CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL

A large area containing a variety of stores and often restaurants and other
business establishments housed in a series of connected or adjacnt buildings or
in a single large building. This mall is not only constructed for the shopping
purpose it is also for the entertainment, relaxation, etc..The project is done by using
the software of AUTOCADD for plan and analysis for STAAD. Pro.

The mall is a type of building in which manufacturers sell their

products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in
outlet malls are operated by retailers selling returned goods and
discontinued products often at heavily reduced price. A shopping mall is a
modern structure in which one or more buildings form a complex of shops
representing merchandisers with interconnecting walkways that enable
customers to walk from unit to unit.

The International Council Of Shopping Centers classifies shopping

malls into eight basic types : Neighborhoodcenter, Community center, Regional
center, Superregional center, Fashion or specialty center, Power center, Theme
or festival center and Outlet center.

A common feature of shopping malls are the food court. This

consists of a number of fast food vendors of various types, surrounding a
shared seating area. From the 20th century, entertainment venues such as
movie theatres and restaurants began to added.

1.2 DETAILED SPECIFICATION

1.2.1 GENERAL
i)SLAB
Slabs are the plate elements forming floors and roofs of
building and carrying loads due to flexure.

1
ii)BEAM
The beams are horizontal elements which carry the loads from
the slab and distribute those loads to the column in which the beams
are supported.
iii)COLUMN
The column is an element used primarily for axial compressive loads with
a height of atleast three its lateral dimension. All columns are subjected to
some moments which may be due to the end restraint imposed by
monolithically placed beams and slab. In this project columns are with
axial load and biaxial bending.
iv)FOUNDATION
Foundations are structural elements that transfer load from the columns
to the subsoil. In this project foundations are designed as isolated
footing.
v)STAIRCASE
Staircase consists of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving
access to the different floors of building. In this project the Staircase
was designed as dog legged staircase.
1.2.2 SPECIFICATION REPORT
i)CLEANING THE SITE
The proposed area is to be cleaned of all the loose stones,
plates, trees, materials and rubbish of all kinds as well as of roots trees
etc. and entirely rubbed out.
ii)EARTHWORK EXCAVATION
After cleaning the site, Centre lines and foundation lines are
marked and then excavation is started. The hard gravel soil or soft
rock is seen in 2.5 m depth below the ground level. So the depth of

2
excavation is taken as 2.5 m. The safe bearing capacity of soil 250
KN/m2 .

iii)FOOTINGS
Footing for all main walls over the concrete bed will be
random rubble masonry in the cement mortar 1:5 mix.
iv)BASEMENT
The basement is also constructed with random rubble masonry with a
mortar ratio of 1:5.
v)FLOORING
Cement concrete of 1:5:10 mixes are provided for flooring to a depth
of 150mm with cement mortar of 1:3, 20mm thick and finished with
mosaic tiles.
vi)STAIRCASE
Staircase are generally provided to connect successive floors of the
buildings. The rises and treads are 150mm and 300mm.
The waist slab is of thickness RCC 1:2:4.
vii)PLASTERING
The process of creating plaster work is called plastering.
Plaster refers to the construction or ornamentation done with plaster
such as a layer of plaster to an interior wall or plastic decorative
moldings on ceilings or walls. The inner and outer walls are plastered
with cement mortar 1:5 and 12mm thickness provided.

3
 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

The methodology is given in the following flow chart,

SELECTION OF SITE

SURVEYING

AUTO CAD DRAWING

DESIGN OF STRUCTURE

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4
 CHAPTER 3

PLAN DETAILS

Layout is an arrangement of buildings in an open land with all

facilities like roads, drains, water supply, playground, parks, etc... In
this site plan its shows layout of the shopping mall.

Fig 3.1 SITE PLAN

5
 In this chapter the plan details are explained briefly. The mall has three
stories. Ground floor has water fountain and many shops. The emergency exit is
provided both sides of the building. The staircase and lift both are provided.

