implement the necessary data
communication protocols. For example, a router interconnects two networks. The two networks
may be running different protocol stacks. The router’s function is to obtain the data packets
from incoming pores, analyze the packets and send them towards the destination after doing
necessary protocol conversion. Most networking equipments, other than the end systems
(desktop computers) we use to access the networks, are embedded systems

2.1.6 Telecommunications: In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be

categorized as subscriber terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as
key telephones, ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The
network equipment includes multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers
Dissemblers (PADs), satel1ite modems etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the
latest embedded systems that provide very low-cost voice communication over the Internet.

2.1.7 Wireless technologies: Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many
interesting applications using embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the
last decade of the 20th century. It is a very powerful embedded system that provides voice
communication while we are on the move. The Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops can
now be used to access multimedia services over the Internet. Mobile communication
28
infrastructure such as base station controllers, mobile switching centers are also powerful
embedded systems.

2.1.8 Insemination: Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific
and engineering activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure
parameters such as weight, temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are all
embedded systems. Test equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer,
protocol analyzer, radio communication test set etc. are embedded systems built around
powerful processors. Thank to miniaturization, the test and measuring equipment are now
becoming portable facilitating easy testing and measurement in the field by field-personnel.

2.1.9 Security: Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to
protect our homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and store. Developing
embedded systems for security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays.
Security devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for authentication and verification are embedded
systems. Encryption devices are nearly 99 per cent of the processors that are manufactured end
up in~ embedded systems. Embedded systems find applications in every industrial segment-
consumer electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing, process
control and industrial automation, data communication, telecommunication, defense, security
etc. Used to encrypt the data/voice being transmitted on communication links such as telephone
lines. Biometric systems using fingerprint and face recognition are now being extensively used
for user authentication in banking applications as well as for access control in high security
buildings.

2.1.10 Finance: Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for
transactions using smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time
Money) machines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and
memory; and it interacts with the smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic
wallet. Smart card technology has the capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list
goes on. It is no exaggeration to say that eyes wherever we go, we can see, or at least feel, the
work of an embedded system.

29
 CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

This chapter briefly explains about the Hardware Implementation of the project. It discusses the
design and working of the design with the help of block diagram and circuit diagram and
explanation of circuit diagram in detail. It explains the features, timer programming, serial
communication, interrupts of Arduino UNO microcontroller. It also explains the various modules
used in this project.

3.1 Project Design

The implementation of the project design can be divided in two parts.

 Hardware implementation
30
  Firmware implementation

Hardware implementation deals in drawing the schematic on the plane paper according to the
application, testing the schematic design over the breadboard using the various IC’s to find if the
design meets the objective, carrying out the PCB layout of the schematic tested on breadboard,
finally preparing the board and testing the designed hardware.

The project design and principle are explained in this chapter using the block diagram and circuit
diagram. The block diagram discusses about the required components of the design and working
condition is explained using circuit diagram and system wiring diagram.

INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

Based on the Processor side Embedded Systems is mainly divided into 3 types

1. Micro Processor : - are for general purpose eg: our personal computer

2. Micro Controller:- are for specific applications, because of cheaper cost we will go for these

3. DSP ( Digital Signal Processor ):- are for high and sensitive application purpose

MICROCONTROLLER VERSUS MICROPROCESSOR

A system designer using a general-purpose microprocessor such as the Pentium or the 68040
must add RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers externally to make them functional. Although the
addition of external RAM, ROM, and I/O ports makes these systems bulkier and much more
expensive, they have the advantage of versatility such that the designer can decide on the amount
of RAM, ROM and I/O ports needed to fit the task at hand.

A Microcontroller has a CPU (a microprocessor) in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM,

I/O ports, and a timer all on a single chip. In other words, the processor, the RAM, ROM, I/O
ports and the timer are all embedded together on one chip; therefore, the designer cannot add any
external memory, I/O ports, or timer to it. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, and number
of I/O ports in Microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space
are critical.

31
 Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microprocessor Microcontroller

CPU is stand alone RAM, RAM, I/O, CPU,RAM,ROM,I/O and timer are all on a
timer are separate single chip

Designer can decide on the amount of Fix amount of on chip ROM, RAM, I/O
ROM, RAM and I/O ports. Ports.

Expansive, Versatility For applications in which cost, power and

space are critical

General purpose Single purpose

Table: 3.1 Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

3.2 Schematic Diagram of the Project

32
 Fig 3.1 Schematic Diagram of Proposed System

The brief description of blocks/components used in the proposed system are presented below:

3.3 Power Supply

33
 The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e.,
230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The
output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage,
the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even
after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc
voltage.

Fig: 3.2 Power supply

Transformer:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are
5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the
mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a
transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required
level.

Rectifier:
34
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The
rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used
because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load
is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point
changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project,
power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812
voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers
05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels.

Fig: 3.3 Power supply circuit diagram

3.4 ARDUINO

35
Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits
for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the
physical and digital world. The project's products are distributed as open-source hardware and
software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU
General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software
distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form or as
do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped
with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are
also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically
programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition
to using traditional compiler tool chains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.

