©2014 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.

Economic Geology, v. 109, pp. 121–166

The Bousquet 2-Dumagami World-Class Archean Au-Rich

Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit, Abitibi, Quebec:
Metamorphosed Submarine Advanced Argillic Alteration Footprint and Genesis*
Benoît Dubé,1,† Patrick Mercier-Langevin,1 Ingrid Kjarsgaard,2 Mark Hannington,3 Valérie Bécu,1
Jocelyn Côté,4 James Moorhead,5 Marc Legault,6 and Normand Bédard4
1 Geological Survey of Canada, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1K 9A9
2 Consulting Mineralogist, 15 Scotia Place, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 0W2
3 University of Ottawa, 140 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
4 Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd., Lapa Mine Division, 299, Boulevard St-Paul N. Route 117 Rivière Heva, Québec, Canada J0Y 2H0
5 Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, 420 Boulevard Lamaque, Val-d’Or Québec, Canada J9P 3L4
6 Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd., 145 King Street East, Suite 400, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5C 2Y7

Abstract
The Archean Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit is an Au-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit (VMS) with a
total production of 3.87 Moz Au, 2.77 Moz Ag, 80,000 metric tons (t) Cu, and 5,000 t Zn. The deposit is located
within the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp in northwestern Quebec and hosted by the 2704 to 2695
Ma Blake River Group, the world’s most productive volcanic assemblage for Au-rich VMS deposits.
The Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit consists of stacked, deformed, and transposed semimassive to massive
pyrite-rich lenses, breccia zones, and associated sulfide veins and stringer zones hosted by the upper member
of the Bousquet Formation, ~50 to 100 m stratigraphically below the <2687 Ma Cadillac Group sedimentary
rocks. The main ore zone is known as the Massive Hangingwall zone at the Bousquet 2 mine and Zone 5 at the
Dumagami mine. Another semimassive to disseminated pyrite-rich auriferous zone with coarsely recrystallized
massive pyrite is present in the footwall (Massive Footwall zone). The Massive Hangingwall zone is an Au-Ag-
Cu-Zn sheet-like, semimassive to massive, pyrite-rich sulfide lens intermixed with vein and breccia zones. The
dominant ore type consists of Au-Cu mineralization, but its upper and eastern parts are enriched in Zn. The ore
consists of a complex assemblage of sulfides, sulfosalts, and native gold, including abundant pyrite, sphalerite,
a few percent of chalcopyrite, bornite, and galena, with some visible gold. The Massive Hangingwall zone was
formed by subsea-floor replacement of footwall calc-alkaline dacitic volcaniclastic rocks and hanging-wall blue
quartz-phyric rhyolite.
Despite significant north-south shortening and metamorphism, which was responsible for transposition,
flattening, folding, and recrystallization, mineralogical gradients related to alteration-induced compositional
variations can still be identified. A number of different metamorphic mineral assemblages can be mapped over
several tens of meters from distal to proximal to the ore: (1) quartz-muscovite ± Mn-garnet ± biotite ± chlorite;
(2) quartz-muscovite ± pyrite; (3) quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite with topaz and diaspore; and
(4) massive quartz-pyrite. A quartz-carbonate-biotite assemblage occurs in the hanging wall of the Zn-rich Mas-
sive Hangingwall zone and is hosted by andesitic sills. The thickness of each of these assemblages varies from a
few meters to tens of meters. All metamorphosed alteration assemblages are characterized by strong progres-
sive Na2O depletion. Gains in MnO, Fe2O3(total), MgO, and CaO are recorded in the quartz-muscovite ± Mn-
garnet ± biotite ± chlorite assemblage, whereas gains in K2O and losses in CaO occur in the quartz muscovite
± pyrite assemblage. In the quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite and the proximal massive quartz-
pyrite assemblages all oxides, except SiO2, Fe2O3(total), and TiO2, were strongly to almost entirely leached. The
andalusite-kyanite-pyrophyllite–bearing aluminous assemblages are interpreted to represent metamorphosed
equivalents of synvolcanic alteration produced by acidic and oxidizing hydrothermal fluids (i.e., metamorphosed
advanced argillic-style alteration), whereas the massive quartz-pyrite assemblage is similar to the massive silicic
alteration commonly associated with advanced argillic alteration. The timing of Au mineralization is considered
to be close to the age of the host rhyolite (2697.8 ± 1 Ma) and the age of the overlying felsic volcanic rocks
(2697.5 ± 1.1 Ma).
The major Au endowment of the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp may be related to favorable
source rock or Au reservoirs specific to the lower crust or upper mantle beneath the eastern Archean Blake
River Group. Exploration for additional Au-rich VMS in this environment should focus on distal quartz- and
Mn-rich garnet-biotite and proximal aluminous assemblages with anomalously high Au and/or Cu and Zn in
intermediate to felsic transitional to calc-alkaline volcanic or volcaniclastic rocks located underneath a younger
sedimentary cover.

† Corresponding author: e-mail, bdube@nrcan.gc.ca

*Geological Survey of Canada contribution 20110163.

0361-0128/14/4183/121-46 121
122 DUBÉ ET AL.

Introduction et al. (2011b) defined these deposits as having gold grades

tHe BousQuet 2-Dumagami deposit is an Au-rich volcano-
genic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit located in the Doyon-
Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp of the Abitibi greenstone
belt in northwestern Quebec. The deposit is located in the
eastern part of the mining camp, approximately 1 km west of
the world-class Au-rich LaRonde Penna deposit (Fig. 1). The
Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde camp contains ~28 million ounces
(Moz) Au (past production, reserves, and resources: Mercier-
Langevin et al., 2011a). Most of the Au-rich VMS deposits in
the camp are hosted by the upper portion of the 2699 to 2696
Ma Bousquet Formation of the Blake River Group (Lafrance
et al., 2003; Mercier-Langevin et al., 2004, 2007a, d; Dubé et
al., 2007a: Fig. 1B). The Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit con-
sists of Au-Ag-Cu-Zn-rich semimassive to massive pyrite-rich
lenses, breccias, veins, and stringer zones located in the core
of a large semiconformable metamorphosed aluminous alter-
ation zone. The Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit is the fourth
largest Au-rich VMS deposit in the world (Dubé et al., 2007a;
Mercier-Langevin et al., 2011b) and has been mined from
surface to a depth of about 1,200 m by Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd.
at the Dumagami mine (later renamed Donald J. LaRonde)
from 1988 to 1999. The extension at depth was mined between
500 and 1,500 m below surface by Barrick Gold Corp. at the
Bousquet 2 mine from 1990 to 2002, and satellite lenses were
mined in 2006 to 2007 by Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd. The total
past production from the two mines is 15.55 million metric
tons (Mt) of ore at 7.8 g/t Au, 12.8 g/t Ag, 0.67% Cu, and
0.31% Zn, for a total of 120.5 t of gold (3.87 Moz), 2.77 Moz
Ag, 80,000 t Cu, and 5,000 t Zn.
Au-rich VMS deposits, such as Bousquet 2-Dumagami, rep-
resent an important subtype of both VMS and lode Au deposits
(Poulsen et al., 2000; Dubé et al., 2007b). Mercier-Langevin
higher than 3.46 g/t Au and a total Au content of more that
30 t. Gold is the main commodity, but the polymetallic nature
of the ore makes these deposits a very attractive exploration
target (Dubé et al., 2007b). Although Au-rich VMS depos-
its range in age from the Archean (Poulsen and Hannington,
1996; Sillitoe et al., 1996; Dubé et al., 2007b; Mercier-Lan-
gevin et al., 2011b) to the modern seafloor (Hannington et al.,
1999; Huston, 2000; de Ronde et al., 2005, 2011), consider-
able controversy centers on the timing of Au emplacement
in many ancient deposits that have recorded the orogenic
pressure-temperature-time path and where strain and meta-
morphism are superimposed on the ore zones and alteration
assemblages (Valliant and Hutchinson, 1982; Stone et al.,
1988; Arnold and Sillitoe, 1989; Tourigny et al., 1989, 1993;
Marquis et al, 1990a; Robert, 1990; Poulsen and Hanning-
ton, 1996; Bergman Weihed et al., 1996; Sillitoe et al., 1996;
Hannington et al., 1999; Huston, 2000; Dubé et al., 2007a, b;
Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007a, 2011b).
In the case of the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit, various
models for the timing of Au enrichment have been proposed.
Previous workers have suggested that the Au mineralization
was synvolcanic and occurred as part of the VMS system (Val-
liant and Hutchinson, 1982; Eliopoulos, 1983; Poulsen and
Hannington, 1996; Teasdale et al., 1996; Moorhead et al.,
2001; Dubé et al., 2007a, b; Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007d,
2011b). Alternatively, synvolcanic Au enrichment has been
related to epithermal-like fluids, followed by syn- to late tec-
tonic remobilization (Stone, 1988). Multistage models of ore
formation include a remobilization of Au from syngenetic
protores and a later syntectonic gold overprint (Tourigny et
al., 1989). Tourigny et al. (1993) proposed a variation of this
model wherein Au-Cu mineralization was pre- and/or early

