SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 3-6, 19

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT LOGGING

A PROGRESS REPORT

by:
W.R. Berry II; M.P. Head and M.L. Mougne
Go Wireline Services, Fort Worth, Texas U. S. A.

ABSTRACT

The recent evolution of equipment capable of measuring the relative

dielectric constant of a formation has stimulated new approaches to the
evaluation of water saturation. In many oil productive reservoirs, the
formation water resistivities are either unknown or are very high; thus
complicating conventional resistivity dependent solutions for water saturation.

By determining the relative dielectric constant of the formation and

through application of the Lichtnecker and Rother equation for the dielectric
constant of mixtures, the analyst may identify the presence of hydrocarbons and
in many cases, quantify reserves. Additionally, a quick look overlay tech-
nique for qualitative evaluation can be utilized. These procedures can be of
great help in both exploration and development environments where conventional
methods have led to confusion.

INTRODUCTION

Recent developments in well logging technology have made available a

device that measures a useful formation parameter, the relative dielectric
constant. Derivation of this value, in the laboratory and in the field has
been the subject of many articles and discussions, (Meador and Cox, 1975;
Hoyer & Rumble, 1976; Poley, Nooteboom & deWaal, 1978; Calvert, Rau & Wells,
1977). The significance of the relative dielectric constant is that it can
provide a reasonably, salinity independent evaluation of water saturation
when formation waters have low salt concentrations. This measurement is of
great use in both exploration and development programs where formation water
resistivities are either unknown or so high that conventional resistivity
measurements cannot distinguish between oil and water.

The design of the tool now in use was developed at the Texaco Research
Laboratory in Bellaire, Texas and is covered under patent number 4,107,598,
dated August 15, 1978. The initial field testing of the device provided
experience in limestone, dolomite, consolidated sand and unconsolidated shaly
sand environments. The first commercial use of the Dielectric Constant Log was
in the State of California, United States of America, where shaly sands are
common.

Fresh to brackish waters are frequently encountered in many of Californiats

oilfields; additionally, a significant amount of heavy crude is produced
through steam flooding, or lighter crude through water flooding. All of these
SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE >6, 1979

cases have toofrequently presented the log analyst with a dilemma which could
only be resolved with the aid of extensive core data. The introduction of a
dielectric measuring device has generated considerable interest and the log has
been run in many wells where extensive core data were obtained.

Conventional Archie and Humble approaches often fail to achieve resolutions

in shaly, fresh to brackish formations. This is due to the combined effects
of the lack of resistivity contrast between fresh water and oil and the conduc-
tivity due to clay content. Numerous approaches, (Hill & Milburn, 1956; Wax-
man & Smits, 1968; Waxman & Thomas, 1972) have been proposed in which the
fractional water saturation (Sw) in shaly sands can be obtained after first
determining the cation exchange capacity of the matrix. The problem there has
been twofold. Firstly, the data could only be obtained through core analysis
and secondly, in field examples, the cation exchange capacity values generally
exhibit a scatter of points which defies best-fit representations.

A more recent approach proposed a two-water system and deals with a far
more manageable model. However, it is reported to have credibility only where
salt concentrations exceed 0.24 normal solution (14,000 ppm, NaCl) (Clavier,
Coates & Dumanoir, 1977; Best, Gardner & Dumanoir, 1978).

In shaly and many clean sand environments, where the waters are fresh to
brackish, Sw derived from the above methods are often erroneous. Commonly,
sidewall cores show wet zones from log analysis to be hydrocarbon-bearing and
vice versa. The measurement of the relative dielectric constant of the for-
mation can solve the dilemma. Figure 1 illustrates the dielectric numbers,
relative to air for various materials found in nature. The dielectric constant
of water is so distinct from all other normal formation constituents and fluids
that, where porosity is determined, a distinction between water and hydro–
carbons can be readily made.

A glossary of terms and abbreviations used in this report appears at the

end of the text.

FORMATION PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS

Meador and Cox (1975) reported the development, computer and laboratory
evaluation, and field application of a formation dielectric measurement system.
Their method required measurement of relative amplitudes of 16 and 30 megahertz
(mHz). Values of these amplitudes were cross-plotted to obtain dielectric
constants and formation resistivities as illustrated in Figure 2. The plot
of these values was generated by comparing a computer model based upon a
solution of the Helmholtz wave equation to test data. The test data were
obtained by placing the tool in essentially inffnite diameters of air and water.

In contrast to the above system, the 30 mHz dipole device now in field use
measures two parameters for a single frequency; phase difference in degrees
and amplitude ratio. For any material exhibiting a specific resistivity
 SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 36, 1

and dielectric constant, equally specific values of phase difference and

amplitude ratio will be observed.

To understand the reason for this response, a review of what happens to

an electromagnetic wave as it travels or propagates through a medium is helpful.
Within the megahertz frequency spectrum three parameters, conductivity, die-
lectric permittivity, and magnetic susceptibility will affect the behavior of
the wave. At lower frequencies, the largest influence is from conductivity. As
frequency increases, the influence of dielectric permittivity also increases.
The relative influence of magnetic susceptibility of most earth materials is
negligible except at frequencies lower than that of the tool and thus will be
ignored. However, if high concentrations of ferruginous minerals or cement
are encountered, further evaluation of this parameter may become necessary.