The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction Design Institute
Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy. Aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to
create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common
examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and
motion detectors.

The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project
used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of
Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

3.4.1 Features

1. High Performance, Low Power Atmel®AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller Family

• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 131 Powerful Instructions
– Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
36
 – Fully Static Operation
– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
– 32KBytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program
2. Memory
– 1KBytes EEPROM
– 2KBytes Internal SRAM
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
– Data Retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
• In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
• True Read-While-Write Operation
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• Atmel® QTouch® Library Support
– Capacitive Touch Buttons, Sliders and Wheels
– QTouch and QMatrix® Acquisition
– Up to 64 sense channels
3. Atmel-42735B-ATmega328/P_Datasheet_Complete-11/2016
• Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and
Capture Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Six PWM Channels
– 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
• Temperature Measurement
– 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package
• Temperature Measurement
– Two Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– One Programmable Serial USART
– One Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2C compatible)
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– One On-chip Analog Comparator
– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
• Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-
down, Standby, and
4. Extended Standby
• I/O and Packages
37
 – 23 Programmable I/O Lines
– 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN/MLF and 32-pad QFN/MLF
• Operating Voltage:
– 1.8 - 5.5V
• Temperature Range:
– -40°C to 105°C
• Speed Grade:
– 0 - 4MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V
– 0 - 10MHz @ 2.7 - 5.5V
– 0 - 20MHz @ 4.5 - 5.5V
• Power Consumption at 1MHz, 1.8V, 25°C
– Active Mode: 0.2mA
– Power-down Mode: 0.1μA
– Power-save Mode: 0.75μA (Including 32kHz RTC)

HISTORY OF ARDUINO:

The Arduino project started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy. At that
time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $50, a considerable expense
for many students. In 2003 Hernando Barragán created the development platform Wiring as a
Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas, who are
known for work on the Processing language. The project goal was to create simple, low cost
tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed
circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega168 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and
library functions to easily program the microcontroller In 2003, Massimo Banzi, with David
Mellis, another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, added support for the cheaper ATmega8
microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of continuing the work on Wiring, they forked the project
and renamed it Arduino.

The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igre,
Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis, but Barragán was not invited to participate.

Following the completion of the Wiring platform, lighter and less expensive versions were
distributed in the open-source community.

38
Adafruit Industries, a New York City supplier of Arduino boards, parts, and assemblies,
estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially produced, and
in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.

In October 2016, Federico Musto, Arduino's former CEO, secured a 50% ownership of the
company. In April 2017, Wired reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic record.... On
his company's website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on Italian business documents,
Musto was until recently listed as holding a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
In some cases, his biography also claimed an MBA from New York University." Wired reported
that neither University had any record of Musto's attendance, and Musto later admitted in an
interview with Wired that he had never earned those degrees.

1. Around that same time, Massimo Banzi announced that the Arduino Foundation would
be "a new beginning for Arduino."But a year later, the Foundation still hasn't been
established, and the state of the project remains unclear.

The controversy surrounding Musto continued when, in July 2017, he reportedly pulled
many Open source licenses, schematics, and code from the Arduino website, prompting scrutiny
and outcry.[11]

In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with ARM Holdings (ARM). The
announcement said, in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino ...
without any lock-in with the ARM architecture.” Arduino intends to continue to work with all
technology vendors and architectures.

In early 2008, the five cofounders of the Arduino project created a company, Arduino LLC, to
hold the trademarks associated with Arduino. The manufacture and sale of the boards was to be
done by external companies, and Arduino LLC would get a royalty from them. The founding
bylaws of Arduino LLC specified that each of the five founders transfer ownership of the
Arduino brand to the newly formed company.

At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's company, Smart Projects, registered the Arduino
trademark in Italy and kept this a secret from the other cofounders for about two years. This was
revealed when the Arduino company tried to register the trademark in other areas of the world

39
(they originally registered only in the US), and discovered that it was already registered in Italy.
Negotiations with Gianluca and his firm to bring the trademark under control of the original
Arduino company failed. In 2014, Smart Projects began refusing to pay royalties. They then
appointed a new CEO, Federico Musto, who renamed the company Arduino SRL and created the
website arduino.org, copying the graphics and layout of the original arduino.cc. This resulted in
a rift in the Arduino development team.

In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a lawsuit against Arduino SRL.

In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the worldwide trademark Genuino, used as brand name
outside the United States.

At the World Maker Faire in New York on October 1, 2016, Arduino LLC co-founder and CEO
Massimo Banzi and Arduino SRL CEO Federico Musto announced the merger of the two
companies.

By 2017 Arduino AG owned many Arduino trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI, founded by
Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis and Tom Igoe, acquired Arduino AG and
all the Arduino trademarks. Fabio Violante is the new CEO replacing Federico Musto, who
no longer works for Arduino AG.

HARDWARE:

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under
a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino
website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copy left licenses, the
developers have requested the name Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not be
used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on use of the Arduino
name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official
product. Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the project
name by using various names ending in -duino. An early Arduino board with an RS-
232 serial interface (upper left) and an Atmel ATmega8 microcontroller chip (black, lower right);

40
the 14 digital I/O pins are at the top, the 6 analog input pins at the lower right, and the power
connector at the lower left.

Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8,

[25]
ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash
memory, pins, and features.[26] The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was
introduced in 2012.[27] The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate
connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-
on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually
addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a
16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz
and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions.

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of
programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default boot loader of the Arduino UNO is the opti
boot boot loader.[28] Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another
computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-
232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic(TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are
programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips
such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip
with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its
own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a
detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with
traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system
programming (ISP) programming is used.

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits.
The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Unoprovide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can
produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six
digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers.
Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and
Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on
the underside of the board that can plug into solder less breadboards.
41
Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent
to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding
output drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and small
robots. Others are electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes retaining
compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying
compatibility.

Description

The Atmel AVR® core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers.
All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two
independent registers to be accessed in a single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The
resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster
than conventional CISC microcontrollers.

The ATmega328/P provides the following features: 32Kbytes of In-System Programmable Flash
with Read-While-Write capabilities, 1Kbytes EEPROM, 2Kbytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O
lines, 32 general purpose working registers, Real Time Counter (RTC), three flexible
Timer/Counters with compare modes and PWM, 1 serial programmable USARTs , 1 byte-
oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (I2C), a 6- channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and
QFN/MLF packages) , a programmable Watchdog Timer with internal Oscillator, an SPI serial
port, and six software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while
allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip
functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer
continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is
sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except
asynchronous timer and ADC to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby
mode, the crystal/resonator oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This
allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption. In Extended Standby mode,
both the main oscillator and the asynchronous timer continue to run.

42
Atmel offers the QTouch® library for embedding capacitive touch buttons, sliders and wheels
functionality into AVR microcontrollers. The patented charge-transfer signal acquisition offers
robust sensing and includes fully debounced reporting of touch keys and includes Adjacent Key
Suppression® (AKS™) technology for unambiguous detection of key events. The easy-to-use
QTouch Suite tool chain allows you to explore, develop and debug your own touch applications.

The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory technology. The
On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI
serial interface, by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot
program running on the AVR core.

The Boot program can use any interface to download the application program in the Application
Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash section will continue to run while the Application
Flash section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit
RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
ATmega328/P is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost effective
solution to many embedded control applications. The ATmega328/P is supported with a full suite
of program and system development tools including: C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Program
Debugger/Simulators, In-Circuit Emulators, and Evaluation kits.

3.3.3 Configuration Summary

43
 Table: 3.2 Arduino Configurations

BLOCK DIAGRAM

44
FIG: 3.5 ARDUINO BLOCK DIAGRAM

45
3.3.5 Pin Configurations

Pin-out

FIG: 3.6 PIN DIAGRAM

46
ARDUINO UNO:

Figure 3.2 ARDUINO UNO

47
Power (USB / Barrel Jack)

Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The Arduino UNO can be
powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply (like this) that is
terminated in a barrel jack. In the picture above the USB connection is labelled (1) and the barrel
jack is labelled (2).

The USB connection is also how you will load code onto your Arduino board. More on how to
program with Arduino can be found in our Installing and Programming Arduino tutorial.

NOTE: Do NOT use a power supply greater than 20 Volts as you will overpower (and thereby
destroy) your Arduino. The recommended voltage for most Arduino models is between 6 and 12
Volts.

Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

Pin Descriptions

The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct a circuit (probably
in conjunction with a breadboard and some wire. They usually have black plastic ‘headers’ that
allow you to just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has several different kinds of pins,
each of which is labelled on the board and used for different functions.

 GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which
can be used to ground your circuit.

 5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the
3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components used with the
Arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.

 Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5 on the UNO)
are Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like
a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital value that we can read.
48
  Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO).
These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital
output (like powering an LED).

 PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9,
10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used for
something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). We have a tutorial on PWM, but for
now, think of these pins as being able to simulate analog output (like fading an LED in
and out).

 AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave this pin alone. It
is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the
upper limit for the analog input pins.

Reset Button

Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it will temporarily
connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the Arduino. This can be
very useful if your code doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple times. Unlike the original
Nintendo however, blowing on the Arduino doesn’t usually fix any problems.

Power LED Indicator

Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on your circuit board, there’s a tiny LED next to
the word ‘ON’ (11). This LED should light up whenever you plug your Arduino into a power
source. If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance something is wrong. Time to re-check
your circuit!

TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These markings appear quite a bit in electronics
to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. In our case, there are two places on the
Arduino UNO where TX and RX appear – once by digital pins 0 and 1, and a second time next to
the TX and RX indicator LEDs (12). These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications
49
whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like when we’re loading a new program
onto the board).

Main IC

The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated Circuit (13). Think of it as the
brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the Arduino is slightly different from board type to board
type, but is usually from the ATmega line of IC’s from the ATMEL company. This can be
important, as you may need to know the IC type (along with your board type) before loading up
a new program from the Arduino software. This information can usually be found in writing on
the top side of the IC. If you want to know more about the difference between various IC’s,
reading the datasheets is often a good idea.