Fig 3.2 GROUND FLOOR

6
 The first floor have 108 shops with different sizes, food courts ,
playing area for kids and other facilities. The each floor has 4
quadrants.

All dimensions are in m

Fig 3.3 FIRST FLOOR

7
 The second floor is same as that of the first floor
and also having 108 shops.

All dimensions are in mm

Fig 3.4 SECOND FLOOR

8
 The third floor has two food courts and one playing area.
The lift and staircase both are provided.

All dimensions are in mm

Fig 3.5 THIRD FLOOR

9
Fig 3.6 GROUNG FLOOR SECTIONING

10
All dimensions are in mm
Fig 3.7 SECTION

All dimensions are in mm

Fig 3.8 ELEVATION

11
Fig 3.9 COLUMN ORIENTATION

12
 CHAPTER 4
4.1 DESIGN OF SLAB
i)DATA

Clear span = 4m X 8m

Wall thickness = 230 mm

Imposed load = 5KN/m2

Grade of concrete = M 25

Grade of steel = Fe 415

ii) TYPE OF SLAB

As per IS 456:2000

L y / Lx = 8 / 4

= 2 <= 2

Hence the slab is to be designed as TWO WAY SLAB.

iii) DEPTH REQUIRED

1.Clear span = 4000 mm

From IS 456:2000 clause 23.2.1

d = 4000 / ( 26 x 1.1 )

= 139 mm

= 140 mm

Maximum clear cover for slab 20 mm. Use 12mm dia bars as main rods

2.Overalldepth D = 140 + (12/2) + 20

13
 =166 mm

Say D =170 mm

iv) EFFECTIVE SPAN

1. c/c distance of support = 4000+230

= 4230mm
2. clear span + effective depth = 4000+170
= 4170 mm
Leff = 4170 mm

v) LOAD CALCULATION

1. Imposed load = 5 kN/m2

2. Weathering coarse = 1 kN/m2

3.Self weight = 1 x 0.170 x 25

= 4.25KN/m2

4.Total load = 10.25 KN/m2

5.Design or factored load = 10 x 1.5

Wu = 15.375 KN/m2
vi) DESIGN OF BENDING MOMENT

Mx = 0.085 x 12 x ( 4.170)2

= 22.725 kNm

My = 0.065 x 12 x ( 4.170 )2

= 17.38 kNm
14
vii) SHEAR FORCE

Vu = WLeff2/ 2

= 15.375 x 4.1702 / 2

= 134kN

Mu lim = 0.138 x fck x bd

= 0.138 x 25 x 1000 x 1402

= 67.6 kNm

viii) MAIN REINFORCEMENT

For shorter span,

Mu = 0.87fyAst d [ 1-(fyAst) / fckbd)]

22.275 x106 =0.87x415 x Ast x 160x[ 1-(415 Ast) / (25x1000x 160)]

As t= 476 mm2

S = ast /Ast x 1000

= [(л x 12 x 12) / 4] / 476 x 1000

= 230 mm
Use 12mm dia bars as main reinforcement at230 mm spacing shall be
provided.
For longer span,

17.38 x106 =0.87x415 x Ast x 160x[ 1-(415 Ast) / (25x1000x 160)]

15
 Ast = 360 mm2

S = ast /Ast x 1000

= [(л x 12 x 12) / 4] / 360 x 100 = 300 mm
Use 12 mm dia bars as main reinforcement at 300mm spacing shall be
provided.
ix) TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT

Ast (T) = ¾ Ast pro

Astpro = ast x ( 1000/ s )

= [(л x 12 x 12) / 4] x ( 1000 / 230 )

= 491 mm2

Astpro = [(л x 12 x 12) / 4] x ( 1000 / 300 )