The 30 mHz electromagnetic wave has two characteristics which we can observe,
viz. , phase and amplitude. Both are affected by conductivity and dielectric
permittivity. For a given combination of the two, a specific velocity or travel
time of the wave will exist. This value is expressed in degrees of phase
shift by comparing the sine wave observed at the two receivers. The difference
in degrees between zero crossings with respect to time is a function of the
combined effect of dielectric permittivity and conductivity of the medium and
of the spacing of the receivers. Likewise, for a given dielectric permittivity
and conductivity, a specific propagation loss will exist.

The amplitudes of the wave at the receivers are a function of the wave
attenuation by the medium and of the two transmitters to receiver spacings.
Due to the spreading of the wave, an exponential loss in amplitude will be
realized as a function of distance. Therefore, to obtain values of attenuation
which are independent of bed boundary effects between the transmitter and near
receiver, the ratio of the amplitudes rather than the difference of the
amplitudes is recorded. This gives both measurements, phase difference and
amplitude ratio, the same vertical resolution.

The recorded phase difference and amplitude ratio values can be cross-
plotted to obtain the dielectric constant and resistivity on a chart as
pictured in Figure 3. The configuration of the tornado chart changes with
variations of:
. Borehole diameter (Db)
:. Dielectric constant of mud cm
c. Mud resistivity (Rm)
d. Diameter of invasion (Di)
e. Dielectric constant of the invaded zone (Exo)
f. Resistivity of the invaded zone (Rxo)

The most significant effects are observed with changes in the diameter of
invasion. Figures 4 through 11 illustrate the effect of varying Rxo and Di. It
is apparent that deep invasion effects will be very significant where filtrate
resistivities differ greatly from formation water resistitity (~). Fortunately,
the majority of the applications encountered in California involve filtrate and
formation water resistivities that are very similar. Th US , one would seldom
deal with data skewed as in Figures 7 and 11. Upon close examination of the
SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 36, 1979

figures it is apparent that where true resistivities of the formation exceed

10 flm2/m and drilling fluids are fresh, very little change in plotted die-
lectric values is realized by any reasonable change in depth of invasion.

The resistivity obtained by this method will seldom agree with resistivities
measured by induction, normal and focused devices. The curves will have very
similar character and can be readily correlated. Figure 13 shows the induction
resistivity superimposed upon the dielectric derived resistivity. Meador and
Cox (1975) observed that resistivities derived by this method would be more
accurate than those measured by conventional means when true formation resistivity
(Rt) exceeds 100 flm2/m; with lower resistivities, the disagreement between the
two measured resistivities is largely a function of differences in frequency
and depth of investigation.

LOG FORMAT

In all, six curves are presented on the log. Track 1 exhibits two
amplitude curves which indicate signal level, in volts, at the two receivers.
These data are not corrected for calibration or circuit geometry. They are
displayed only as a quality control so the analyst will know if signal levels
are too low for derivation of accurate phase data. Generally, when the far
receiver amplitude is less than 0.1 volt, phase data should not be used.

The phase curve appears in Track 2 with the low value to the right.
Amplitude ratio appears in Track 3 with zero to the left. Figure 12 illustrates
these four curves. A continuous solution for the chart pictured in Figure 3 is
optional and can be displayed with or in place of the above curves, as in
Figure 13. The computed resistivity is displayed in track one and the relative
dielectric constant is displayed across tracks two and three with zero to the
right. Scales for the optional relative dielectric constant and resistivity as
well as phase and ratio curves can be changed after the logging run when
Direct Digital Logging (DDL)* equipment is used.

TOOL CONFIGUIUITION

Meador and Cox (1975) described a quadrapole tool of similar design.

Although the 30 mHz portion of that tool was similar in the actual measurement
system, significant differences exist.

The Dielectric Constant logging tool is a mandrel device and can be run
without standoffs where borehole conditions are hostile; however, best results
have been obtained when the tool was centralized.

* Trademark of Gearhart–Owen Industries, Inc.

 SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 36, 19

When the log is to be run in conductive drilling fluids (~ less than

1 fi IU2/m) results can be improved by the use of long soft rubber fins that
break up borehole eddy currents. The magnitude of these eddy currents is a
function of the conductivity of the mud. The greater the attenuation within
the borehole, the greater will be the signal loss of the electromagnetic
wave. If the signal reaching the formation is too severely attenuated, the
propagated electromagnetic wave will not have enough amplitude to be detected
at the receivers. As focusing of the transmitted electromagnetic wave is not
feasible at present, mechanical means are used.

The tool case is constructed of rubber over epoxy glass. The nature and
configuration of these materials are such that no conductivity exists over
the long axis of the tool or in its circumference. The base is a steel bull
plug of rugged design that can be removed to gain access to the lower electronics.
The steel top portion is of equally rugged design giving the tool a pressure of
7000 psi (P.T. Cox, Personal Communication, October 1978). Housed within the
mandrel are two removable instrument sections joined by non-conductive
isolators. The lower section consists of a single dipole transmitting element
which is driven by a 30 mHz continuous wave oscillator and power amplifier.