10 km ONTARIO QUEBEC Clastic rocks Conglomerate

(Cobalt Group) (Timiskaming Group)
79° 30’ W PDF
80° W PDF 79° W Metaturbidites Turbidites (Cadillac
48° 30’ N
(Pontiac Gr.) and Kewagama Gr.)
2702.0
Undifferentiated
2701.4 2701.9 Destor rocks Syntectonic
plutons
2696.2 N
Synvolcanic
2701 plutons
2701.4 2696.5
2700.6 2697.9
2701
2696.3
2696.6 2697.3 Doyon-Bousquet-
2696.6 LaRonde
2700.7 2698.6
2698.0 2697.5
2700.1
DF
2703 Horne
2700.9 2696.9
48° 15’ N BF R-N LLCF
2697.8
2702.0 2698.3
LLCF 2700.6 2702.2 Blake River Group
2702.2
Felsic volcanic rocks
LLCF
Canada U-Pb sites Mafic to intermediate
NTS corner
2703.0 Road and ages in Ma
K LK L Fault and shear volcaniclastic rocks
2700 sheet highway
LLF Intrusion Basalt and
Abitibi
L LL L Town Gravel road VMS deposit Volcanic Andesite

Fig. 1. A. General geologic map of the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp, Blake River Group, Quebec. The inset
shows the location of the Abitibi greenstone belt (modified from McNicoll et al., 2014). B. Simplified geology of the Doyon-
Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp and of the Bousquet Formation (modified from Lafrance et al., 2005, and Dubé et al.,
2007a). U-Pb age from Lafrance et al. (2005), Mercier-Langevin et al. (2007a), and McNicoll et al. (2014). LLCF = Larder
Lake Cadillac fault zone, PDF = Destor Porcupine fault zone.
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 123

B 680 000 m E. 684 000 m E. 688 000 m E. 692 000 m E.

t La Malartic Group
N
ul cP
Fa arf
5 350 000 m N.

is ou
rr ru
Fe so

5 350 000 m N.
Mouska uth
71 Fa Lac Parfouru north Fault
Mic Mac ult (Destor Porcupine Fault)
2698.6±1.5Ma
lt
au

Kewagama Group
tF

lt
u
es

Fa
W

n
n

yo
io

ult

Do
Or

Fa

82
2698.3±0.9Ma 2698.6±1.5Ma
t

Doyon
as

Lac 82
ne

Ima
uF
io

ault Westwood
Bousquet 2 LaRonde Penna
Or

Warrenmac
2696.9±1Ma X 86
Ellison LaRonde 2 87
65 Bousquet 1
70
Dumagami 2698.3±0.8Ma
5 346 000 m N.

2698±1Ma
2687 lt
2697.8±1Ma 2689
Fau Dumagami

5 346 000 m N.
67
u et structural zone
q
us Cadillac Group
Bo
ère
R ivi
lac Faul t Zone
ke - Cadil
L arder L a
0 1 2 km
Pontiac Group Pontiac Group

Legend Rhyolitic blue-quartz- Piché Group 2697 Age of volcanic rocks (Ma)
bearing sill-dike Mafic volcanic and 2697 Age of intrusive rocks (Ma)
Intrusive rocks complex ultramafic
Volcanic rocks Sedimentary rocks 2697 Maximum age of sedimentary
Proterozoic rocks (Ma)
diabase dike Blake River Group Timiskaming Group
High-strained Mineralized lens
Bousquet Formation Polymictic conglomerate zone projected up-dip
Mooshla Intrusion
Upper member
Late stage dacite-rhyodacite-rhyolite- Kewagama Group Mine in production Deposit
trondhjemite-tonalite local basaltic andesite Wacke-siltstone and
Lower member argillite Closed mine X prospect
Early and intermediate basalt to rhyolite
stages bedding Strike and dip of
gabbro-quartz gabbro Hébécourt Formation Cadillac Group 87
main (S2 ) foliation
-tonalite Wacke-siltstone, argillite, Bedding with Major fault
Basalt-basaltic andesite- local conglomerate and stratigraphic
local rhyolite iron-formation top

Fig. 1. (Cont.)

tectonic and partly inherited from a preexisting pyritic ore- Regional Geologic Setting
body, remobilized into late extensional structures during ret- The Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp is located
rograde metamorphism. Alternatively, Marquis et al. (1990a, 45 km east of Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, in the southern part
c) proposed a multistage model with early syngenetic Zn-Pb of the Late Archean Abitibi greenstone belt of the Superior
massive sulfides and aluminous alteration later overprinted by province (Fig. 1A). The northern portion of the volcanic suc-
Au-Cu-Ag-bearing fluids through cataclastically induced per- cession in the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde camp consists of
meability after peak deformation and metamorphism. the Hébécourt Formation (Fig. 1B), which is composed of
The present study was undertaken to better constrain the tholeiitic basalt and basaltic andesite flows, cogenetic gab-
geology of the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit taking into broic sills, and local isolated rhyolite and rhyodacite flows.
account new data from the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde min- The latter represent the top of the Hébécourt Formation and
ing camp generated through better controls on the regional have been dated at 2702.0 ± 1 Ma west of the Doyon-Bous-
and camp-scale stratigraphy, U-Pb geochronology, surface quet-LaRonde mining camp (McNicoll et al., 2014; Rogers
and underground mapping, core logging, lithogeochemistry, et al., 2014). The Hébécourt Formation is stratigraphically
and mineralogy. Here, we provide new data on the setting and overlain by the Bousquet Formation, which hosts most of
footprint of the auriferous hydrothermal system at Bousquet the deposits in the camp. The ~2699 to 2696 Ma Bousquet
2-Dumagami. We show that the Au enrichment is synvolcanic Formation is one of the youngest volcanic packages within
in nature. The significance of the findings for a better under- the 2704 to 2695 Ma Blake River Group and forms, in the
standing of the genesis of Archean Au-rich VMS deposits is study area, a south-younging homoclinal sequence subdivided
discussed. into lower and upper members (Lafrance et al., 2003, 2005;
124 DUBÉ ET AL.

Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007a, b; McNicoll et al., 2014). The
uppermost volcanic unit of the Bousquet Formation, at the
contact with overlying Cadillac Group sedimentary rocks, has
been dated at 2697.5 ± 1.1 Ma (McNicoll et al., 2014). Both
the lower and upper members consist of various proportions
of basaltic to rhyolitic flows, domes, synvolcanic intrusions,
and volcaniclastic strata. The lower member is regionally
extensive, whereas the upper member is composed of local-
ized intermediate to felsic domes and associated volcaniclastic
facies interpreted to have formed at a series of volcanic cen-
ters (Lafrance et al., 2003: Fig. 2). The Bousquet Formation
includes a significant volume of intermediate to calc-alkaline
dacite and rhyodacite (Lafrance et al., 2003; Mercier-Lan-
gevin et al., 2007b), which distinguishes it from the strongly
bimodal basalt/rhyolite suites present elsewhere in the Blake
River Group, such as in the Noranda Central camp (Gibson
and Watkinson, 1990; McNicoll et al., 2014).
The Cadillac Group (Gunning, 1941) is a <2687 Ma sedi-
mentary sequence (Davis, 2002) dominated by graywackes
and argillites that disconformably overlie the Bousquet
Formation (Fig.1B). The sedimentary rocks of the Cadillac
Group were deposited along a disconformity that marks a
depositional hiatus of at least 8 to 10 m.y. at the top of the
Bousquet Formation (Dubé et al., 2007a, Mercier-Langevin
et al., 2007a).
A tholeiitic to transitional, rhyodacitic to rhyolitic, blue
quartz-bearing sill-dike complex dated at 2698.6 ± 1.5 Ma
(Lafrance et al., 2005) is located in the stratigraphic footwall of
the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit (Fig. 1B). It is up to 150 m
thick and intruded along the interface between the Hébécourt
Formation and the base of the lower member of the Bousquet
Formation (Lafrance et al., 2003). To the west, the compos-
ite Mooshla pluton was emplaced into the upper part of the
Hébécourt Formation and into the overlying lower member
of the Bousquet Formation (Galley and Lafrance, 2007, and
references therein). The Mooshla pluton hosts parts of the
Doyon and Mouska deposits, as well as the Mooshla A and B
occurrences (Galley and Lafrance, 2007, 2014; Mercier-Lan-
gevin et al., 2007d). Based on lithogeochemistry and crosscut-
ting relationships, the intrusion comprises three differentiated
intrusive phases: (1) early tholeiitic to transitional dioritic sills,
(2) an intermediate tholeiitic to transitional gabbro-tonalite
suite that is coeval with the lower member of the Bousquet
Formation (stages 1 and 2 combined in Fig. 1B; Galley and
Lafrance, 2014; McNicoll et al., 2014), and (3) a late (2696.9
± 1.0 Ma) transitional to calc-alkaline trondhjemitic suite that