= 377 mm2

Minimum length = L/5

= 4170 / 5

= 834mm

x) Ast MINIMUM

Astmin = (0.12 / 100) x b x d

= ( 0.12 x 1000 x 170 ) / 100

= 204 mm2

Provide 8 mm dia bars

Spacing = (ast / Astmin) x 1000
16
 = [ ( л x 8 x 8 ) / 4 ] / 204 x 1000

= 240 mm

Maximum permitted spacing,

Least of the following ,

1) 3d = 3 x 140 = 420 mm

2) 300 mm
3) 240 mm

Hence provide 8 mm dia bars at 240 mm c-c in shorter span as

minimum reinforcement

xi) SHEAR STRESS

ƮV = V/ bd

= 134 x 103 / ( 1000 x 140 )

= 0.357 N / mm

xii) PERCENTAGE OF TENSILE REINFORCEMENT

Ptmax= (Ast x 100 ) / bxd

= ( 377 x 100 ) / ( 140 x 1000 )

= 0.2

= 0.36 + ( 0.49 – 0.36) / ( 0.50 – 0.25 ) x ( 0.269 –

0.25 )

ƮC k = 0.369 x 1.25 = 0.46 N /mm

ƮV<ƮC k

17
 Hence safe in shear.
xiii) CHECK FOR DEFLECTION

( L / D) max > ( L / D) act

( L / D) max = B.V x Kc x Kt

= 26 x 1 x 1.3

= 33.8

( L / D) act = Leff / d

= 4185 / 160

= 26

Hence safe in deflection.

18
 All dimensions are in mm

Fig 4.1.1 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF SLAB

19
4.2 DESIGN OF BEAM
The structural member that supports the transverse load usually rest on
supports. there are two types of beam under reinforced & over reinforced beam.
We have designed under reinforced beam.

i) SIZE OF BEAM

1.Breadth of the beam = 300 mm

2.Clear span = 4m

3.Wall thickness = 230 mm

From IS 456:2000 P.NO : 37 Clause 23.2.1,

4.Depth of beam = clear span / 26

= 4000 / 26

d = 150mm

5.Overall depth = effective depth + clear cover

= 150 + 25

D = 175 mm

Fck = M25

Fy = Fe 415

ii) EFFECTIVE SPAN

20
1. c/c distance = 4 + 0.230

= 4.230 m

2. Clear span + eff depth = 4 + 0.150

= 4.150 m

L eff = 4.150 m ( least among two )

iii) LOAD CALCULATION

1. Service load = 5 kN / m2

2. Self weight of beam = b x d x unit weight of concrete

= 0.300 x 0.175 x 25

= 1.3125 kN / m2

3. Total load = 6.3kN/ m2

4. Design factored load Wu = 6.3 x 1.5 = 9.45 kN/ m2

iv) BENDING MOMENT

Mu = Wu Leff2/ 8

= 9.45 x 4.150 2 / 8

Mu = 20.34 kNm
v) SHEAR FORCE

Vu = WuLeff / 2

= ( 9.45 x 4.150 ) / 2

Vu = 19.60 k N

vi) CHECK FOR BENDING MOMENT

21
 Mu lim = 0.138 x fck x b x d2

= 0.138 x 25 x 300 x 1502

= 32 kNm Mu <

Mu limHence singly reinforced section. The beam

is designed as a under Reinforced section.

vii) MAIN REINFORCEMENT

Mu lim= 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x [ 1 – ( fy x Ast ) / ( fckx b x d ) ]

32 x 106 =0.87 x 415 x Astx 150 x [ 1 – (415 x Ast) / ( 25 x 300x 150 ) ]

Ast = 870 mm2

Use 16 mm dia bars ,

S = (ast / Ast ) x 1000

= [ ( л x 16 x 16 ) / 4 ] / 870 x 1000

S = 230 mm

Provide 5 No’ s of 16 mm dia bars at 230 mm c-c spacing.

viii) DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT

Use 12 mmdia bars,

ast= (л x 12 x 12 ) / 4

22
 = 113 mm2

Spacing, S = (ast / Ast ) x 1000

= ( 113 / 870 ) x 1000

S = 130 mm

Provide 8 No’s of 12 mm dia bars at 130 mm c-c spacing.

ix) CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS

ƮV = Vu / bd

= 19.60 x 10 3 / ( 1000 x 150 )

= 0.130

ƮC = Ast x 100 /bd

= 870 x 100 / ( 1000 x 150)

= 0.58

= 0.49 + (0.57 – 0.49) / ( 0.75 – 0.50 ) x ( 0.58

– 0.50 )

= 0. 52

ƮC k = 0.52 x 1.25

= 0.65
ƮV<ƮCk

Hence safe in shear.