The upper electronics section and receiver coils are electrostatically

shielded. The signal arriving at the coils is mixed to a lower frequency and
amplified in a manner such that phase and amplitude linearity are maintained.
The output from the tool is in the form of two FM signals, which are processed
at the surface by the DDL computer.

INTREPRETATION

The interpretation technique entails an overlay as quick look and a

detailed crossplot and computation routine. Sw is obtained by solution of the
Lichtnecker and Rother equation (Equation 1) used by Meador and Cox (1975)
which has been modified to the form in Equation 1. The overlay technique is
based on a two water model in which total water porosity (~) in the system,
as determined from the Dielectric Constant Log (DCL), is separated into bound
water associated with clay and pore water through computation of effective
porosity (Oe) and total porosity (Ot). In this model, clay is considered
dispersed and in a uniform mix with the sand matrix. The two water concept
is briefly explained in this section. The overlay approximates a comparison
between total porosity (Ot) and water porosity (@w).

Application of the Lichtnecker and Rother Equation.

Meador and Cox (1975) applied the Lichtnecker and Rother equation in the
form:

Et = {(1-0) c~ + Swo E;+ (1-SW) @ E: } lIC .. (Eq.1)

Where shale volume does not exceed 20 per cent, conductivity due to clay is
low, and
SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 3-6, 1979

Ct = measured dielectric constant

Em = matrix dielectric constant
%= water dielectric constant
= oil dielectric constant
;; = total porosity
Sw = fractional water saturation
c = formation dielectric cementation factor

They defined c as “the formation dielectric cementation and polarization factor,

(which iS) . . . dependent on the grain size, shape and orientation in the
formation. For most dielectric logging applications the value of c may range
from near zero to near two. Its value varies with formation type much as the
formation factor varies in resistivity logging”.

Initial investigations reported by Meador and Cox (1975) into the use of
dielectric measurements to determine Sw suggested little if any dependence upon
salinity. Variations in agreement with core data were usually attributed to
variations in c. More recent investigations (P.T. Cox and K. Savage, Personal
Communication, October 1978) and empirical data indicate that in the 30 mHz
range, salinity changes affect the water portion of Equation 1: Swo<

Through laboratory core analysis, Cox and Savage recognized a pattern to the
variation in C$ with respect to ~. In a parallel effort, by comparison of
Dielectric Constant Log (DCL) data to produced water resistivities in ~
derived from long analysis, a similar phenomena was recognized. Where c was
held at or very close to 0.5, a multiplier (referred to as p — see below)
whose magnitude increases with formation water conductivity, could be inserted
as shown in Equation 2.
where c: = EL(1 - @t) + ~p(!lJtSw) + E:Ot(l - ‘SW) . . . (Eq.2)

(p = polarization exponent for conductive fluids). If the shale volume and

conductivity due to clay are high, the equation should be expanded to account
for shale waters. Discussion of the shale term expansion is beyond the scope
of this paper but will be the topic of future discussions.

In a wet sand, the total porosity is completely occupied by water and

Equation 2 can be reduced to:
C=EC
‘t
~(l-ot) +C;p (@tSw) ............(Eq.3)
cc = ............(Eq.4)
t ‘~a(l - Ot) + c;pOw
If c is held constant and Equation 4 is solved in terms of @w and Ct for a
given temperature while varying p, plots such as those in Figure 14 can be
constructed. From these plots, the value of p can be obtained by entering with
@t and Et values in wet sands. Equation 3 can be rewritten in the form:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . (Eq.5)

Ot

the term p may then be obtained from:

P= 1
{lOglo(<- {1- ~t}’~)- log~oqjt} ..........(Eq.6)
Loglo ~
 SPWLATWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 3-6, 1

In this approach the value of c is assumed to be 0.5. Research into the

degree of and causes for variations in c is ongoing. Present indications are
that c may vary only slightly when matrix and cementation materials are non-
conductive. The polarization exponent will vary with conductivity and local
ion concentrations.

The Shaly Sand Model

Basically, the Dielectric Constant Log reflects a change in the relative

dielectric constant of the material being surveyed. As the relative dielectric
constant for water is about 16 times that of dry sand matrix materials at 70°F,
any change in the amount of water present will yield a measurable change in the
relative dielectric constant observed. This is true whether the net increase
or decrease is in the amount of pore water, bound water, or both. Actually the
DCL can be regarded as a nonscaled porosity log which shows the total amount of
water present (Ow). To obtain water saturation in the pore space, total
porosity (Ot) must be defined. This is shown by the model in Figure 15.
In this model, a wet sand with dispersed clay is illustrated. The water bound
to the clays constitutes a portion of the total porosity. The effective porosity
is completely saturated with pore water. In such a case, the DCL tool would
respond to the bound water plus the pore water and @w = @t. Figure 16 shows
the same model with a water saturation of 50% in the effective porosity. The
model shows that bound water = total porosity minus effective porosity (@t-@e)
and pore water = total water minus bound water {@w-(@t-@e)}. As bound water
will not be produced and Sw is computed for the total porosity, evaluation of
the amount of bound water included in the Sw can aid in predicting the potential
amount of water production.