Voltage Regulator

The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something you can (or should) interact with on the
Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is there and what it’s for. The voltage
regulator does exactly what it says – it controls the amount of voltage that is let into the Arduino
board. Think of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that might harm the
circuit. Of course, it has its limits, so don’t hook up your Arduino to anything greater than 20
volts.

3.5 GSM Technology:

Definition of GSM:

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology
used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system
that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless
telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then
sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates
50
at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz frequency band. It supports voice calls and data transfer
speeds of up to 9.6 Kbit/s, together with the transmission of SMS (Short Message Service).

Architecture of the GSM Network

In a GSM network, the user terminal is called a mobile station. A mobile station is made
up of a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card allowing the user to be uniquely identified and a
mobile terminal.

The terminals (devices) are identified by a unique 15-digit identification number

called IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity). Each SIM card also has a unique (and
secret) identification number called IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity). This code
can be protected using a 4-digit key called a PIN code.

The SIM card therefore allows each user to be identified independently of the terminal used
during communication with a base station. Communications occur through a radio link (air
interface) between a mobile station and a base station.

51
 FIG: ARCHITECTURE OF GSM NETWORK

All the base stations of a cellular network are connected to a base station
controller (BSC) which is responsible for managing distribution of the resources. The system
consisting of the base station controller and its connected base stations is called the Base Station
Subsystem (BSS).

Finally, the base station controllers are themselves physically connected to the Mobile
Switching Centre (MSC), managed by the telephone network operator, which connects them to
the public telephone network and the Internet. The MSC belongs to a Network Station
Subsystem (NSS), which is responsible for managing user identities, their location and
establishment of communications with other subscribers. The MSC is generally connected to
databases that provide additional functions:

1. The Home Location Register (HLR) is a database containing information (geographic

position, administrative information etc.) of the subscribers registered in the area of the
switch (MSC).
2. The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a database containing information of users other
than the local subscribers. The VLR retrieves the data of a new user from the HLR of the
user's subscriber zone. The data is maintained as long as the user is in the zone and is
deleted when the user leaves or after a long period of inactivity (terminal off).
3. The Equipment Identify Register (EIR) is a database listing the mobile terminals.
4. The Authentication Centre (AUC) is responsible for verifying user identities.
5. The cellular network formed in this way is designed to support mobility via management
of handovers (movements from one cell to another).

Finally, GSM networks support the concept of roaming i.e., movement from one operator
network to another.

52
Introduction to Modem:

Modem stands for modulator-demodulator.

A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over telephone
or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over
telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts between these two
forms.

Fortunately, there is one standard interface for connecting external modems to computers
called RS-232. Consequently, any external modem can be attached to any computer that has an
RS-232 port, which almost all personal computers have. There are also modems that come as an
expansion board that can be inserted into a vacant expansion slot. These are sometimes called
onboard or internal modems.

While the modem interfaces are standardized, a number of different protocols for
formatting data to be transmitted over telephone lines exist. Some, like CCITT V.34 are official
standards, while others have been developed by private companies. Most modems have built-in
support for the more common protocols at slow data transmission speeds at least, most modems
can communicate with each other. At high transmission speeds, however, the protocols are less
standardized.

Apart from the transmission protocols that they support, the following characteristics
distinguish one modem from another:

53
  Bps: How fast the modem can transmit and receive data. At slow rates, modems are
measured in terms of baud rates. The slowest rate is 300 baud (about 25 cps). At higher
speeds, modems are measured in terms of bits per second (bps). The fastest modems run
at 57,600 bps, although they can achieve even higher data transfer rates by compressing
the data. Obviously, the faster the transmission rate, the faster the data can be sent and
received. It should be noted that the data cannot be received at a faster rate than it is
being sent.
 Voice/data: Many modems support a switch to change between voice and data modes. In
data mode, the modem acts like a regular modem. In voice mode, the modem acts like a
regular telephone. Modems that support a voice/data switch have a built-in loudspeaker
and microphone for voice communication.
 Auto-answer: An auto-answer modem enables the computer to receive calls in the
absence of the operator.
 Data compression: Some modems perform data compression, which enables them to send
data at faster rates. However, the modem at the receiving end must be able to decompress
the data using the same compression technique.
 Flash memory: Some modems come with flash memory rather than conventional ROM
which means that the communications protocols can be easily updated if necessary.
 Fax capability: Most modern modems are fax modems, which mean that they can send
and receive faxes.

GSM Modem:
A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless
modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up
modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and
receives data through radio waves.

54
A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an external
GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable or a USB cable. A GSM modem
in the form of a PC Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for use with a laptop computer. It should
be inserted into one of the PC Card / PCMCIA Card slots of a laptop computer.
Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order
to operate.
A SIM card contains the following information:

 Subscriber telephone number (MSISDN)

 International subscriber number (IMSI, International Mobile Subscriber Identity)

 State of the SIM card

 Service code (operator)

 Authentication key

 PIN (Personal Identification Code)

 PUK (Personal Unlock Code)

Computers use AT commands to control modems. Both GSM modems and dial-up modems
support a common set of standard AT commands. In addition to the standard AT commands,

55
GSM modems support an extended set of AT commands. These extended AT commands are
defined in the GSM standards. With the extended AT commands, the following operations can be
performed:
 Reading, writing and deleting SMS messages.
 Sending SMS messages.
 Monitoring the signal strength.
 Monitoring the charging status and charge level of the battery.
 Reading, writing and searching phone book entries.