23
x) CHECK FOR DEFLECTION

( L /d )act = Effective length / Effective depth

= 4.150 / 150

= 27

( L /d ) max = ( L /d )basic x kt x kf x kc

= 20 x 1.4 x 1 x 1

= 28

( L /d ) act< ( L /d ) max

Hence safe in deflection.

24
 All dimensions are in mm

Fig 4.2.1 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF BEAM

25
4.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN
i) COLUMN

A column is a structural member that transmits the loads for the above
structure to the footing it is a compression member. There are two types
of columns short and long column. We have designed the shot column.

ii) DATA

1. Shape of column = Circular column

2. Column length = 4m

3. Size of column = 500 mm dia

4. Grade of concrete = M 25

5. Grade of steel = Fe 415

iii) LOAD CALCULATION

1. Self weight of column = 25 x 4 x ( л x 0.5 x 0.5 ) /4

= 19.63 kN

2. Load from beam 1 = 14.6 x 4 / 2

= 29.2 kN

3. Load from beam 2 = 14.6 x 8 / 2

= 58.4 kN

4. Total load = 107.23 kN

5.Factored load = 1.5 x 107.23

= 160.845 kN

iv) SLENDERNESS RATIO

26
 SR = 4000 / 500

= 8 > 12

Hence it should be designed as a short column.

v) MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY

1. ῥ min = L /500 + D/ 30
= 4000 / 500 + 500 / 30

= 25 mm > 20 mm

2. ῥ min <= 0.05 D

= 0.05 x 500

= 25

vi) MAIN COLUMN REINFORCEMENT

Pu = (0.4 fck Ac) + ( 0.67 fyAsc)

Ag = Ac + AscAsc

= 0.01 Ag

Ag = [ ( π x 500 x 500 ) / 4 ]

= 196349.54

Asc = 0.01 A

= 0.01x196349.54

Asc = 1963.49

Ac = Ag –As

= 196349-1963.49

Ac =194386mm2

27
 Pu = (0.4x25x194386)+(0.67fyAsc)

= (0.4x25x194386)+(0.67x415x1963.49)

= 2489808.395 N

Pu = 2490 kN

Provide 20 mm dia bars,

No of bars = Ast / ast

= 1963.49 / [ ( π x 20 x 20 ) / 4 ]

= 6

Spacing = ( ast / Ast ) x 1000

= [ ( π x 20 x 20 ) / 4 ] / 1963.49 x 1000

= 160 mm

Provide 6 no’s of 20 mm dia bars at 160 mm c-c as longitudinal

reinforcement.

vii) TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

1. DIAMETER

Use dia of bars atleast of

i) ¼ (20) = 5 mm

ii) 6mm

2. PITCH

Pitch of the ties atleast of

i) Least lateral dimension = 230 mm

ii) 16ⱷ = 16 x 20 = 320 mm
iii)300mm
So adopt 6mm diameter ties at 230 mm c-c spacing.
28
 All dimensions are in mm

Fig 4.3.1 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF COLUMN

29
4.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING
i) FOOTING

AFooting is a foundation unit constructed in brick work, masonry or

concrete under the base of a wall or the purpose of distributing the load over
a large area.

ii) DATA

Shape of column = Circular column

Size of column = 500 mm

Safe bearing capacity of soil = 250 kN/m2

Grade of concrete = M25

Grade of steel = Fe 415

iii) LOAD CALCULATION

Load = 2490 kN

Add 10% of load for self wt of footing = 249 kN

Total load = 2739 kN

iv) SIZE OF FOOTING

Area of footing = 2739 / 250

Af = 11 m2

[ ( π x Df2 ) / 4 ] = 11

Df = 3.74 m

v) BENDING MOMENT

30
 1.Net upward soil pressure = 2739 / [ ( π x 3.74 x 3.74 ) / 4 ]

= 249 kN< ( 1.5 X 250 )

= 249 kN< 375 kN

Say Pu = 250 kN

Hence the diameter of the footing is adopted.