Quick Look Overlay

The Sidewall Neutron Porosity Log and Compensated Neutron Log are neutron
devices that respond to the hydrogen index of the material measured. In an
oil bearing shaly sand reservoir, the hydrogen will be associated with the
following materials:

1. Pore water
2. Bound water
3. Hydrocarbons
4. Hydrogen as a structural component of the clay.

Figure 17 shows the relationship of neutron porosity (ON) and total porosity
(OJ. Hence, a Plot of @t versus @N in a saturated sand will show @t to
be less than, but roughtly proportional to ON.

The first step in the procedure is to normalize the neutron porosity curve
with an appropriately scaled relative dielectric constant curve. Experience has
shown that in most cases, a scale of 2 or 2.5 relative dielectric constant
units per chart division for the relative dielectric curve and a 3 porosity
unit per chart division Sidewall Neutron Porosity or Compensated Neutron yields
the best results in high porosity sands. As the relative dielectric constant
is roughly proportional to the water present (@w), higher dielectric values
mean higher @ws. If the relative dielectric curve is normalized to the
neutron porosity curve in a wet sand (Ot = @w), the relative dielectric curve
SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 2-6, 1979

will diverge right (decrease) with respect to the neutron porosity (@w < @t)
when oil is encountered. This is discussed in example one.

Solving For Sw

The solution of Equation 2 requires knowledge of @t, Em, co, ~, c and P.

A crossplot of ON versus OD on a sandstone matrix will determine both
@e and @t. This procedure is an adaptation of the method used by Ransom
(1977). Figure 18 shows a CrOSSplOt Of @D VerSUS @N. The points that plot
in zone A are from the sand intervals and those in zone B are from shaly
intervals. The shales that plot near the wet clay point (point E) have no
effective porosity and contain wet clay. When the bound water is removed from
the wet clays, those points will move to the dry clay point where there is no
total porosity.

Construction of the crossplot is shown in Figure 19. Line of equal

effective porosity are constructed parallel to the matrix-wet clay line and are
shown in solid lines. Lines of equal total porosity are constructed parallel
to the matrix–dry clay line and are dashed lines. The wet clay point is
established from log readings in similar lithologic units and will be the
highest neutron porosity value (most north-easterly point) of the clean shales
on the matrix-wet clay line. The dry clay point will fall on an average bulk
density from 2.5 gin/cc to 3.1 gin/cc and the dry clay value from the neutron log
(@Ndc) will vary ‘rem 14 to 34%. The example shown has wet clay values from
the density log (Oh$) = 16% and from the neutron log (@N ) * 34% and dry clay
values from the density log (@Ddc) = –10% and the neutron ‘!iOg (o~dc) = 14%. Log
readings of ON = 30% and @D = 23% will result in @e = 16.8% and @t = 25.9%.
A more thorough explanation of the wet clay point and effective porosity has
been made by Poupon et al (1970) and by Ransom (1977).

An alternative method (Figure 20) for approximating @t adapted from

Gearhart & Head (1976) and Head (1977) uses the complex lithology crossplot of
ON and @D. A similar approach to @t is recommended by Best, Gardner and
Dumanoir (1978). These methods assume the matrix to be clean and define the
values for @t and apparent matrix density. Variations in @t due to shaliness
must then be adjusted by use of such indicators as SP or gamma ray.

To solve Equation 2, input values for ‘ma ‘w and ‘o should be corrected

for temperature. Ew is the most sensitive to temperature variation and
should be corrected to downhole values. Figure 21 illustrates the correction
required for water and quartz.

The technique for selection of a value for p has met with success in sands
having minimal conductivity due to clay. This is illustrated by Figure 14 in
which the slopes represent various values for p in a wet sand. To use the chart,
first identify a wet sand, then plot values of Et versus @t. The curves
that best fit the data define p. When sufficient data are available, inter-
polation is encouraged. If a wet sand is not present, an approximate value for
p can be determined from the relationship shown in Figure 22, which is derived
from empirical data as yet unpublished and is subject to further refinement.
 SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 56, 1979

A modification of plots such as those used by Meador and Cox (1975) and
Poley et al (1978) is also convenient in evaluating Sw. Figure 23 illustrates
the plot in which SW is determined as function of tit and ~~ where ~~ ~~ Ed, Ed,
and p are held constant. To construct the plot, values of tit and et Are '
obtained by solving Equation 2 for increasing values of 8, for each value
of s . The plot may then be used as an alternate to the lengthy mathematics
for ! point by point analysis. Figure 23 was developed using parameters which
apply to Example 2 over the interval from 1801 to 1986 ft.

EXAMPLE1

The well was drilled in a field that has been under development for
over sixty years. The oil zones are randomly interspersed with water-bearing
sand stringers having high formation water resistivities. In some cases, the
water is considered potable. The sands are unconsolidated, shaly, and of
Pliocene age. Crude oil gravities in these sands range from 14' to 20' API.

Figure 24 shows the Induction, Compensated Density and Sidewall Neutron

vv
Porosity Curves. Figure 25 shows the overlay of the Dielectric Constant curve
on the Neutron Porosity curve. The sands above 2020 ft. were known to be wet
and were chosen to normalize the overlay.