The number of SMS messages that can be processed by a GSM modem per minute is very low
i.e., about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute.
3.6 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs
(seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:

56
 1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs,
which are limited to numbers and a few characters.

3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the
task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep
displaying the data.

4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which
means that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing different
messages on a miniature LCD.

A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in
practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in two
lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation marks,
mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes up on its
own.
Automatic shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance of the pointer,
backlight etc. are considered as useful characteristics. Pins Functions
There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the
microcontroller. There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background light
is built in). Their function is described in the table below:

57
 Pin Logic
Function Name Description
Number State

Ground 1 Vss - 0V

Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V

Contrast 3 Vee - 0 – Vdd

D0 – D7 are interpreted as
0
4 RS commands
1
D0 – D7 are interpreted as data

Write data (from controller to

0 LCD)
Control of 5 R/W
1 Read data (from LCD to
operating
controller)

0 Access to LCD disabled

1 Normal operating
6 E
From 1 to Data/commands are transferred to
0 LCD

7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB

8 D1 0/1 Bit 1

9 D2 0/1 Bit 2

10 D3 0/1 Bit 3
Data / commands
11 D4 0/1 Bit 4

12 D5 0/1 Bit 5

13 D6 0/1 Bit 6

14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB

LCD screen:
LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x7
dot matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are
displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as
Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have

58
built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor for current
limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).

LCD Basic Commands

All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or as data,
which depends on logic state on pin RS:

RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in processor

addresses built in “map of characters” and displays corresponding symbols. Displaying position
is determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or the address of
previously transferred character is automatically incremented.

RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode. List of commands which
LCD recognizes are given in the table below:

Execution
Command RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Time

Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64Ms

59
Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS

Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS

Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS

Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L x x 40uS

Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x 40uS

Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS

Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS

Read “BUSY” flag (BF) 0 1 BF DDRAM address -

Write to CGRAM or DDRAM 1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS

Read from CGRAM or

1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS
DDRAM

60
LCD Connection
Depending on how many lines are used for connection to the microcontroller, there are 8-
bit and 4-bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode is determined at the beginning of the process in
a phase called “initialization”. In the first case, the data are transferred through outputs D0-D7 as
it has been already explained. In case of 4-bit mode, for the sake of saving valuable I/O pins of
the microcontroller, there are only 4 higher bits (D4-D7) used for communication, while other
may be left unconnected.

61
 Consequently, each data is sent to LCD in two steps: four higher bits are sent first (that
normally would be sent through lines D4-D7), four lower bits are sent afterwards. With the help
of initialization, LCD will correctly connect and interpret each data received. Besides, with
regards to the fact that data are rarely read from LCD (data mainly are transferred from
microcontroller to LCD) one more I/O pin may be saved by simple connecting R/W pin to the
Ground. Such saving has its price.

Even though message displaying will be normally performed, it will not be possible to
read from busy flag since it is not possible to read from display.

LCD Initialization
Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This process lasts for
approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate. The mode of operating is set by
default. This means that:
1. Display is cleared
2. Mode
DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface
N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line
F = 0 Character font 5 x 8 dots
3. Display/Cursor on/off
D = 0 Display off
U = 0 Cursor off
B = 0 Cursor blink off
4. Character entry
ID = 1 Addresses on display are automatically incremented by 1
S = 0 Display shift off

Automatic reset is mainly performed without any problems. If for any reason power
supply voltage does not reach full value in the course of 10mS, display will start to perform
completely unpredictably.

62
 If voltage supply unit cannot meet this condition or if it is needed to provide completely
safe operating, the process of initialization by which a new reset enabling display to operate
normally must be applied.
Algorithm, according to the initialization, is being performed depends on whether
connection to the microcontroller is through 4- or 8-bit interface. All left over to be done after
that is to give basic commands and of course- to display messages.

Contrast control:
To have a clear view of the characters on the LCD, contrast should be adjusted. To adjust the
contrast, the voltage should be varied. For this, a preset is used which can behave like a variable
voltage device. As the voltage of this preset is varied, the contrast of the LCD can be adjusted.

63
Potentiometer
Variable resistors used as potentiometers have all three terminals connected. This arrangement
is normally used to vary voltage, for example to set the switching point of a circuit with a
sensor, or control the volume (loudness) in an amplifier circuit. If the terminals at the ends of the
track are connected across the power supply, then the wiper terminal will provide a voltage
which can be varied from zero up to the maximum of the supply.

Presets
These are miniature versions of the standard variable resistor. They are designed to be mounted
directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built. For example, to set the
frequency of an alarm tone or the sensitivity of a light-sensitive circuit, a small screwdriver or
similar tool is required to adjust presets.

Presets are much cheaper than standard variable resistors so they are sometimes used in projects
where a standard variable resistor would normally be used.

Multiturn presets are used where very precise adjustments must be made. The screw must be
turned many times (10+) to move the slider from one end of the track to the other, giving very
fine control.

