Four Quadrant Operation Of Induction

Motor Using H-Bridge

Somnath Bhong, Student (B.E) Ganesh PAtil
Assistant Professor,
Rohan Jadhav, Student (B.E)
Department of Electrical Engineering, Dr D. Y. Patil
Chetan Kamble, Student (B.E) Institute of Technology Pimpri, Pune-4110
Department of Electrical
Engineering, Dr D. Y. Patil Institute of
Technology Pimpri, Pune-411018

Abstract— In a country like India energy saving is of but the direction of current flow differs. When the motor operates in
great importance. In order to overcome energy crisis the only the second and fourth quadrant the value of the back emf generated
possible solution with minimum cost is to save energy. It has by the motor should be greater than the supplied voltage which are the
been stated that 75% of the world’s electricity is consumed forward braking and reverse braking modes of operation respectively,
by motors. And there is a big problem associated with these here again the direction of current flow reversed.
motors that is, large starting inrush current. As the motor
starts a large current is drawn by the motor which is of no
use until motor reaches it synchronous speed. This high
current not only produces heat but also reduces the life time
of electrical equipment and power consumption also
increased. Thus there is a need to reduce this current
somehow or the other .This current can be reduced by
making use of H Bridge for Induction Motor. In H Bridge
Variable Torque drive is a technique used to control the
speed and Torque of AC induction motors thus it is also
known as adjustable speed drive or variable speed drive.in this
phenomenon voltage and Torque of the motor is controlled
using a technique named as PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation). There are so many other techniques used to Fig. four quadrant operation of dc motor
reduce the current of motor like soft starters. But the benefits
of variable Torque drive are more than soft starters. Use of dc II. PROPESED MODEL
motors due to their high starting torque and flexible speed Motors are being used worldwide on industrial or domestic level.
control makes it useful in various applications. But it has Electricity is the most power full tool in order to run any motor.
certain serious problems due to commutation and cost. So h Among all the motors ac induction motors are used most commonly
bridge invertor using PWM provide energy to electrical and extensively due to their large no of applications. But there is a
appliance according to demand, It enhances the life time need to eliminate the problem associated with ac induction motor and
of equipment but the biggest advantage is, It is energy to run it in a very efficient way. For that matter many devices are used
saving device, and such device is greatly needed in a but the best among all the devices is Variable Frequency Drive which
country like India where energy crisis has halt the is used to control the speed and frequency of
economic wheel of the country.
the motor and by reducing speed motors can be run at various loads.
There is a direct relation between speed of motor and the frequency
Index Terms—induction motor (IM), model reference of motor operation. Therefore by varying the frequency of ac voltage
adaptive controller (MRAC), sensor less control, stator the motor speed can be adjusted according to desirable value.
resistance, vector control.
N= f*120/P (1)
N = Speed of motor (RPM)
I. INTRODUCTION F = Electrical Frequency of motor
a. Four Quadrant Operation of DC Motor P = No of poles of motor
There are four possible modes or quadrants of operation
using a DC Motor which is depicted in Figure 2. When DC These variable frequency drives are very important for HVAC
motor is operating in the first and third quadrant, the supplied systems where a very large power is consumed before motor reaches
voltage is greater than the back emf which is forward at its full speed and a very huge amount of inrush current is being
motoring and reverse motoring modes respectively, drawn by motor causes this great loss of energy.
This starting current can be reduced by making use of variable
frequency drive and thus it saves energy up to a large extent.
There are various application of variable frequency drive in
different appliances like fans], pumps, tower cooling systems,
micro wave ovens, air conditioners and ship propulsion
systems.

Fig. Pin diagram of four quadrant operation of induction motor using H-

Bridge

III. MICROCONTROLLER BASED PWM

Fig. Block Diagram of Speed and Torque Control of AC Induction
Motor H Bridge
it has been said that from the energy consumed by ac motors
10% goes idle and 12% - 15% is lost when motor does not run
at full load. So there is a great desire of user to reduce this
energy wastage and this can be possible only by making use of
device like variable frequency drive because its biggest
advantage is its energy saving.Variable frequency drive is
basically comprises of three portions. These are as follow.
Pulse width modulation is the basic technique used very widely for
controlling motor speed and frequency. This can be done by using
microcontroller. In this research we selected a range of 5Hz to 50Hz
frequency using PWM. The basic principle of PWM is a sine wave is
generated in the microcontroller which is super imposed on a
triangular wave. This results in a square wave which is then fed to
inverter section. The width of this square wave can be controlled by
changing the duty cycles of the pulse. Basically duty cycles describes
the time for which pulse waveform turned on and off thus by
switching the waveform between two discrete levels the square wave
is approximated with a sine wave of desired duty cycles. A PWM
representation is shown.