The sand at 2128-34 ft. is shown to be wet according to the DCL-Neutron

overlay. The core data in Figure 26, also show the sand to be wet. The sand
exhibited permeabilities ranging from 495 to 3510 millidarcies. The sand at
2116-22 ft. is shown by cores to contain a considerable amount of oil. The
same sand is shown by the DCL overlay to be only partially oil saturated. The
apparent anomaly is caused by the presence of two thin clayey intervals within
the sand. Due to the close proximity of the clayey intervals and the logging
tool's long spacing of transmitter to receiver, true values are not obtained;
nevertheless, the overlay indicates the presence of hydrocarbons and the analyst
would have the option of testing the zone.

In the zone from 2146 to 2164 ft., the overlay shows the presence of
hydrocarbons. All but the top foot of the conventional core was lost over
this zone; however, three sidewall cores confirmed the presence of hydrocarbons.

EXAMPLE2

The log suite chosen for this example is from a field in which the hydro-
carbon accumulation is a very heavy crude in an unconsolidated shaly sand. The
field has been under continuous thermal secondary recovery development for many
years. The reservoir temperature between 1700 and 2300 ft. ranges from 150° to
over 300°F and pressures vary widely. Steam override and voidage due to the
disequilibrium of temperature and pressure are prevalent. An overall fluid
salinity of 6000 ppm NaCl (E. Traverse and T. Holt., Personal Communication,
October-November 1978) is generally accepted, but considerable variation within
zones is suspected. The well was conventionally cored and the logging suite
consisted of Induction-Lateralog, Compensated Density-Compensated Neutron Log
with Gamma Ray and Dielectric Constant Log as illustrated in Figure 27. A
temperature log was also run.

- 9 -
SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 36, 1979

To illustrate the relative influences of the various parameters and to

evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques, three
approaches were taken and compared to core data. An AID Laserlog* (an onsite
computed log) program described by Gearhart and Head (1976) was run. This iS
an Archie solution using Induction, Density and Gamma Ray inputs (Figure 28D).

A solution for the two-water approach (Figure 28C) was obtained by use of
a Hewlett-Packard 97 computer programmed in the manner described by Thompson
(1978) . Figure 28A illustrates the Sw derived from the relative dielectric
data and Figure 28B shows the core data.

The procedure by which the DCL derived Sw data were obtained included
the derivation of @t from a computerized solution of Figure 20. This technique
was chosen due to the extensive desaturation throughout the zones. More
sophisticated routines would have yielded greater accuracy but have not yet
been deployed for onsite field use. The porosities thus obtained show very
good agreement with core data.

The dielectric Sw at 1828, 1880, 1890, 1980 and 2142 ft. is too high due
to increased shaliness. Although core data are not available at 1850 ft.,
the increased shaliness indicated by the Gamma Ray cume suggests that the Sw
derived from DCL is also too high. As more empirical data become available
shaliness corrections should minimize this effect.

The interval from 2104 to 2118 ft. shows disagreement between S from DCL
and core Sw. This intenal has been overridden by steam and has a l~w fluid
saturation. The high water saturation in the core is due to filtrate invasion
according to E. Traverse (Personal Communication, 1978). The log derived Sw
is considered to be more representative of the actual amount of water present.

The interval from 2160 to 2180 ft. shows considerable disagreement between
the various techniques. The DCL derived data show very good agreement in this
zone. The divergence of the AID and dual-water approach may be due to a
change in ~. Such a change would also affect the DCL approach in the selection
of p. It is apparent that whatever the cause, the DCL was less affected.

This example clearly illustrates that where shaliness is minimal, the DCL
data can be used to derive accurate values of Sw. The parameters used in the
example were as follows:

c . 0.5
P . 1.2
=0 = 2.3
%= 57-66 as a function of temperature
Cma = 4.0

* Trademark of Gearhart–Owen Industries, Inc.

 SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 36, 1

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The borehole measurement of the dielectric properties of a formation has

provided new methods for qualitative and quantitative determinations of the
presence of hydrocarbons. These techniques work best in clean formations having
an R greater than 10 ~ m2/m. and bearing high resietivity waters. The
configuration of tools currently in use precludes the derivation of dielectric
data where Rt is less than 5 Q m2/m. The dielectric data obtained when mud
filtrate and formation waters are radically dissimilar and invasion is deep
may not be accurate.

In moderately saline formations, quantitative analysis is made possible

by inclusion of the polarization exponent p into the Lichtnecker and Rother
Equation. Research into the expansion of this equation for application to
very clayey mixtures is ongoing.

Present indications are that extensive application of this system will

be made in water flooded reservoirs and fresh to brackish water environments.
Where flood waters are mixed and of varying or unknown resistivities, further
refinements in the determination of p may be necessary.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank Dr. Kerry Savage and P. T. COX of Texaco,
Inc. and the engineers at Gearhart-Owen and Go Wireline Services for their co-
operation in the preparation of this paper. The authors also thank Gearhart–
Owen Industries, Inc. for permission to-publish this paper.