64
3.7 SM630 features
SM630 background highlight optical fingerprint verification module is the latest release
of Miaxis Biometrics Co., Ltd. It consists of optical fingerprint sensor, high performance DSP
processor and Flash. It boasts of functions such as fingerprint Login, fingerprint deletion,
fingerprint verification, fingerprint upload, fingerprint download, etc.

Compared to products of similar nature, SM630 enjoys the following unique features:

 Self-proprietary Intellectual Property

Optical fingerprint collection device, module hardware and fingerprint algorithm are all
self developed by Miaxis.

 High Adaptation to Fingerprints

When reading fingerprint images, it has self-adaptive parameter adjustment mechanism, which
improves imaging quality for both dry and wet fingers. It can be applied to wider public.
65
  Low Cost

Module adopts Miaxis’ optical fingerprint collection device, which dramatically lowers
the overall cost.
 Algorithm with Excellent Performance

SM630 module algorithm is specially designed according to the image generation theory
of the optical fingerprint collection device. It has excellent correction & tolerance to deformed
and poor-quality fingerprint.

 Easy to Use and Expand

User does not have to have professional know-how in fingerprint verification. User can
easily develop powerful fingerprint verification application systems based on the rich collection
of controlling command provided by SM630 module. All the commands are simple, practical and
easy for development.

 Low Power Consumption

Operation current <80mA, specially good for battery power occasions.

 Integrated Design
Fingerprint processing components and fingerprint collection components are integrated
in the same module. The size is small. And there are only 4 cables connecting with HOST, much
easier for installation and use.

 Perfect Technical Support

Miaxis is the leading company in the fingerprint verification industry. It has an excellent
customer service team ready to offer powerful technical support in user development.
66
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
Operating Voltage: 4.3V～6V
Rating Voltage: 6.5V（exceeding this value will cause permanent damage to the module）
Operating Current：<80mA（Input voltage 5V）
Fingerprint Template：768 templates
Search Time：<1.5s（200 fingerprint, average value in test）
Power-on Time ： <200ms （Time lapse between module power-on to module ready to receive
instructions）
Tolerated Angle Offset：±45°
User Flash Memory：256KByte
Interface Protocol: Standard serial interface （TTL level）
Communication Baud Rate: 9600bps
Operating Environment: Temperature: -10 °C～+40°C
Relative humidity: 40％RH～85％RH（no dew）
ELECTRICAL INTERFACE

COMMAND

67
3.8 Switches

There is nothing simpler than this! This is the simplest way of controlling appearance of
some voltage on microcontroller’s input pin. There is also no need for additional explanation of
how these components operate.

68
 Nevertheless, it is not so simple in practice... This is about something commonly
unnoticeable when using these components in everyday life. It is about contact bounce- a
common problem with m e c h a n i c a l switches. If contact switching does not happen so
quickly, several consecutive bounces can be noticed prior to maintain stable state. The reasons
for this are: vibrations, slight rough spots and dirt. Anyway, whole this process does not last long
(a few micro- or milliseconds), but long enough to be registered by the microcontroller.
Concerning pulse counter, error occurs in almost 100% of cases!

The simplest solution is to connect simple RC circuit which will “suppress” each quick
voltage change. Since the bouncing time is not defined, the values of elements are not strictly
determined. In the most cases, the values shown on figure are sufficient.

If complete safety is needed, radical measures should be taken! The circuit, shown on the
figure (RS flip-flop), changes logic state on its output with the first pulse triggered by contact
bounce. Even though this is more expensive solution (SPDT switch), the problem is definitely
resolved! Besides, since the condensator is not used, very short pulses can be also registered in
this way. In addition to these hardware solutions, a simple software solution is commonly applied
69
too: when a program tests the state of some input pin and finds changes, the check should be
done one more time after certain time delay. If the change is confirmed it means that switch (or
pushbutton) has changed its position. The advantages of such solution are obvious: it is free of
charge, effects of disturbances are eliminated too and it can be adjusted to the worst-quality
contacts.

3.9 DC MOTOR

DC motors are configured in many types and sizes, including brush less, servo, and gear motor
types. A motor consists of a rotor and a permanent magnetic field stator. The magnetic field is
maintained using either permanent magnets or electromagnetic windings. DC motors are most
commonly used in variable speed and torque. Motion and controls cover a wide range of
components that in some way are used to generate and/or control motion. Areas within this
category include bearings and bushings, clutches and brakes, controls and drives, drive
components, encoders and resolves, Integrated motion control, limit switches, linear actuators,
linear and rotary motion components, linear position sensing, motors (both AC and DC motors),
orientation position sensing, pneumatics and pneumatic components, positioning stages, slides
and guides, power transmission (mechanical), seals, slip rings, solenoids, springs. Motors are the
devices that provide the actual speed and torque in a drive system. This family includes AC
motor types (single and multiphase motors, universal, servo motors, induction, synchronous, and
gear motor) and DC motors (brush less, servo motor, and gear motor) as well as linear, stepper
and air motors, and motor contactors and starters.

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying

conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it
will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the
external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite
(North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South)
repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction
between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational
motion.

70
Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or
winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a "South"
polarization).