West East
Bousquet LaRonde

Cadillac
Group
property property
20 South
Upper felsic lens
unit (5.5)
Basaltic andesite
(5.4)

Cadillac sediments quartz-rhyolite

(5.3)
<2689Ma
- LaRonde Penna
ite
Upper member

Basaltic andesite ac
(5.4-t ) y od olite 20 North lens
Bousquet 2- Rh rhy .2)
Bousquet 1
Bousquet Formation

(5
Blake River Group
Dumagami
zones 1 and 2
LaRonde Penna
Dacite-rhyodacite zone 6
(5.1)
Ellison B Bousquet 1
Bousquet 1 zone 3
Ellison A zone 4
Heterogeneous unit LaRonde Penna
Lower member

(4.4) zone 7
Ellison C Bousquet 1
zone 5
Dacite Scoriaceous unit
dome (4.1) (3.1-3.2-3.3)

Bousquet 1
Hebecourt
Formation

zone 6
Tholeiitic felsic sills
(part of the lower member
Tholeiitic felsic
of the Bousquet Fm.)
sills (2.0)

Hébécourt Formation

Fig. 2. Simplified stratigraphy of the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp, showing the stratigraphic setting of the
main ore lenses in the Bousquet 2-Dumagami, LaRonde Penna, and Bousquet 1 areas. The ore lenses are not to scale. Modi-
fied from Lafrance et al. (2003) and Mercier-Langevin et al. (2007d).
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 125
is coeval with the felsic volcanic rocks of the upper member
of the Bousquet Formation (Galley and Lafrance, 2007, 2014;
Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007d). Parts of the Doyon Au mine
are hosted by this younger trondhjemitic suite of the intrusion
(Gosselin, 1998; Galley and Lafrance, 2007, 2014; Mercier-
Langevin et al., 2007c).
The host rocks of the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining
camp have been affected by three main stages of deforma-
tion related to north-south convergence followed by oblique
dextral shearing (Dimroth et al., 1983; Hubert et al., 1984,
Tourigny et al., 1988, 1993; Marquis et al., 1990a, Mercier-
Langevin et al., 2007c). The structural history of the Bousquet
2-Dumagami deposit area is complex, and only a brief sum-
mary is presented here; readers are referred to Tourigny et al.
(1988) and Marquis et al. (1990a, b) for details.
The deposits occur within an up to 500-m-wide ductile-
brittle anastomosing high-strain zone (Fig. 1B) known as the
Dumagami structural zone (Tourigny, 1991). The main defor-
mation is heterogeneous and synprograde metamorphism
(Stone et al., 1988; Marquis et al., 1990a; Tourigny et al., 1993;
Teasdale et al., 1996). It is attributed to regional D2 within the
Blake River Group (Dimroth et al., 1983, Hubert et al., 1984),
which is represented by a penetrative, steeply south dipping,
E-W–trending bedding-parallel foliation (S2) with associated
transposition of the rocks (Fig. 3A), subvertical folds (F2), and
a steeply west plunging mineral and stretching lineation (L2)
(Fig. 3B; Marquis et al., 1990a). Meters to decimeters wide
E-W–trending ductile high-strain zones, such as the Foot-
wall Shear and Hangingwall fault (Fig. 4), are also attributed
to D2 and are commonly developed at the contact between
transposed units of various competencies (Fig. 3C). These
meter-wide high-strain zones are interpreted as reverse-sinis-
tral shear zones (also known as the North and South faults,
respectively: Tourigny et al., 1993). The contact between the
upper member of the Bousquet Formation and the Cadillac
Group sedimentary rocks is also interpreted as a deformation
corridor, known as the Dumagami fault (Tourigny et al., 1988,
1989; Marquis et al., 1990a).
In the mine area, D3 is characterized by a NE-SW–trend-
ing cleavage (S3), small scale folds (F3), and a conjugate set
of northeast-southwest (sinistral) and northwest-southeast
(dextral) faults (Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007a, and refer-
ences therein). Late conjugate sets of NW- to NE–trending
brittle fractures, crenulation cleavages, and kink bands attrib-
uted to D4 are documented in the Bousquet 1 and Bousquet
2-Dumagami deposits (Tourigny et al., 1989; Marquis et al.,
1990a; Teasdale et al., 1996). Dextral strike-slip reactivation of
some high-strain zones at the contact between the Bousquet
Formation and the sedimentary rocks of the Cadillac Group
may be attributed to D4 (Tourigny et al., 1993). N-S–trending
steeply dipping fractures (D4?) and veinlets locally filled with
bornite and chalcopyrite occur within the massive sulfides as
well as in silicified clasts contained in ore breccia zones. Some
of these fractures also locally contain visible gold (Marquis et
al., 1990a; Tourigny et al., 1993; Teasdale et al., 1996; Dubé et
al., 2007a; Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007d).
The impact of regional deformation on the distribution and
geometry of the synvolcanic mineralization is well illustrated
by a number of large orebodies of varying size, type, and pres-
ervation located about 1 to 1.5 km apart (Fig. 5). All deposits
plunge steeply toward the southwest, parallel to the main
mineral and stretching lineations (L2: Fig. 3B). The spacing of
the deposits is thought to be mainly controlled by synvolcanic
faults, whereas the steep southwest plunge probably results
from a combination of factors including the intersection
between the synvolcanic faults and the host stratigraphic units
as well as the D2 deformation (Dubé et al., 2003; Mercier-
Langevin, 2005; Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007a, d).
Regional prograde metamorphism (M1) in the Doyon-
Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp reached the upper green-
schist-lower amphibolite transition and then underwent
retrogressive regional metamorphism (M2) to lower green-
schist grade (Stone et al., 1988; Tourigny et al., 1989; Marquis
et al., 1990a; Powell et al., 1995; Dubé et al., 2007a; Mercier-
Langevin et al., 2007a). M2 has previously been interpreted
to be synretrograde hydrothermal alteration (Marquis et al.,
1990a; Tourigny et al., 1993) that was synchronous with Au
mineralization (Marquis et al., 1990c) and a late stage of duc-
tile deformation and/or subsequent brittle deformation (Mar-
quis et al., 1990a).
Deposit Geology
The Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit is located ~1 km west
of the LaRonde Penna deposit (Fig. 1B) and together they
form a cluster of orebodies informally named the LaRonde-
Bousquet 2 Au-rich VMS complex (Dubé et al., 2007a). A
summary of the geologic setting of the Bousquet 2-Duma-
gami deposit is presented here. Earlier descriptions of the
Bousquet 2 and Dumagami mines have been provided by
Eliopoulos (1983), Stone (1988), Stone et al. (1988), Marquis
et al. (1990a-c, 1992), Tourigny et al. (1993), Teasdale et al.
(1996), Lafrance et al. (2003), and Mercier-Langevin et al.
(2007d and references therein).
The lower part of the stratigraphy at Bousquet 2-Duma-
gami is composed of basaltic rocks of the Hébécourt Forma-
tion (Fig. 1B) beneath transitional to calc-alkaline dacitic to
rhyodacitic domes and flow breccias and local thin andesitic
intervals and dikes of the 5.1b-(d) unit (Fig. 6A). The main
sulfide-rich zone at Bousquet 2-Dumagami is located at or
near the contact between the dacite to rhyodacite of unit
5.1b-(d) in the footwall (north) and highly altered calc-alka-
line, blue quartz-phyric rhyolite flows and sills of unit 5.3 in
the hanging wall (Figs. 2, 6A). The blue quartz-bearing rhyo-
lite was dated at 2697.8 ±1 Ma (Mercier-Langevin et al.,
2007a). Work done at camp (Lafrance et al., 2003) and deposit
scale indicates that the relatively thick rhyodacitic to rhyolitic
calc-alkaline domes and in situ flow breccia facies dated at
2698.3 ± 0.8 Ma (unit 5.2b: Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007a)
that host the main 20 North lens at LaRonde Penna (Fig. 2)
are not present in the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit host
stratigraphy. However, the argillites locally present within the
upper portion of the 20 North Zn zone at LaRonde Penna are
thought to correlate stratigraphically with local discontinuous
argillite boudins present within the hanging wall or upper Zn-
rich portion of the main lens at Dumagami (Mercier-Langevin,
2005). Two other units are present in the hanging wall, namely
felsic volcaniclastic rocks (unit 5.5: Fig. 6A) and an andesite
(see also Teasdale et al., 1996), containing up to 15 vol % pla-
gioclase phenocrysts (unit 5.4-t: Fig. 6A). This andesite is
slightly discordant to the stratigraphy and has a lower TiO2
126 DUBÉ ET AL.