 AC to TRIAC Converter
 TRIAC Bus
 Invertor (TRIAC to AC convertor)
When a fixed AC voltages are fed into AC to TRIAC rectifier
the AC voltages are converted in TRIAC voltages. Which are
further directed towards TRIAC bus which comprises of
capacitors and used to store voltages and removes ripples in
the TRIAC voltage thus it smooth out the waveform. Invertor
is the last section which is the most important one because it
performs the TRIAC to AC conversion by approximate the Figure. PWM Representation
square waveform with that of sine wave form whose pulse
is adjusted in order to control the voltages and frequency of
motors. A very important tool of variable frequency drive is
PWM which is the key technique for controlling motor speed. IV. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE BASED PWM
The above mentioned technique was
programmed using microcontroller firstly on proteus and simulated.
The pictorial representation is given below in figure.

Figure 4.4: Software Representation of PWM Further this was implemented

on controller.
 Hardware and the results were observed and matched
with software results oscilloscope. The figure 5 below shows
the results.

V. H BRIDGE

In general an H-bridge is a rather simple circuit,

containing four switching element, with the load at the center,
in an H-like configuration: as shown in fig.4.5

Fig. Forward Motoring

If Q2 and Q3 are turned on, the reverse will happen, the motor gets
energized in the reverse direction, and the shaft will start spinning
backwards.

Fig. block diagram of H bridge

The switching elements (Q1..Q4) are usually bi-polar or FET

transistors, in some high-voltage applications IGBTs.
Integrated solutions also exist but whether the switching
elements are integrated with their control circuits or not is not
relevant for the most part for this discussion. The diodes
(D1..D4) are called catch diodes and are usually of a Schottky
type.

Fig. Reverse Motoring

The top-end of the bridge is connected to a power supply
(battery for example) and the bottom-end is grounded. Because In a bridge, you should never ever close both Q1 and Q2 (or Q3 and
of this restriction from the four possible states the side-A Q4) at the same time. If you did that, you just have created a really
switches could be in only three make sense. low-resistance path between power and GND, effectively short-
circuiting your power supply. This condition is called ‘shoot-through’
Static Operation and is an almost guaranteed way to quickly destroy your bridge, or
The basic operating mode of an H-bridge is fairly simple: if Q1 something else in your circuit.
and Q4 are turned on, the left lead of the motor will be
connected to the power supply, while the right lead is connected
to ground. Current starts flowing through the motor which
energizes the motor in (let’s saforward direction and the motor
shaft starts spinning as shown in fig 4.6.

Fig. Restricted Mode

 VI. CONLUSION 8. Senan M. Bashi, I. Aris and S.H. Hamad “Development of single
We have seen from the above discussion and results phase induction motor adjustable speed using m68hc11e-9
that in H Bridge of variable frequency drive is the best microcontroller.
solution for fixing inherent motor issues and energy saving can
be best tackled by this drive. Other techniques like Soft starter
9. B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and Motor Drives : Advances and
does not prove as much efficient as does variable frequency Trends. Amsterdam: Academic, 2006.
drive because there are many benefits of variable frequency 10. E. C. Lee, “Review of Variable Speed Drive Technology,” in
drive like it provides a control over motor starting and Wire World Internet, Brantford, Ontario,
stopping, Likewise it gives versatility to motor action. Canada. Available at: http://www. wireworld.
Overload protection, power reduction when not needed and
com/seminar/drives/. Accessed, 2003, vol. 3.
dynamic torque control are other key features of variable
frequency drives. We can suggest that in a country like india 11. T. Sawa and T. Kume, “Motor drive technology-history and
this device is of great use because we strongly need energy visions for the future,” in Power Electronics Specialists
consumption minimization and for that matter VFD should be Conference,2004. PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th Annual, 2004, vol.
used with HVAC systems in industries and house hold 1, pp. 2–9.
appliances. The only drawback associated with this device is
cost. It’s quite costly and maintenance is also required. But
still the importance of H Bridge in variable frequency drive
cannot be denied.

VII. FUTURE EXTENSION

By keeping in mind the present form of H Bridge it
seems quite difficult that it will undergo any change in future.
But as the technology is making progress rapidly and new
researches are being put forwarded by people anything can be
predicted.[40] Emerging technologies like FPGA’s,
advancement in DSP, genetic algorithm, Fuzzy logic,
innovative PWM techniques and revolution in power
electronics field can lead us to experience any miraculous
device. Furthermore VFD’s can also be miniaturized using
NANO technology. This miniature form of H Bridge would be
very helpful in small device and thus energy saving would
be possible in small levels as well.

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