Pressure Measurement

Pressure is a always act normal to the surface

Defined “ the normal force exerted on a unit area”
Types of Pressure
Absolute pressure : Reference pressure is taken as absolute zero pressure.
Gage pressure : Reference pressure is taken as atmospheric pressure

Vacuum pressure : It is an absolute pressure below the atmospheric pressure.

Gage pressure
Absolute pressure

Atmospheric pressure

Vacuum pressure

Absolute Reference
Static Pressure : Measured by the instrument when the fluid
is at rest. It doest not depends on the orientation of the
measurement.
Stagnation pressure : Pressure measured when the fluid is
brought to rest isentropically.
Dynamic pressure or velocity pressure : Corresponds to
kinetic energy of the fluid. Mainly depends on the orientation
of the pressure measurement.
Dynamic pressure = Stagnation pressure – static pressure.
 Methods of pressure measurement

Gravitational Types
Dead weight testers (mostly for calibration)
Liquid column - Manometers
Direct - Elastic deflection gage types
Force measurement device such as load cells
Electro-mechanical sensors
Pressure measurement in moving fluids
Thermal sensors
Ion Exchange sensors
Units involved in pressure measurements

1 N/m2 = 1 pa
1 mm of H2O = 10 Pa
1 mm of Hg = 133.3 Pa
1 mm of Hg = 1 torr
1 bar = 105 pa
1 atm= 1.01325 bar
1 bar = 14.508 psi
1 bar = 2088 ib/ft2
 Dead Weight Testers
Pressure derived from force and area of application
Dead weight gauges – primary devices based on the
definition of pressure
Employed as standards for calibration
Gauge to be calibrated is connected to a chamber filled
with fluid whose pressure can be adjusted with a pump and
bleed valve
Vertical piston - cylinder to which various standard weights
may be applied on it
Pressure is slowly built up till the piston and weights are
seen to float
Fluid gauge pressure must equal the dead weight divided
by the piston area
Dead weight testers Available at IITG
 Manometers
¾ It is a deflection type instrument
¾ Unknown pressure is balanced by the weight of a
fluid column
¾ Common type is U- tube manometer
¾ Water, mercury and alcohol are
most commonly used fluids
p1 − p2
h=
ρg
If the mano-metric fluid density is
different from flowing liquid then,
p1 − p2
h=
( ρm − ρ f ) g
The U Tube contains water or mercury in a U-shaped tube, and is usually used
to measure gas pressure. One end of the U tube is exposed to the unknown
pressure field and the other end is connected to a reference pressure source
(usually atmospheric pressure), shown in the schematic below.

Generalized
U type
Manometer
Other types
Well Manometer
 Sensitivity Enhancement methods
One leg of a well manometer inclined to obtain longer
liquid column
Too shallow angles lead to manual errors
Sensitivity enhanced by 1/sin θ

ρ gl sin θ
= p1 − p2
Sensitivity Enhancement in U Tube Manometer
Sensitivity magnification = 1/[g(ρ2-ρ1)]
Example : CaCl2 solution (SG = 1.15) and Benzyl alcohol (SG = 1.05)
Magnification (M) = 1/(1.15-1.05) = 10
In case of Water and kerosene M = 1/(1-0.7) = 3.33
Smaller the difference in density, higher the magnification.
 Multi-tube Manometer

For measuring pressures

at several locations
simultaneously.
For freezing the values at
a particular time instant,
pinch cork /valve can be
used.
 BOURDON TUBE
A typical Bourdon tube contains a curved tube of non circular
that is open to external pressure input on one end and is coupled
mechanically to an indicating needle on the other end, as shown
schematically below.
Tube of Non-circular cross section
Applied force attempt to attain a
circular cross section.
Types: C, Spiral and Helical
Illustrations
For better accuracy and sensitivity electrical –
resistance strain gages may be installed on the
bourdon tube for sensing the elastic deformation.

Advantages:
Portable, Convenient and No leveling required
Disadvantages:
Limited to static or quasi-static measurements.
Accuracy may be insufficient for many applications.