2. Centre of gravity of quadrant of footing,

= 0.6 ( R2 + r2+ Rr ) / ( R + r )

= 0.6 ( 18702 + 2502 + 1870 x 250 ) / ( 1870 + 250 )

= 1140 mm

3. Upward load on area

= [ π ( 1.87 – 0.250 )2 x 250 ] / 4

= 515 kN

4. Bending Moment

Mu = 515 ( 1.140 – 0.250 ) = 458.35 kNm

vi) EFFECTIVE DEPTH REQUIRED

( π x d ) / 4 = ( π x 500 ) / 4 = 393 mm

Mu = 0.138 fckbd2

Depth of footing = d = [ ( 458.35 x 106 ) / ( 0.138 x 25 x 393 )]1/2

= 580 mm

Depth required from shear considerations will be nearly 1.5 times that
for moment considerations.

Effective depth d = 870 mm

Overall depth D = 945 mm

31
vii) REINFORCEMENT

Mu lim = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x [ 1 – ( fy x Ast ) / ( fckx b x d ) ]

458.35 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Astx 870 x [ 1 – (415 x Ast) / ( 25 x 870x393)]

Ast = 1580 mm2

Use 20mm dia bars,

No of bars = Ast / ast

= 1580 / [ ( π x 20 x 20 ) / 4 ]

= 5

Spacing = ( ast / Ast ) x 1000

= [ ( π x 20 x 20 ) / 4 ] / 1580 x 1000

= 190 mm

Provide 5 no’s of 20 mm dia bars at 190 mm c-c reinforcement.

Minimum reinforcement

= 0.0012 x 1000 x 950

= 1140 mm2

Use 16 mm dia bars,

S = [ ( π x 16 x 16 ) / 4 ] / 1140 x 1000

= 170 mm

Provide 16 mm dia bars at 170 mm c-c distance.

viii) CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS

Vu = 250 ( 1.872 – 0.2502) ( л / 4 )

= 674 kN

32
ƮV = Vu / bd

= 674 x 10 3 / ( 1000 x 870 )

= 0.17

ƮC = Ast x 100 / bd

= 1580 x 100 / ( 1000 x 870 )

= 0.18

ƮV < ƮC

Hence safe in shear.

33
 All dimensions are in mm

Fig 4.4.1 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF FOOTING

34
4.5 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
i) STAIRCASE

A pathway to move from one floor to another floor by the

human beings is called staircase. There are many type of staircase we have
adopted dog-legged staircase.

ii) DATA

Floor height = 4000 mm

Size of stair room = 8.2 m x 6.2 m

Wall thickness = 230 mm

Width of waist slab = 1.5 m

fck = 25 N / mm2

fy = 415 N / mm2

iii) WIDTH OF LANDING

Rise = 150 mm

Tread = 250 mm

Height of each flight = 4000 / 2

= 2000 mm

Number of risers required = 2000 / 150

= 13

Number of treads required = 13 – 1 = 12

Space occupied by tread = 12 x 250 = 3000 mm

Space left for landing = ( 8.2 - 3 ) / 2

35
 = 2.6 m

iv) EFFECTIVE SPAN

Effective span = 3000 + 230 + 2600

= 5830 mm

Thickness of waist slab = span / 20

= 5830 / 20

Overall depth ( D) = 290 mm

Effective depth (d) = 270 mm

v) LOAD CALCULATION

Consider 1 m width of slab

Dead load on slab ws = 25 x 0.290 x 1

= 7.25 kN / m

Dead load of horizontal W = ( ws √ ( R2 + T2) / T )