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field
magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that Beamers will see), the external
magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets 1. The stator is the stationary part
of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole
pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotates with respect to the
stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically
connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout -- with the rotor
inside the stator (field) magnets.

The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when power
is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are misaligned, and
the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches
alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the next winding.
Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current through the
rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, and driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very common
number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with
71
our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation (perfectly aligned
with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a
moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes touch both
commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste energy, and
damage motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it
would exhibit a high amount of torque” ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is cyclic
with the position of the rotor).

So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with the workings of one
via an interactive animation (JavaScript required):

72
You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a time (but two
others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one commutator contact to the
next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this
occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in the
meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring:

There's probably no better way to see how an average dc motor is put together, than by just
opening one up. Unfortunately this is tedious work, as well as requiring the destruction of a
perfectly good motor.

This is a basic 3-pole dcmotor, with 2 brushes and three commutator contacts.

PWM technique:

A pulse width modulator (PWM) is a device that may be used as an efficient light dimmer
or DC motor speed controller. A PWM works by making a square wave with a variable on-to-off
ratio; the average on time may be varied from 0 to 100 percent. In this manner, a variable amount

73
of power is transferred to the load. The main advantage of a PWM circuit over a resistive power
controller is the efficiency, at a 50% level, the PWM will use about 50% of full power, almost all
of which is transferred to the load, a resistive controller at 50% load power would consume about
71% of full power, 50% of the power goes to the load and the other 21% is wasted heating the
series resistor. Load efficiency is almost always a critical factor in solar powered and other
alternative energy systems. One additional advantage of pulse width modulation is that the pulses
reach the full supply voltage and will produce more torque in a motor by being able to overcome
the internal motor resistances more easily. Finally, in a PWM circuits, common small
potentiometers may be used to control a wide variety of loads whereas large and expensive high
power variable resistors are needed for resistive controllers.

Pulse width modulation consists of three signals, which are modulated by a square wave.
The duty cycle or high time is proportional to the amplitude of the square wave. The effective
average voltage over one cycle is the duty cycle times the peak-to-peak voltage. Thus, the
average voltage follows a square wave. In fact, this method depends on the motor inductance to
integrate out the PWM frequency.

A very simply off line motor drive can be built using a TRIAC and a control IC. This circuit can
control the speed of a universal motor. A universal motor is a series wound DC motor. The circuit
uses phase angle control to vary the effective motor voltage.

74
Driver circuit for fan:

Digital systems and microcontroller pins lack sufficient current to drive the circuits like relays,
buzzer circuits, DC fans etc. While these circuits require around 10milli amps to be operated, the
microcontroller’s pin can provide a maximum of 1-2milli amps current. For this reason, a driver
such as a power transistor is placed in between the microcontroller and the device.
Vcc

FAN

P1.0

GROUND

FIG: DRIVER CIRCUIT

The operation of this circuit is as follows:
The input to the base of the transistor is applied from the microcontroller port pin P1.0.
The transistor will be switched on when the base to emitter voltage is greater than 0.7V (cut-in
voltage). Thus when the voltage applied to the pin P1.0 is high i.e., P1.0=1 (>0.7V), the
transistor will be switched on and thus the fan will be ON. When the voltage at the pin P1.0 is

75
low i.e., P1.0=0 (<0.7V) the transistor will be in off state and the fan will be OFF. Thus the
transistor acts like a current driver to operate the fan accordingly.

3.13 Introduction to AT Commands

AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. AT is the abbreviation of ATtention.

Every command line starts with "AT" or "at". That's the reason, modem commands are called AT
commands. Many of the commands that are used to control wired dial-up modems, such as ATD
(Dial), ATA (Answer), ATH (Hook control) and ATO (Return to online data state) are also
supported by GSM modems and mobile phones.

Besides this common AT command set, GSM modems and mobile phones support an AT
command set that is specific to the GSM technology, which includes SMS-related commands
like AT+CMGS (Send SMS message), AT+CMSS (Send SMS message from storage),
AT+CMGL (List SMS messages) and AT+CMGR (Read SMS messages).

It should be noted that the starting "AT" is the prefix that informs the modem about the start of a
command line. It is not part of the AT command name. For example, D is the actual AT command
name in ATD and +CMGS is the actual AT command name in AT+CMGS.

Some of the tasks that can be done using AT commands with a GSM modem or mobile phone are
listed below:

 Get basic information about the mobile phone or GSM modem. For example, name of
manufacturer (AT+CGMI), model number (AT+CGMM), IMEI number (International
Mobile Equipment Identity) (AT+CGSN) and software version (AT+CGMR).

 Get basic information about the subscriber. For example, MSISDN (AT+CNUM) and
IMSI number (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) (AT+CIMI).

 Get the current status of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example, mobile
phone activity status (AT+CPAS), mobile network registration status (AT+CREG), radio
signal strength (AT+CSQ), battery charge level and battery charging status (AT+CBC).

 Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD, ATA, etc).

76
  Send and receive fax (ATD, ATA, AT+F*).

 Send (AT+CMGS, AT+CMSS), read (AT+CMGR, AT+CMGL), write (AT+CMGW) or

delete (AT+CMGD) SMS messages and obtain notifications of newly received SMS
messages (AT+CNMI).