GLOSSARY

= measured dielectric constant

. metrix dielectric constant
. water dielectric constant
. oil dielectric constant
. drilling mud dielectric constant
. invaded zone dielectric constant
. formation dielectric cementation factor
. polarization exponent
. water porosity
. total porosity
effective porosity
= density log derived porosity
= neutron log derived porosity
. dry clay value from density log
. dry clay value from neutron log
. wet clay value from density log
. wet clay value from neutron log
. fractional water saturation
. diameter of borehole
. diameter of invasion
. resistivity of drilling mud
SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 36, 1979

=
resist ivity of invaded zone
R Xo
Rt true=resist ivity of formation
% =
resistivity of formation water
AID =
a computer program used in conjunction with Laserlog
DCL =
Dielectric Constant Log
DDL =
Direct Digital Log, Gearhart-Owen Industries, Inc.
trademark
Laserlog = an onsite computed log, Gearhart-Owen Industries, Inc.
trademark

REFERENCES CITED

Best, D. L., Gardner, J. S., and Dumanoir, J. L., 1978, A computer-processed

wellsite log computation; Trans. SPWLA 19th Annual Logging Symposium, El
Paso, Texas (June 13-16), paper 2.

Calvert, J. T., Rau, R. N., and Wells, L. E., 1977, Electromagnetic propagation. ..
a new dimension in logging: Trans. 47th Annual California Regional Meeting of
the Sot. of Petrol. Eng. of AIME, Bakersfield, California, (April 13-15),
paper SPE 6542.

Clavier, C., Coates, G., and Dumanoir, J., 1977, The theoretical and experi-
mental bases for the “dual water” model for the interpretation of shaley sands:
Trans. 52nd Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Sot. of
Petrol. Eng. of AIME, Denver, Colorado (October 9-12) paper SPE 6859.

Gearhart, M., and Head, M.P., 1976, Wellsite formation analysis using the DDL
computer; Trans. 4th European Formation Evaluation Symposium, London (October
18-19) .

Head, M.P., 1977, Wellsite computer analysis, A program for complex lithologies:
Trans. 52nd Annual Fall Fechnical Conference and Exhibition of the Sot. of
Petrol. Eng. of AIME. Denver (October 9-12), paper SPE 6824.

Hill, H.J., and Milbum, J.D., 1956. Effect of clay and water salinity on
electrochemical behaviour of resemoir rocks. Trans. AIME, Vol. 207, p. 65-72.

Hoyer, W.A. and Rumble, R.C., 1976, Dielectric constant of rocks as a petro-
physical parameter: Trans. SPWLA 17th Annual Logging Symposium, Denver,
Colorado (June 9-12) paper O.

Meador, R.A., and Cox, P.T., 1975, Dielectric constant logging. A salinity
independent estimation of formation water volume: Trans. 50th Annual Fall
Meeting of the Sot. of Petrol. Eng. of AIME. Dallas, Texas (Sept. 28-Ott. 1)
paper SPE 5504.

Poley, J.P., Nooteboom, J.J. and deWaal, P.J., 1978, Use of V.H.F. dielectric
measurements for borehole formation analysis: The log Analyst, May–June. p 8-30.

Poupon, A., Clavier, C., Dumanoir, J., Gaymard, R. and Misk, A., 1970, Log
Analysis of sand–shale sequences - a systematic approach: J. Pet. Tech.
July, p 867-881.
 SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 36

Random, R.C., 1977, Methods based on density and neutron well logging responses
to distinguish characteristics of shaley sandstone resenoir rock: The Log
Analyst, May-June. p 47-62.

Thompson, K.D., 1978, Well log interpretation of shaley sands with the pro-
grammable calculator: Trans. , SPWLA 19th Annual Logging Symposium, El Paso,
Texas (June 13-16) paper X.

Waxman, M.H. and Smits, L.J.M., 1968, Electrical conductivities in oil bearing
shaley sands: Sot. Pet. Eng. J. (June) p. 107-122.

Waxman, M.H. and Thomas E.C., 1972, Electrical conductivities in shaley sands -
I. The relation between hydrocarbon saturation and resistivity Index, - II.
The temperature coefficient of electrical Conductivity: J. Pet. Tech.
(February) p. 213-225.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

WILLIAM R. BERRY II is California Regional Sales Manager for Go Wireline

Services, a Division of Gearhart-Owen Industries, Inc. He received a Bachelor
of Arts degree in Geology from California State University at Fresno and has
done graduate work at the University of Southern California. After serving in
the United States Navy as an Oceanographic Research Officer, he was employed by
Welex. Mr. Berry worked as a geologist for an independent oil company before
his affiliation with Go Wireline Services. Society memberships include the
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Society of Economic Paleontologists
& Mineralogists, Society of Professional Well Log Analysts, Society of Petroleum
Engineers of American Institute of Mechanical Engineers,and Naval Institute.

MICKEY P. HEAD is Manager of the Louisiana Region of Go Wireline Services, a

Division of Gearhart-Owen Industries, Inc. He has been with GO for three
years, two of which he worked at GO headquarters in Fort Worth as log analyst
specializing in computer applications. He received his B.S. in Geological
Engineering from North Carolina State University in 1966. Prior to joining
GO he worked for Schlumberger from 1968 to 1975, and afterwards for Phillips
Petroleum until his association with GO. During this time he served in capaciti
ranging from field engineer and computer log analyst. Society memberships incl
the Society of Professional Well Log Analysts and the Society of Petroleum
Engineers of American Institute of Mechanical Engineers.