= ( 7.25 √ ( 0.152 + 0.252 ) / 0.25)

= 8.45 kN m

Dead weight of step = ½ x 0.15 x 0.3 x 25

= 0.5625 kN / m

Floor finish load = 1 kN / m

Live load on staircase = 3 kN / m2

Total load W = 13 kN / m

Factored load Wu = 13 x 1.5 = 19.5 kN / m

36
vi) DESIGN OF WAIST SLAB

Shear force Vu = WuLeff / 2

= 19.5 x 5.830 / 2

= 56.84 kN

Moment Mu = Wu Leff2 / 8

= 19.5 x 5.8302 / 8

= 82.85 kN m

Depth of waist slab dreq = √ Mu / 0.138 fck b

= √ 82.85 x106 / ( 0.138 x 25 x1000 )

dreq = 155 mm

dpro>dreq

vii) REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

Mu lim = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x [ 1 – ( fy x Ast ) / ( fckx b x d ) ]

82.85 x 106 = 0.87x415x Astx270x[1-(415x Ast) / (25x1000x270)]

Ast = 900 mm2

Use 12 mm dia bars,

S = [ ( л x 12 x 12 ) / 4 ] / 900 x 1000

= 125 mm

Hence provide 8 no’s of 12 mm dia bars at 125 mm c-c

viii) DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT

Ast = 0.12 % bD

= ( 0.12 x 1000 x 290 ) / 100

37
 = 350 mm2

Use 8 mm dia bars ,

S = [ ( л x 8 x 8 ) / 4 ] / 350 x 1000

= 140 mm

Provide 7 no’s of 8 mm dia bars at 140 mm c-c diatance.

ix) CHECK FOR SHEAR

Nominal shear stress = Vu / bd

= 56.84 X 10 3 / 1000 x 270

Ʈv = 0.120 N /mm2

Permissible shear stress = ( 100 x Ast ) / bd

= ( 100 x 350 ) / ( 1000 x 270 )

Ʈc = 0.13 N / mm2

Ʈv<Ʈc

Hence safe against shear.

x) CHECK FOR DEFLECTION

( L /d ) act = Effective length / Effective depth

= 5830 / 270

= 22

( L /d ) max = ( L /d )basic x kt x kf x kc

= 20 x 1.3 x 1 x 1

= 26

( L /d ) act< ( L /d ) max

38
 Hence safe in deflection.

All dimensions are in mm

Fig 4.5.1 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF STAIRCASE

39
4.6 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK
Septic tank for 1000 users,

Provide 2 septic tanks of capacity of 500 persons and assuming the rates
of water for supply as 100 liters / head / day.

Flow of sewage per day = 500 X 100 /1000

= 50 m3.

Assume a detention period of 24 hours,

24 hours tank capacity required = 50 X 24 /24

= 50 m3.

Sludge storage at 0.0708 m3 capita = 500 X 0.0708

= 35.4 m3.

For a cleaning period of 2 years

Total capacity = 50 + 35.4

= 85.4 m3

Add 25% extra for further expansion = (25 /100) X 85.4

= 21.35 m3

Total design capacity = 85.4 + 21.35

= 106.75 m3

Let the depth of liquid be 2m ,

Area of tank = 106.75 / 2

= 53.375 m3
40
Provide tank of dimension 8 X 6.8 m2

Assume free board = 0.4 m

Total depth of tank = 2 + 0.4

= 2.4 m

The size of the tank = 8 X 6.8

= 54.4 m

4.7 DESIGN OF WATER TANK

Size = 10 m X 4 m X 3 m
fck = 20 N /mm2
fy = 415 N / mm2
t = 100 N / mm2
C = 7 N / mm2
M = 280 / (3 ϭcbc)
= 280/(3 X 7)
= 13.3
kc = (13.33 X 7) / (13.33 X 7) + 150
= 0.38
j = 1 – (0.38 / 3 )
= 0.87
Q = ½ Cjk
= ½ 7 X 0.87 X 0.38