 Read (AT+CPBR), write (AT+CPBW) or search (AT+CPBF) phonebook entries.

 Perform security-related tasks, such as opening or closing facility locks (AT+CLCK),

checking whether a facility is locked (AT+CLCK) and changing passwords(AT+CPWD).
(Facility lock examples: SIM lock [a password must be given to the SIM card every time
the mobile phone is switched on] and PH-SIM lock [a certain SIM card is associated with
the mobile phone. To use other SIM cards with the mobile phone, a password must be
entered.])

 Control the presentation of result codes / error messages of AT commands. For example,
the user can control whether to enable certain error messages (AT+CMEE) and whether
error messages should be displayed in numeric format or verbose format (AT+CMEE=1
or AT+CMEE=2).

 Get or change the configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, change the GSM network (AT+COPS), bearer service type (AT+CBST), radio
link protocol parameters (AT+CRLP), SMS centre address (AT+CSCA) and storage of
SMS messages (AT+CPMS).

 Save and restore configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, save (AT+CSAS) and restore (AT+CRES) settings related to SMS messaging
such as the SMS centre address.

It should be noted that the mobile phone manufacturers usually do not implement all AT
commands, command parameters and parameter values in their mobile phones. Also, the
behaviour of the implemented AT commands may be different from that defined in the standard.
In general, GSM modems, designed for wireless applications, have better support of AT
commands than ordinary mobile phones

77
 CHAPTER 4
FIRMWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT DESIGN
4.1 FIRMWARE IMPLEMENTATION

This chapter briefly explains about the firmware implementation of the project. The
required software tools are discussed in section 4.2.
Software Tool Required
Arduino 1.0.6 software tools used to program microcontroller. The working of software
tool is explained below in detail.
4.1.1 PROGRAMMING MICROCONTROLLER
A compiler for a high level language helps to reduce production time. To program the
Arduino UNO microcontroller the Arduino is used. The programming is done strictly in the
embedded C language. Arduino is a suite of executable, open source software development tools
for the microcontrollers hosted on the Windows platform.
Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical
world than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a
simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the board.
One of the difficulties of programming microcontrollers is the limited amount of
resources the programmer has to deal with. In personal computers resources such as RAM and
processing speed are basically limitless when compared to microcontrollers. In contrast, the code
on microcontrollers should be as low on resources as possible

4.2. ABOUT ARDUINO COMPILER

78
4.2.1. GET AN ARDUINO BOARD AND USB CABLE

You also need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug): the kind you would connect to a USB
printer, for example. (For the Arduino Nano, you'll need an A to Mini-B cable instead.)

FIG 4.1: ARDUINO BOARD AND USB CABLE

79
4.2.2. CONNECT THE BOARD

The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw power
from either the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. If you're using an
Arduino Diecimila, you'll need to make sure that the board is configured to draw power from the
USB connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a small piece of plastic that fits
onto two of the three pins between the USB and power jacks. Check that it's on the two pins
closest to the USB port. Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable. The
green power LED (labelled PWR) should go on.

FIG 4.2 OPENING THE ARDUINO WINDOW

80
 CHAPTER – 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

// Kit Photos

81
 CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

6.1 ADVANTAGES

1. Reduce operation cost

2. Easy to use & high security

3. Performance is high

4. Portable & globally usage

5. Automatic operation

6.2 APPLICATIONS

1. In Vehicle Safety

2. Bank locker security

3. Office applications

82
 CHAPTER - 6
CONCLUSION
The implementation of Vehicle Tracking and Security System using GSM with
microcontroller, Arduino Uno is done successfully. The communication is properly done
without any interference between different modules in the design. Design is done to meet all the
specifications and requirements. The performance of the system is more efficient by displaying
them on the LCD and receive the message from the user mobile if the user wants to start or stop
the vehicle at any time is the main job carried out by the microcontroller. The mechanism is
controlled by the microcontroller, Arduino Uno. The performance has been verified both in
software simulator and hardware design. The total circuit is completely verified functionally and
is following the application software. It can be concluded that the design implemented in the
present work provide portability, flexibility and the data transmission is also done with low
power consumption.

he RFID Automatic tollgate

system designed could
automatically detect the
identities of

83
the vehicles and performed
the billing in accordance to
the identity of each vehicle
as pre-
recorded in the database.
The system could
automatically open and
close the gate as well as
automatically emailing the
owners of the vehicles.
These were the major
achievements met
in the project, among other
objectives also achieved
which include tracking of
the vehicles
84
and remote database
connection. However
proper demonstration of
some of the objectives
did not yield to the wanted
extent due to lack of
resources for example
remote database
connection needed a pre-
set Virtual Private Network
and automatic
synchronizing software
which was not readily
available.
Reading items and objects
in motion can be done
85
accurately using RFID. A
system developed
with a log in windows
enables security and the
overall cost of
implementing the system
may
seem high but after a year
of running the system, very
high benefits will be
realized. The
whole system is very
convenient and saves much
on time. However when
there is no reliable
source of power the system
just becomes a white
86
elephant and is of no use
unless if a solar
power supply is installed on
site. This decreases
reliability of the system and
incurs extra

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