N S W E

A B
transposed
mafic dike

tourmaline
1m 2 cm

C Hangingwall Fault D Pyrite

zone

deformed
Massive sulfides 15 cm pyrite vein 1515cm
cm

E F pyrite +
sphalerite
silicified
clasts

massive pyrite
quartz-andalusite-rich
12 cm clasts 10 cm

G H massive sulfides

blue quartz
andalusite

blue quartz

2 cm 1 cm

Fig. 3. Photographs of structural features and host rocks from the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit. A. Mafic-intermediate
dikes emplaced into a rhyolitic, blue quartz-bearing sill of the lower member of the Bousquet Formation. The mafic-interme-
diate dikes are transposed and boudinaged by the main foliation (S2), Zone 6, Bousquet 1 area. B. Longitudinal section view,
looking north, along main foliation (S2), showing steep westerly plunging mineral lineation defined by tourmaline, eastern
extension of Zone 6, Bousquet 1 area. C. Section view, looking east, showing the Massive Hangingwall zone and the Hanging-
wall fault at the contact with the highly strained Cadillac Group sedimentary rocks (not seen in the photograph), Bousquet
2 (stope 10-217). D. Section view, looking east, showing intense deformation recorded by semimassive pyrite and wall-rock
slivers, Massive Hangingwall zone, Bousquet 2 (stope 10-217). E. Massive Hangingwall zone, showing ore breccia composed
of massive pyrite and flattened angular silicified wall-rock clasts, section view looking west, Bousquet 2, (stope 9-0-19). F.
Semimassive pyrite zone (10 g/t Au) with interlayered host-rock clasts, transposed by main foliation, Dumagami (stope 1450-
518), section view. G. Blue quartz phenocrysts in highly silicified rhyolite clast (unit 5.3) within Massive Hangingwall zone,
Bousquet 2, discovery hole (S86-174). H. Blue quartz phenocrysts within the quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite
assemblage, Bousquet 2, discovery hole (S86-174).


5900 E
5950 E

5800 E
6000 E
6050 E
6100 E
6150 E
6200 E
6250 E
6300 E

5850 E

5750 E
N
3200 N drift and stopes 3200 N

Bo
u
ag
Du squ
am
i
Trace Zone 6

et
2
3150 N 3150 N

Footwall shear 261

88

216
262

525

86 52b

80
525

525

Hangingwall fault

3050 N
?
Trace
20S horizon
? ? ? ? Section 5950 E ?
Figure 6 ?
Dumagami ?
? ? ?
Fault

6000 E

5750 E
6050 E
6100 E
6150 E
6200 E
6250 E
6300 E

5900 E
5950 E

5800 E
5850 E
0 50 100m
Stratigraphy Mineralogical assemblages Mineralization
Cadillac Group <2687Ma Quartz-muscovite±Mn-garnet± Massive Hangingwall Zone: Sulfide Trace of 20 South and Zone 6 Level 7-0 Bousquet 2 Mine (4037 + 49m)
Wacke and turbiditic siltstone biotite±chlorite (≤1 to 10% garnet; breccias and semimassive to massive Level 21 Dumagami Mine (4090 +/-30m)
decreasing towards the N) horizons Pyrite-sphalerite-
sulfides; various porportion of quartz- pyrrhotite auriferous to barren
Quartz-muscovite±pyrite schist, andalusite transposed stringer zones
Blake River Group 2704-2695Ma local traces of garnet Zn-rich Massive Hangingwall Zone
Bousquet Formation Auriferous Zn-rich semimassive to High-strain zone
2699-2696Ma Quartz-muscovite-andalusite- (shear zone)
massive sulfides exploited at
pyrophyllite-pyrite; local traces
Dumagami Mine
Upper Member of garnet
5.5 Upper felsic unit Zn-rich Massive Hanginwall Zone:
Massive quartz-pyrite breccia transposed sulfides stringers with Mining property boundary
Quartz and feldspar
dark color quartz-andalusite
BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC

microporphyritic rhyodacite Quartz-carbonate-biotite-chlorite

in basaltic andesite 5.4-t assemblage, local traces garnet
Massive footwall zone Pyrite-rich
auriferous semimassive and stringer
zones including or mixed with massive
sugary pyrite

Fig. 4. Simplified geology of level 7-0 at the Bousquet 2 mine (4,037 ± 50 m) and level 21 at the Dumagami mine (4,090 ± 30 m), showing styles of mineralization and
mineral assemblages. Modified from Barrick Gold Corp. and Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd.
127
128 DUBÉ ET AL.

LaRonde
Bousquet 1 Bousquet 2 Dumagami Penna
Ellison LaRonde 2
5000m 5000m
Zone 4
Zone 6
Zone 3
Zone 4 Zone 7
Zone 5 Depth 546 m

Level 20 - 86
4000m Zone 3-3 Exploration Drift
Level 25
-
Access R 122
Depth amp
Zone 3-2 Zone 6
1203 m 3500m
Zone 1 LEGEND
20 North lens
Zone 3-1 20 N Au
3000m Level 215
20 N Zn
LEGEND
Exploration Drift Shaft 4 20 South lens
Bousquet 2 Depth Zone 21
Zone 1 LaRonde I
2250 m Other zones
Zone 4 LaRonde II Zone 6
Zones 3-1, Zone 7
4000E

3-2 and 3-3 Zone 4

2000m Bousquet 1 Depth Zone 22
Zone 3 2858 m Dumagami
Resources Zone 5
5500E

7000E

8000E
0 0.5 1 km
5000E
4500E

6000E

Ellison 1500m

Fig. 5. Composite longitudinal section (looking north) of the eastern part of the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp,
showing the distribution and geometry of the main ore zones of the Bousquet 1, Bousquet 2, Dumagami, and LaRonde Penna
(past production, reserves, and resources). Modified from Mercier-Langevin et al. (2011a).