= 1.16

Angle of repose of soil ⱷ = 6o ( wet state )

i) DESIGN OF TANK WALL

P = [(1 – sin ⱷ ) / ( 1 + sin ⱷ )] ɤh

41
 = [( 1 - sin 6o) / (1+ sin 6o)] x 20 x 3
= 48.64 kN/mm

ii) TENSION NEAR WATER FACE

Ph2 / 33.5 = 48.64 x 32 / 33.5

= 13.067 kNm

iii) TENSION AWAY WATER FACE

Ph2 / 15 = 48.64 x 32 / 15
= 29.18 kNm
M = ϭst bD2 / 6
29.84 x 106 = 1.7 x 1000 x D2 / 6
D = 320 mm
d = 320 - 40
= 280 mm
Ast = M / ϭstjd

= 29.18 x 106 / ( 115 x 0.87 x 280 )

= 1041.62 mm2
Use 16mm dia bars spacing = [( л x 16 x 16 ) / 4] / 1041.62 X 1000
= 190 mm
Provide 16 mm dia bars at 190 mm c-c spacing

iv) DISTRIBUTION BAR

Ast = 0.3 % b D
= ( 0.3 x 1000 x 280 ) / 100
= 840 mm
Use 10 mm dia bars Spacing = [( л x 10 x10) / 4] /840 x 1000
Provide 10 mm dia bars at 110 mm c-c spacing.
v) DESIGN OF SHORT WALL

M = Ph2 / 12
42
 = (48.64 x 3 x 3 ) / 12

= 36.48 kNm

Ast = M / ϭstjd

= 36.48 X 106 / (115 x 0.87 x 280 )

= 1302.20 mm2

Use 16 mm dia bars Spacing = [( л x 16 x16) / 4] /1302.20 x 1000

= 150 mm

Provide 16 mm dia bars at 150 mm c-c spacing.

vi) DISTRIBUTION BAR

Ast = 0.3 % b D

= ( 0.3 x 1000 x 280 ) / 100

= 840 mm2

Use 10 mm dia bars Spacing = [( л x 10 x10) / 4] /840 x 1000

Provide 10 mm dia bars at 110 mm c-c spacing.

43
 All dimensions are in mm

Fig 4.7.1 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF WATER TANK

44
 CHAPTER 5
STAAD.Pro ANALYSIS

The analysis was done successfully without any errors and the
building is safe for the construction.

Fig 5.1 NODES AND BEAM

45
This figure shows the deflections in the structure and it is captured from the
SRAAD.Pro

Fig 5.2 DEFLECTION

46
This figure shows the shear force in the structure. And it is safe in shear.

Fig 5.3 SHEAR FORCE

47
Fig 5.4 BEAM BENDING

48
Fig 5.5 BEAM DEFLECTION

49
Fig 5.6 COLUMN CONCRETE DESIGN

50
Fig 5.7 SUMMARY

51
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

In this project , we had planned, designed , analysed and

estimation of a mall structure. By carrying out this design project
we have gathered many valuable information and difficulties
plundered in the mall structure. The major restraints are rectified
through our project. We studied and understood the needs of a mall
and the major difficulties. The entire plan of the building is based on
the National Building Code of India. The designs of the elements are
done by referring IS 456 : 2000 and SP 16. The slabs are designed as
two way slab. The footing is are designed as isolated footing. And
finally with the help of practical and theoretical knowledge we
successfully completed our design project.

52
REFERENCES

1. Ashok. K. Jain , “ Reinforced concrete structures “ , Volume II ,

Laxmi publications , New Delhi, 2000.

2. Code of practice for design load for buildings and structures (

other than earthquake loads ) IS 875 : 1987 “ Bureau Indian
Standard”.

3. Design aids for reinforced concrete IS 456 : 2000 , SP 16 , Bureau

of Indian Standards , New Delhi.
4. Indian Standard code of practice for plain and reinforced
concretes , IS 456 : 2000.

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