MARCEL L. MOUGNE received his bachelor degree in Mathematics at the University

of Dijon in France, his Masters $egree in Physics at the University of Paris
and was a Fellow at the Poincarre Institute in Paris. After servfng with the
French Airborne Forces during World War II he worked for Schlumberger from 1949
until 1961 and then for Dresser from 1962 until 1971. During this period he
served in capacities ranging from field operations and field servicing to
engineering, research, development and training. Since his association with
Gearhart-Owen in 1971 he has served in the capacity of Research Physicist.
SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 36, 1979

MATERIAL RELATIVE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

Al R 1
FRESH WATER 80
OIL 2-4
CARBONATES 7-11
SANDSTONES 4-6

@20 “c

Fig. 1. Diele@ric Conmant values mlativa toairforvarious materials.

L
‘R, =lOfl-m

I ! I 1 I I I I 1
OL I I I I I [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! I !

o 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2

REIATIvE OUADRAPOI.E AM PLITUOE -30 MHz

Fig.2. Cm~plot forralatke dielectric constint uwdby Matiorand Cox~l975).

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT LOG INTERPRETATION CROSSPLOT

60

50

.Acl
g

g ,m
~

<
~

.20

.10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 ?0 80 90 1L73 110 120 130

PHACE DIFFERENCE IDEGREESI

Fig.3. Relative dialactric conatent croaaplotchart

 SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 36,

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 r I I r I I 1 1 I I I 1
w I I I
RELATIVE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (ft)

o - 10
u-l
5
320.0
Q
160.0
+0 -
:*
80.0

E
40,0
Zo -
-Jrq
a
20.0
z
a ‘0%4 T,om
No -
r ~. ‘%-r, ~, ~k
10.0
z (@t)
o
10
0 5.0
-. . -

II
FLUSHEDZONE RESIST] ’(ITY(Rxo) = 80.00
[NVAOSD ZONE DIAMETER (0{ ) = ZOO 2.5
—-i
I
10
1 [ 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I t 1 I 1
0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 I10 120 130
30 MHZ PHASE DIFFERENCE (DEGREES)

Fig. 4.

0 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T 1 I 1 1 1 1
w 1 I 1 1 1
RELATIVE OIELECTRICCONSTANT (Ct)
1

1 1 t 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 I
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 I 10 120 130
30 MHZ PHASE DIFFERENCE (DEGREEs)

Fig. 5.

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1
? I I I T I 1 I 1 1 I 1 ! I 1 1
RELATIVE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (<t)
1

10
5
3200

160.0

80.0

40.0

‘0*@4 >,04 20.0

‘%ob,yp
10.0
~tt)

5.0
FLIISHED ZONE RESISTIVITY(RxO) = 80.00
INVADEDZONE OIAMETER(DI ) - ,6D0 2.5

I I I ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 ! I
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 I 10 120 130
30 MHZ PHASE DIFFERENCE (OEGREES)

Fig. 6.
SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 3-6, 1979

0. I I I I 1 i 1 I 1 i 1 I I I I 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 I 1 1
~

RELATIVE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (<t)

o - 10 15 20 *5
m, 5
320.0

g 160,0
‘?0
+0
‘# *, % 80.0
VA
u b+
n 40.0
3 %
kg *.
%
g’ “L 20.0
“AL
a
~, 10,0
9$
z 5,0
0 ;Y 2,5

‘g

FLUSHED ZONE RESISTIVITY (Rxo) = 80,00

INVAOEOZONE OIAPETER(Of ) = 1,000
I I 1 I I 1 I
o 10 20 30 40 100 I 10 120 130
30 MHZ5%HASEaDlFFE~NCE %EGRE::)

Fig. 7.

0
Ull I I I 1 1 1 1 I 1 I I I r 1 I I 1 1 1 I 1 # 1 1 T
I
L RELATIVE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (<t)

10
5
320.0

180.0

80.0

40.0

y$
z

‘g
I
t

I
o
FLUSHEOZONE RESISTIVITY(Rxo) = 2,00

,
INVAOEII

10
ZONE O,A”ETER(01 ) - ,200
I 1 1

20
1

30
I I

40
1 # 1 1 I 1 I I 1
5.0

1 1 I 1
100
I I
I 10
1
2.5

1
120
I J
130
30 MHZ5!HASEWDIFFE:NCE !:EGRE::)

Fig. 8.

0
q
1 1 1 I I I I 1 1 1 r I I T I 1 1 1 I I 1 1 I 1 1
RELATIVE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (tt)
I

FLUSHEDZONE RESISTIVITY(Rxo) -2,00

—
INVADEOZONE OIAMETER(D4 ) - ,400 2.6
! I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I I 1 1 I I I 1 I 1 1
o 10 20 30 40 100 I 10 120 130
30 MHZ5:HASE6:IFFE::NCE %EGRE::)

Fig. 9.
 SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 36, 1979

Fig. 10. Fig. 11

vv
a :

i..

1
1

Fig. 12. Dielectric Constant Log Showing Fig. 13. Computed 30 MHZ resistivity and
amplitudes at near and far relative dielectric constant.
receivers. phare difference in
degrees, and amplitude ratio.

- 17 -
SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 36, 1979

50 $

45

40

35

0.30
25
20
15

10 WC
5

0 I
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

50

45

40
35
g.30
25
20
15
40”C
10
5
0
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

et

Fig. 14. Cross plots for determination of polarization axponent (p) at 40”C and 80°C.