and higher Zr content than the basaltic andesite (unit 5.4)
present at LaRonde Penna (Table 1). This andesite (unit 5.4-t)
is present at the LaRonde Penna and Westwood deposits
(Mercier-Langevin et al., 2009), but its distribution and rela-
tionship to the basaltic andesite (unit 5.4) remain to be clari-
fied. Both units 5.3 and 5.4-t are interdigitated with or have
been emplaced into the rhyodacitic to rhyolitic volcanic flow-
breccia deposits of unit 5.5 dated at 2697.5 ± 1.1 Ma (McNicoll
et al., 2014). The volcanic sequence is overlain by wacke-dom-
inated units and argillites of the Cadillac Group dated at
<2689 ± 2 Ma in the LaRonde Penna mine area (Mercier-
Langevin et al., 2007a) and <2687 Ma in the Doyon mine area
(Lafrance et al., 2005: Figs. 1B, 6).
As documented elsewhere in the camp, the contact
between the uppermost unit 5.5 of the Bousquet Formation
(2698−2697 Ma) and the overlying graywacke of the Cadillac
Group is commonly marked by a centimeter to several deci-
meters thick, semimassive, deformed, and brecciated pyrrho-
tite-rich horizon with local anomalous Zn values (Marquis et
al., 1990a; Savoie et al., 1991; Trudel et al., 1992; Teasdale et
al., 1996; Dubé et al., 2004, 2007a). The stratigraphic relation-
ships, deformation, and time gap between the upper Bousquet
Formation and the overlying Cadillac Group indicate that this
contact is most likely a strained disconformity. At LaRonde
Penna, a sample of the Cadillac Group sedimentary rocks
that yielded a maximum depositional age of 2689 ± 2 Ma also
contained detrital zircon dated at 2702.1 ± 2.4, 2695.8 ± 1.7,
and 2694.4 ± 1.6 Ma (Mercier-Langevin, 2005), suggesting
that the Bousquet Formation may have been a local source for
the sediments. In this case, the youngest detrital zircon age
(2694.4 ± 1.6 Ma) would correspond to the age of the eroded
upper part of the Bousquet Formation.
North-south shortening (D2) is responsible for strong flat-
tening, transposition, and boudinage of sulfide-rich lenses,
veins, and zones of quartz-andalusite-rich alteration assem-
blages (Marquis et al., 1990a, b), as well as minor folding and
recrystallization of the sulfide zones. However, the strain is
heterogeneous due to strain partitioning related to compe-
tency contrasts. Extensive lithogeochemistry, surface and
underground mapping, and core logging have demonstrated
that the camp-scale stratigraphy is intact despite the extensive
deformation (Lafrance et al., 2003; Mercier-Langevin et al.,
2007b, c), as previously noted by Stone et al. (1988).
Mineralized Zones
The Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit consists of a number
of stacked, deformed, E-W–trending and foliation-parallel,
polymetallic (Au-Ag-Cu-Zn-Pb) semi- to massive sulfide
lenses, breccia zones, veins, and associated stringers within
the upper member of the Bousquet Formation (Figs. 4, 6B,
Table 2; Marquis et al., 1990a, 1992; Tourigny et al., 1993;
Teasdale et al., 1996). The main ore zone, known as the Mas-
sive Hangingwall zone, or Zone 1 at Bousquet 2 and Zone
5 (or Zone A) at Dumagami, is E-W–trending and steeply S
dipping. The lateral extension of the Massive Hangingwall
zone toward the surface at Bousquet 2 is known as the D zone
(Fig. 6B) and consists of a meter-wide transposed auriferous
stringer zone with 15 to 25 vol % pyrite and abundant andalu-
site. An Au-bearing massive quartz-pyrite breccia and pyrite
stockwork zone is locally present immediately underneath the
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 129

South North
5.1 4.4 SECTION 5950E (8580E)
D91-2372
LEGEND
El.4550m Stratigraphy
Footwall shear
Cadillac Group <2687 Ma
5.4-t
Wacke and turbiditic siltstone

20 South Blake River Group 2704-2695 Ma

horizon Bousquet Formation 2699-2696 Ma
El.4450m Upper Member
Upper felsic unit
5.5
Cadillac Quartz and feldspar microporphyritic
Group rhyodacite
wacke and Basaltic andesite
5.4
argillites 5.4-t Feldspar-phyric sills and dikes
5.5
Feldspar- and quartz-phyric rhyolite
5.3 Microporphyritic feldspar and blue-
quartz bearing rhyolite

D89-2149
Dacite-rhyodacite
5.3 D89-2151
5.1-(d)
Feldspar-phyric dacite and rhyodacite
Pyrrhotite-rich with gabbroic sills
horizon
Lower Member
El.4250m
Heterogeneous unit
4.4
Porphyritic basalt and microporphyritic
4.4 andesite
Heterogeneous
unit Mineralization
Main Hangingwall Ore Zone: breccias
Massive HW ore zone
and semimassive to massive sulfides
El.4150m (>70% sulfides); various proportions of
quartz-andalusite
Zn-rich Main Hangingwall Zone:
Zone 6 Horizon sulfides stringers, breccias; semimassive
sulfides towards southern limit; dark
color andalusite-quartz; local traces garnet
S86-176C
Pyrite-rich auriferous stringer zones
El.4050m
(D Zone) with quartz-andalusite
Zn-rich Massive HW ore zone Massive footwall zone:Pyrite-rich auriferous
semimassive, breccias and stringer zones
including or mixed with massive sugary
pyrite veins and lenses
Auriferous pyrite-sphalerite-pyrrhotite
transposed stringer zones
El.3950m ?
D91-2395
D91-2396
Footwall shear zone
S86-176

Massive quartz-pyrite breccia

High-strain zone (shear zone)
El.3850m ?

Drill hole (dashed line when

data projected on the section)
D91-2288 S86-176C

D90-2280
El.3750m
Massive Footwall zone
D95-2538
Zone 7 Horizon

?
El.3650m ? D95-2550

?
2800N

3100N
2900N

3200N

3300N

0 100 200m
El.3550m

Fig. 6. Simplified geologic section 5950E (8580E; looking west). A. Stratigraphy and ore zones. B. Nature and distribution
of the mineral assemblages and styles of mineralization (modified from Barrick Gold Corp.).
130 DUBÉ ET AL.

South North
5.1 4.4 SECTION 5950E (8580E)
D91-2372
LEGEND
El.4550m Stratigraphy
Footwall shear
Cadillac Group <2686 Ma
5.4-t ?
Wacke and turbiditic siltstone

20 South Blake River Group 2704-2695 Ma

horizon Bousquet Formation 2699-2696 Ma
El.4450m Upper Member
Upper felsic unit
5.5
Cadillac Quartz and feldspar microporphyritic
Group ? rhyodacite
wacke and Basaltic andesite
5.4
argillites 5.4-t Feldspar-phyric sills and dikes
5.5
Feldspar- and quartz-phyric rhyolite
5.3 Microporphyritic feldspar and blue-
quartz bearing rhyolite

D89-2149
Dacite-rhyodacite
5.3 D89-2151
5.1-(d)
Feldspar-phyric dacite and rhyodacite
Pyrrhotite-rich with gabbroic sills
interval
Lower Member
El.4250m
Heterogeneous unit
4.4
Porphyritic basalt and microporphyritic
4.4 andesite
Heterogeneous
Mineralogical assemblages
unit
Quartz-muscovite±Mn-garnet±biotite±
Massive HW ore zone chlorite(1 to 10% garnet)
El.4150m ?
Quartz-muscovite±pyrite schist,
local traces garnet
Zone 6 Horizon
Quartz-muscovite-andalusite-
pyrophyllite-pyrite
local traces of garnet
S86-176C
El.4050m Massive quartz-pyrite breccia
Zn-rich Massive HW ore zone
Quartz-carbonate-biotite in
basaltic-andesite 5.4-t
Mineralization
Main Hangingwall Ore Zone: breccias
and semimassive to massive sulfides
El.3950m ? (>70% sulfides); various proportions of
D91-2395
D91-2396
quartz-andalusite
S86-176
Zn-rich Main Hangingwall Zone:
sulfide stringers, breccias; semimassive
Massive quartz-pyrite breccia sulfides towards southern limit; dark
color andalusite-quartz; local traces garnet
Pyrite-rich auriferous stringer zones
El.3850m ? (D Zone) with quartz-andalusite
Massive footwall zone:Pyrite-rich auriferous
semimassive, breccias and stringer zones
including or mixed with massive sugary
D91-2288 pyrite veins and lenses
Auriferous pyrite-sphalerite-pyrrhotite
D90-2280 transposed stringer zones
El.3750m
Massive Footwall zone
Footwall shear zone
D95-2538
Zone 7 Horizon

High-strain zone (shear zone)

?
El.3650m ? D95-2550

? Drill hole (dashed line when

data projected on the section)
?
? S86-176C
2800N

3100N
2900N

3200N

3300N

0 100 200m
El.3550m

Fig. 6. (Cont.)
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 131

Table 1. Lithogeochemical Data of Basaltic-Andesite (unit 5.4-t)

        LaRonde Penna        Bousquet 2-Dumagami

        Fresh LaRonde          Altered 5.4-t

          Unit 5.4           Unit 5.4-t LABD-2002-138 LABD-2002-171 LABD-2002-173 LABD-2002-212

          n = 8           n = 2 DDH D91-2395 DDH S86-176 DDH S86-176 DDH D91-2372 n=4 n=4
Avg 2σ Avg 2σ avg std

(%)
SiO2 56.83 4.08 60.28 3.84 52.70 51.50 57.40 54.70 54.08 2.58
TiO2 1.11 0.12 0.79 0.00 0.74 0.80 0.63 0.75 0.73 0.07
Al2O3 20.36 1.23 18.49 0.05 17.10 17.50 13.70 15.00 15.83 1.79
Fe2O3(total) 4.68 2.43 3.54 0.87 6.08 6.73 7.25 6.93 6.75 0.49
MnO 0.07 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.02
MgO 3.14 1.24 2.38 2.37 2.86 3.31 3.22 3.95 3.34 0.45
CaO 5.10 2.17 3.95 2.10 6.61 7.99 6.00 5.26 6.47 1.16
Na2O 5.15 1.16 6.78 0.33 3.42 2.30 2.54 5.16 3.36 1.30
K2O 1.12 0.64 0.94 0.80 2.21 2.38 2.07 0.32 1.75 0.96
P2O5 0.12 0.02 0.41 0.00 0.38 0.45 0.32 0.42 0.39 0.06
LOI 1.84 0.65 1.09 0.17 4.44 3.83 3.69 4.60 4.14 0.45
Total 99.72 0.65 99.29 0.14 96.63 96.93 96.95 97.23 96.94 0.25
S 0.80 0.70 0.52 0.50 1.61 0.55 2.10 0.58 1.21 0.77
CO2 0.16 0.28 0.09 0.01 2.36 2.36 2.00 3.12 2.46 0.47
FeO* 4.21 2.19 3.18 0.78 5.47 6.06 6.53 6.24 6.07 0.44

Trace elements (ppm)

Y 11.73 2.85 18.20 1.70 18.50 19.70 14.70 18.70 17.90 2.20
Zr 51.05 19.77 136.17 18.77 127.00 143.00 94.40 123.00 121.85 20.24
Zr/Y 4.35 7.48 6.86 7.26 6.42 6.58 6.78 0.37
B (ppm) 88.00 24.00 63.00 14.00 47.25 34.42
Ba 349.50 210.41 441.50 310.42 492.00 545.00 526.00 213.00 444.00 155.55
V 308.38 22.17 198.00 19.80 163.00 189.00 164.00 146.00 165.50 17.71
Sc 33.44 2.97 20.45 2.47 19.30 22.00 18.80 20.00 20.03 1.41
Be 0.45 0.13 0.83 0.00 0.90 1.80 1.40 0.80 1.23 0.46
Cr 90.88 20.66 30.50 20.51 23.00 29.00 27.00 24.00 25.75 2.75
Co 45.63 10.51 19.00 4.24 25.00 27.00 23.00 18.00 23.25 3.86
Ni 112.63 22.23 17.50 6.36 18.00 21.00 25.00 21.00 21.25 2.87
Ti 6,676.78 718.21 4,722.86 5.09 4,424.31 4,819.98 3,764.86 4,508.24 4,379.35 443.62

REE (ppm)           n = 12           n = 2

La 11.59 4.47 52.88 0.89 41.70 51.10 33.90 41.50 42.05 7.04

Metals (ppm)
Au ppb 4.81 7.06 6.50 6.36 22.00 6.00 24.00 20.00 18.00 8.16
Cu 92.74 24.15 51.55 28.92 61.90 138.00 62.70 35.40 74.50 44.19
Ag 0.87 1.10 0.92 0.83 1.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.35 0.50
Zn 63.39 30.94 225.50 292.04 134.00 64.00 53.60 80.00 82.90 35.76
Pb 22.75 53.56 62.00 86.27 45.00 3.00 8.00 3.00 14.75 20.30
As 6.50 3.74 10.00 0.00 24.10 157.00 16.40 3.10 50.15 71.76
Sb 3.00 2.44 0.47 0.19 1.60 1.30 0.80 0.25 0.99 0.59
Mo 2.50 1.93 2.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.13 0.63

Massive Hangingwall zone (Figs. 4, 6B). Another mineralized
zone is present farther in the footwall at Bousquet 2 and is
known as the Massive Footwall zone (Figs. 4, 6B).
At Dumagami, six sulfide zones have been identified, of
which three have been mined. These are Zone 5 (or Zone A)
and the smaller zones B and C located to the south (Marquis
et al., 1990a, 1992). Transposed auriferous pyrite-sphalerite
stringer zones up to a few meters wide and hosted within
highly strained quartz-muscovite-altered rocks are present in
the stratigraphic footwall of the deposit and locally grade up
to 3 to 4 g/t Au and a few percent Zn (Figs. 2, 6). These string-
ers could represent the western distal extension of Zones 6
and 7 mined at LaRonde Penna (Dubé et al., 2007a). A similar
zone of centimeter- to meter-wide stringers is present in the
upper part of the andesite in the stratigraphic hanging wall of
the main ore zone at Dumagami. This zone may represent the
distal western extension of the horizon hosting the Au-rich 20
South lens at LaRonde Penna (Dubé et al., 2007a; (Figs. 2, 6).
The distribution of the different mineralized zones is shown
in Figures 4, 6A and B. Average analyses of representative
samples from the zones are presented in Table 2. The miner-
alized zones have been strongly deformed and transposed into
the main foliation (S2). The sulfide minerals show recrystalli-
zation textures typical of upper greenschist-lower amphibolite
facies metamorphism. Deformation-induced mineralogical
layering, folding, and ductile shearing of the massive sulfide
 132

Table 2. Composition of Mineralized Zones at the Bousquet 2-Dumagami Deposit

Mineralized zones

          Massive Footwall zone       Massive quartz-pyrite breccia         Massive Hangingwall zone         Zn-rich Massive Hangingwall zone D zone
Facies
(%) Nb Average STD Nb Average STD Nb Average STD Nb Average STD Nb

SiO2* 7.31 1 71.60 10.45 4 30.81 20.80 9 52.58 14.24 5 63.25 11.81 2
TiO2* 0.44 1 0.40 0.14 4 0.14 0.09 9 0.63 0.24 5 0.16 0.02 2
Al2O3* 13.40 1 0.59 0.23 4 2.96 2.52 9 13.02 1.98 5 9.14 1.64 2
Fe2O3(total)* 49.10 1 16.75 6.48 4 41.07 15.40 9 12.98 11.60 5 15.66 9.96 2
MnO* 0.01 1 0.01 0.02 4 0.00 0.01 9 0.00 0.00 5 0.00 0.00 2
MgO* 0.04 1 0.01 0.01 4 0.02 0.01 9 0.06 0.04 5 0.04 0.00 2
CaO* 0.28 1 0.17 0.27 4 0.03 0.03 9 0.18 0.16 5 0.10 0.01 2
Na2O* 0.09 1 0.04 0.02 4 0.09 0.06 9 0.41 0.28 5 0.25 0.04 2
K2O* 0.18 1 0.07 0.02 4 0.21 0.16 9 1.69 0.98 5 1.25 0.14 2
P2O5* 0.17 1 0.02 0.02 4 0.03 0.02 9 0.13 0.13 5 0.04 0.00 2
LOI* 26.56 1 8.56 3.30 4 21.60 7.51 9 9.75 5.38 5 8.58 4.45 2
Total % 97.58 1 98.23 0.92 4 96.75 3.37 9 91.43 5.65 5 98.47 0.75 2
S % 41.00 1 14.14 5.53 4 34.54 13.27 9 12.93 7.93 5 11.73 7.46 2
CO2 % 0.01 1 0.08 0.15 4 0.02 0.02 9 0.01 0.01 5 0.01 0.00 2

Metals (ppm)
DUBÉ ET AL.