SAND MATRIX DRYCLAY 601NDWATER PORE WATER

4 i

tie

@w
Fig. 15. Wet shaly sand model.
 100

80

60

40
w
m
# <

so
20

0
0

o 0
i= i=
-20

@N SANDSTONE

Fig. 18. Crossplot of density porosity and neutron porosity for shaly sands,
SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 3-6, 1979

1,6
I I I [ I I 1

1,8

2,0

2,2

E
g 2.4
#
25
2
2,6

2,8

3.0-

3.2_
Fig, 19, Shaley sandcrossplotshowingtotal porosity ($tl and effective porosify (@e). -lo 0 1020 30 40 50
SIDEWALL NEUTRON
POROSITY(LIIIESTONE)
Fig. 20, Cro@ot of bulk density a“d neutron porosity for determination of porosity and apparent
matrix density in complex Iithcd.agies,

RELATIVE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

Fig. 21, Tempwafum correction for relative dielectric constants.

 SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 36

Rw P
>5 1.Oa
3 1.o15b
l-lb
1
.5 1.16b
.25 1.22b
.1 1.31b

RELATIONSHIP OF Rw TO P WHERE
WET SANDS ARE ABSENT.

a =DATA COMPLIED BY AUTHOR

b =DATA COMPILED BY P.T. COX
(PERSONAL COMMUNICATION - 1978)

Fig. 22. Relationship of Rw to p where wet sands are absent.

50

45

40

35

30

fit 25

20

15

10

0
05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Fig.23. Crossplot of relative dielectric constant vs. total porosity for Sw.
SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 3-6, 1979
Fig. 24. Resistivity and porosity logs from example 1.
 SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 36

-———-–– L!__ 1 —- ———— .-

——-—— .—— _ —__ .

_. . . . . . . . .

—.. ———..
SIDEWALL NEUTRON pOROSITY --
—_-.—_ .—

————. ....____ —-
—._— ——
—— -_ ..—
.— ___ —.—z.
02000
— ———.
.—- –.——.. -—.
—— ..——.
0 so% — 100
loo— Sw% 0
2620 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. . . . . . . . . .100
.. .. .. .. . .
.. .. .
.. ...
. .. .. ..
~::: ,.. . .. .. .. ..
.....................
G. . . . .. .. ..
. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . .
.

. .. .. ..
.2.-. . . ...

.......................
... ... ..
2=’ . :~ . .
.. .. ...

..-- . d 2060
—.
......................
. . .
j-. . ..,
. . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . .
.
_ DIELECTRIC > CONSTANT
. . .. ...
3“... ...
~
~...
. . . . ... ...

.... ..
..

m...3
.
2080 .. . . . . ... . . . . ... . . .

=+
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.
02100 2!00 . . . . .. . . . . ... . . .
.
.,
-% . . . . .,
-—
.... .. .. :. ...
. ............
zl~o
,..
2 . . . .,. . . .
. . .. . . .
.-.
I
,
.-l
+!
, 1
! !
I
! I I 1
2140
=-__+
. .
..................
“2... ... \... ....
. .
;
.
.z................,
-i:
. .
;
.
:
.

—. - -.. :
- . :-
. . —:::.
. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .
2160 . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .
. . .
..
.
::
.. ..
3;;;..
=5 .. .. ..
3“.
Fig. 25. Overlay of relative dielectric con- Fig. 26. Core data from example 1.
stant curve and side wall neutron
porosity cuwe from example 1 with
shaded area indicating hydrocar-
bon.
SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 3-6, 1979

.. ........................................... .
S-7. --41808 ,@a3, Y 00,..,0 z . . . . . . ..

Olmo

020<

so .....................................................

02 ,0.0
,0 ,30 ,.e5 ,, .,,0, ,,,0,0 0.,0. ,0 , . . . ....!
e ,0 60 —------ --- , —.... .
.,ao, .?230 o 0042-07 . . . . . . . . .
-------- 21 21 S-l S-7B 41*O9 2222 0 0047-13 2 --------

Fig. 27. Resistivity, porosity, and dielectric constant logs from example 2.
SPWLA TWENTIETH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 3-6, 1979

0— —loo
1OO-SW% ,Do—y.— 0 100—7. — 0 60 —*— n

100
— w%—o— 0 — 100 OIE
1690

1820

! 849

IME

lean

!Me 01s

1928

1948

1960

::::
::::
..::::
.$. .
::::
...
1*

20@

4“ ::
:.:
:.:
::.: 020

2e2e A,,:...,;....;.
::: :: :
::: :
:.: :
2048
>:
. . ....:....:.
==?: ::: ::
=::::
::: :
2me ... :...,: . .........
::
:.. :.. :
:.. ::.
2080 2. .:..., ,..,:..,. :.
::
- ::

.,
.:,.
<
.. . .
::
.......
2108 . 021

::

3.,. :.

.1.
2!20

::
2148 ., .:... .:.
::
::
2160 ...:: ...
::
::
. .
2180 J..:....:....:
0 —7. — 100 7.s8

Fig. 28. C. Example 2 dual Fig. 28. D. Example 2 AID Laserlog TM derived ~.
water derived ~.