Au (ppb)*** 9,810 1 19,703 23,566 4 4,382 5,554 9 1,458 1,315 5 1,537 2,027 2
Cu*** 2,530 1 2,995 1,921 4 17,220 19,715 9 1,905 2,623 5 537 424 2
Ag** 10 1 7 2 4 7 4 9 6 4 5 1 0 2
Zn*** 45 1 26 6 4 280 178 9 57,602 37,831 5 77 93 2
Pb*** 50 1 23 5 4 351 445 9 9,948 13,692 5 26 11 2
As**** 186 1 36 25 4 533 288 9 234 240 5 14 5 2
Sb**** 7 1 2 1 4 46 39 9 18 17 5 1 0 2

Trace elements (ppm)

V** 1 1 3 2 4 19 15 9 26 13 5 9 0 2
Ba* 441 1 126 20 4 170 204 9 337 356 5 301 93 2
Cr** 1 1 9 5 4 4 3 9 5 3 5 3 1 2
B 140 1 43 18 4 63 67 9 34 27 5 11 8 2
Y* 9 1 4 2 4 3 3 9 19 7 5 8 1 2
Zr* 241 1 146 27 4 63 48 9 206 47 5 101 14 2

Notes: * = ICP-AES (INRS), ** = ICP-80 (XRAL), *** = Fire assay (XRAL), **** = Fusion/ICP/Hybride AA (XRAL), S = Leco (XRAL), CO2: Coulometrie (XRAL), B = ICP90A (XRAL); Nb =
Number of analyses, py = pyrite; STD = standard deviation
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 133
lenses, breccias, and veins are common especially toward the
southern portion of the Massive Hangingwall zone (Fig. 3D).
The Massive Hangingwall zone is located about 50 to 100 m
stratigraphically below the contact between the Bousquet
Formation and the Cadillac Group (Figs. 4, 6A). The Massive
Hangingwall zone is a tabular zone that is up to 15 m thick
(typically 5−7 m), 500 to 550 m wide, and has a vertical extent
of more than 1,500 m (Figs. 4, 6B). It consists of a composite
sheet-like body of semi- to massive polymetallic Au-Ag-Cu-Zn
± Pb pyrite-rich sulfides with veins and discontinuous sulfide-
rich breccia zones enveloped by and/or interlayered with
transposed pyrite-rich stringers and silicified ± aluminous
wall-rock clasts (Fig. 3E, F). The proportion of sulfides and
intensity of the alteration increases toward the south-south-
east. The Massive Hangingwall zone shows an upward enrich-
ment of Zn and Pb, which is consistent with the younging of
the volcanic stratigraphy to the south-southeast. Assays from
the Massive Hangingwall zone are locally as high as 30 to 40 g/t
Au and 4 to 5 wt % Cu over 1 m. It is hosted by and formed,
at least in part, by replacement of unit 5.3, as suggested by the
presence of clasts of the blue quartz-bearing rhyolite in the
massive sulfides, in the quartz-pyrite breccia and also within
the footwall quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite
alteration assemblage (Fig. 3G, H).
The structural hanging wall of the Massive Hangingwall
zone is marked by a 2- to 10-m-wide highly strained zone
located at the contact with an intensely developed quartz-
muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblage. This
high-strain zone is known as the Hangingwall fault (or South
fault: Figs. 3C, 4). The Hangingwall fault is characterized
by intense flattening and transposition of units 5.3 and 5.5.
It contains sulfide veins and millimeter- to centimerer-wide
cataclasites characterized by gouge and brittle slip planes.
Tourigny et al. (1993) interpreted this to be a reverse fault
with late dextral strike-slip reactivation recorded by slices
of graphitic schist with subhorizontal slickensides and steps.
Brittle faults are also locally present in the immediate foot-
wall of the massive sulfide part of the Massive Hangingwall
zone. This younger deformation has significantly added to the
complex nature, distribution, and geometry of the massive
sulfides, breccias, and veins of the Massive Hangingwall zone.
The ore zone is hosted by and interlayered with gray-blue to
dark gray quartz-andalusite-rich wall rocks and/or clasts (Fig.
7A). It contains traces to a few percent (4−5 vol %) andalu-
site (Fig. 7B) and/or kyanite poikiloblasts (Fig. 7C), which
are partly to strongly replaced by, or intergrown with quartz.
Both aluminosilicates are strongly retrograded to pyrophyl-
lite, kaolinite and/or local muscovite, rimmed by pyrophyllite
and/or cut by veinlets filled by pyrophyllite (Fig. 7D). The
andalusite and kyanite are also dusted by very fine inclusions
of pyrite and locally rutile (Fig. 7E).
The semi- to massive sulfide lenses or veins of the Mas-
sive Hangingwall zone are commonly intermixed with dis-
continuous meter-wide sulfide ore breccias that consist of
subrounded quartz ± andalusite-rich clasts (cm to locally m
wide) in a matrix of massive sulfides (Fig. 7F, G). The matrix
of the breccias is dominated by coarse (≤1−2 cm) fragmented
granoblastic recrystallized pyrite (Fig. 7F) with variable
amounts of chalcopyrite and bornite interstitial to or filling
the fractured pyrite and quartz. In the massive sulfide lenses
or veins, the pyrite is fine grained, granoblastic, fractured,
and forms massive centimeter- to meter-thick bands or layers.
Some centimeter- to meter-wide veins of recrystallized pyrite
are also present.
The sulfide breccias within the Massive Hangingwall zone
contain traces to 1 to 4 vol % chalcopyrite and/or bornite as
local disseminations but more commonly as veins filling late
≤1- to 2-cm-thick N-S–trending steep brittle fractures cut-
ting the quartz matrix within the competent silicic rhyolite
clasts in the sulfide-rich breccias or within millimeter- to cen-
timeter-thick gray quartz veins (Figs. 7H, 8A). These steeply
dipping veins commonly cut the main foliation at high angles
(Fig. 8B). The bornite veinlets contain subrounded pyrite
grains with chalcopyrite and trace amounts of galena and are
Au rich. According to Tourigny et al. (1993), the bornite vein-
lets formed as en echelon extensional veins up to 2 m long
and 3 mm wide with <10-m vertical extension. They lack vis-
ible alteration selvages and their abundance increases toward
the southern contact of the sulfide-rich zone, the best grade
being located 10 to 30 m north of the Hangingwall fault.
These veins locally disappear laterally, becoming barren joints
(Tourigny et al., 1993). Visible gold is present along the walls
of the bornite-rich veins and coats or fills late fractures. Gold
is locally striated suggesting emplacement during or before
active brittle faulting or younger reactivation (Fig. 8C). Stria-
tions and steps recorded along these brittle slip planes indi-
cate normal displacement (Tourigny et al., 1993). Gold is also
present as inclusions in chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, and
locally pyrite (Marquis et al., 1990a). The common occur-
rence of Au (electrum), with bornite and chalcopyrite filling
fractures in pyrite (Fig. 8A) and at triple junctions of annealed
pyrite (Fig. 8D) suggests that the Cu and associated Au in the
mineralized veins may have been mechanically remobilized
from the main sulfide zones (Tourigny et al., 1993). Bornite
is also locally interstitial to pyrite or present as fine inclusions
in pyrite. Sphalerite, tennantite, tetrahedrite, and galena are
present as inclusions in pyrite. Transposed sphalerite vein-
lets are also present and become more abundant toward the
southern contact of the Massive Hangingwall zone. Traces of
digenite, covellite, colusite, Ga-bearing sakuraiite, aikinite,
wittichenite, mawsonite, acanthite, and a variety of other
trace minerals have been found (Table 3). Marquis et al.
(1990a, 1992) and Tourigny et al. (1993) also documented a
wide range of sulfides phases, including other Cu-Ag sulfides
and several sulfosalts and tellurides.
At Bousquet 2, the Massive Hangingwall zone was subdi-
vided into a lower Au-Cu zone and a ~5- to 8-m-thick upper
Zn ± Pb-rich portion, known as the Zn-rich Massive Hanging-
wall zone, hosted by the rhyolite (unit 5.3) or locally by the
felsic flow-breccia (unit 5.5: Figs. 4, 6B). At Dumagami, Mar-
quis et al. (1990a) described massive pyrite bodies and mas-
sive sphalerite and galena bodies that were separated by a
transition zone of lower sulfide content. The Zn-rich Massive
Hangingwall zone at Bousquet 2 commonly has lower Au grades
(≤1−3 g/t Au) but up to 7 to 8 wt % Zn over meter-wide inter-
vals. The upper Zn-rich zone contains up to 10 to 15 vol %
brown sphalerite (Fig. 8E) as millimeter-wide veinlets with
quartz, pyrite, and muscovite, 10 to 20 vol % pyrite, and a few
percent chalcopyrite and galena in banded quartz-musco-
vite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-rutile schists with a fine-grained
134 DUBÉ ET AL.

A andalusite
B

pyrite

andalusite

main
foliation

2 cm
5 cm

C D
D
pyrite

kyanite

pyrophyllite kyanite

muscovite pyrophyllite

200 um 200 um

EE F recrystallized
massive
pyrite

dusted
andalusite

andalusite-rich
clasts

1000 um silicified 2 cm
clasts

G H
silicified bornite
clasts

12 cm 2 cm

Fig. 7. Photographs of mineral assemblages and sulfides from the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit. A. Dark color andalusite
porphyroblast in the southern portion of the Massive Hangingwall zone, Bousquet 2, discovery hole (S86-174). B. Elongated
andalusite porphyroblasts with inclusions and trails of quartz, rutile, and pyrite parallel to the main foliation (S2), Bousquet
2 (stope 10-3-19). C. Fractured and rotated kyanite poikiloblast surrounded and partly replaced by pyrophyllite (cross-polar-
ized light). D. Kyanite porphyroblast rimmed by muscovite and pyrophyllite and cut by veinlets filled by pyrophyllite (cross-
polarized light). E. Andalusite dusted by fine inclusions of pyrite and rutile (cross-polarized light). F. Quartz-sulfide breccia
ore zone with silicic and/or andalusite-rich clasts of rhyolite (unit 5.3) in a massive recrystallized pyrite matrix, Bousquet 2
(stope 9-3-11). G. Silicified clasts in semimassive pyrite with traces of chalcopyrite and sphalerite, Dumagami (stope 1450-
518), section view. H. Gold-rich bornite veinlets cutting strongly silicified rhyolite (unit 5.3), Bousquet 2.
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 135

A B
pyrite

tetrahedrite chalcopyrite

electrum
chalcopyrite

main foliation
bornite

50 um 2 cm

C D

pyrite

2 cm 100 um
bornite

E F quartz

sphalerite

pyrite

pyrophyllite
sphalerite

10 cm 200 um

G H
massive
pyrite quartz
pyrite
bornite blue
quartz

massive
quartz
3 cm 2 cm

Fig. 8. Photographs of sulfide assemblages from the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit. A. Electrum-tetrahedrite-bornite-
chalcopyrite veinlets filling fracture in coarse pyrite, Bousquet 2 (reflected light). B. Late extensional chalcopyrite veinlet
cutting silicified rhyolite (unit 5.3) at high angle to main foliation, Bousquet 2, discovery hole (S86-174). C. Visible gold with
striations, coating a late fracture, Bousquet 2. D. Bornite along grain boundaries of recrystallized (triple junction) pyrite
intergrown with quartz, Bousquet 2 (reflected light). E. Pyrite-sphalerite-rich ore zone hosted by highly strained andalusite-
rich rhyolite, Dumagami (level 17, stope 20). F. Andalusite retrograded by pyrophyllite and dusted by sphalerite, Bousquet 2
(plane-polarized light). G. Quartz-pyrite auriferous breccia with pyrite stringers, Bousquet 2 (stope 9-3-11). H. Silicified blue
quartz-bearing rhyolite (unit 5.3) cut by pyrite stringers, Bousquet 2 mine (stope 7-0-6).
136 DUBÉ ET AL.
Table 3. Ore Mineralogy of the Bousquet 2-Dumgami Ore Zones1
Massive Massive Zn-rich Massive
Massive quartz-pyrite Hangingwall Hangingwall
Footwall zone breccia zone zone
Major Minerals
Pyrite Pyrite Pyrite Pyrite
Chalcopyrite Sphalerite
Bornite Chalcopyrite
Pyrrhotite Galena
Pyrrhotite
Minor Minerals
Bornite Chalcocite Bornite
Chalcocite Sphalerite Chalcocite
Chalcopyrite Covellite
Digenite
Trace Minerals
Gold (Electrum) Gold (electrum) Gold (electrum) Gold (Electrum)
Chalcopyrite Sphalerite Galena Calaverite
Bornite Covellite Tennantite Tennantite
Covellite Digenite Tetrahedrite Tetrahedrite
Te tennantite Mn tennantite Arsenopyrite Arsenopyrite
Naumannite Colusite Digenite Cu-Ag sulfide
Renierite Covellite Stannite
Petzite Colusite Alabandite
Wittichenite Renierite Berthierine
Alabandite Ga-bearing Tennantite
Sakuraiite Altaite
Aikinite Mackinstryite
Wittichenite Petzite
Mawsonite Stromeyrite
Acanthite Sulfosalts
Hessite (Pb-Ag-Bi)
Petzite
Altaite
Tellurobismuth
Clausthalite
Notes: Selected mineral formulas (alphabetical): acanthite Ag2S;
aikinite PbCuBiS3; alabandite MnS; altaite PbTe; arsenopyrite
FeAsS; bornite Cu5FeS4; calaverite AuTe2; clausthalite PbSe; colusite
Cu26V2(As,Sn,Zn,Ge)6S32; covellite-digenite CuS; Ga-bearing sakuraiite
(Cu,Zn,Fe)3(In,Ga)S4; hessite Ag2Te; mackinstryite Cu0.6Ag1.2S; maw-
sonite Cu6Fe2SnS8; naumannite Ag2Se; petzite Ag3AuTe2; renierite
Cu11(Ge,As)2Fe4S16; stannite Cu2FeSnS4; stromeyerite CuAgS; tetrahedrite
Cu12(Sb,Ag)4S13; tellurobismuth Bi2Te3; wittichenite Cu3BiS3
1Data from this study, Tourigny et al. (1993), and Marquis et al. (1992)
granoblastic quartz matrix. The sphalerite is present as trails
and veinlets and commonly fills the boudin necks of the
deformed andalusite. As reported by Tourigny et al. (1993),
sphalerite locally replaces syntectonic andalusite and is pres-
ent as very fine inclusions, along with muscovite, pyrophyllite,
rutile, and fine pyrite, dusting the andalusite porphyroblasts
and/or concentrated along their rims. The sphalerite dusting
is locally so strong that the andalusite is nearly opaque and is
responsible for the dark gray to black color of the alteration
zone, especially in the hanging wall (Figs. 7A, E, 8F). Locally,
toward the southern limit of the Zn-rich Massive Hangingwall
zone, galena-rich, foliation-parallel stringers may constitute
up to 10 vol % of the rocks, and subhorizontal and subvertical
en echelon extensional veinlets of sphalerite and galena cut
the sulfide-rich zone (Tourigny et al., 1993; Mercier-Langevin,
2005).
At Dumagami, the Zone 5 mineralization (equivalent to the
Massive Hangingwall zone at Bousquet 2) consists of massive
pyrite and massive sphalerite-galena bodies (Fig. 4: Marquis
et al., 1990a), containing up to 30 to 40 g/t Au, tens of ppm Ag,
1 to 2 wt % Cu and Zn and less than 0.5 wt % Pb. The presence
of chalcopyrite and/or bornite in this zone was a reliable visual
indication of economic Au grades. The Zn content increases
toward the south-southeast, reflecting the common upward
enrichment in Zn and Pb in the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde
mining camp VMS lenses (Marquis et al., 1992, Tourigny et
al., 1993; Teasdale et al., 1996; Dubé et al., 2007a).
A massive quartz-pyrite breccia and stockwork zone is
locally present immediately underneath the Massive Hang-
ingwall zone in the Bousquet 2 mine (Teasdale et al., 1996). It
is up to 20 m wide, has a limited lateral extent (~100−200 m),
and is mainly developed between 900 and 1,200 m below sur-
face (4,100- and 3,800-m elev: Figs. 4, 6B), spatially coincid-
ing with a Cu-rich zone in the Massive Hangingwall zone. A
similar stockwork zone is locally present at the Dumagami
mine, but its size and distribution are not well defined. The
quartz-pyrite breccia zone is commonly highly auriferous (Table
2) but the Au grades are highly variable, averaging 4.5 g/t Au
(Teasdale et al., 1996). It varies in character from unoriented
stockwork to transposed and ribbon-textured pyrite-rich
stringers and disseminations with local traces to a few percent
bornite, chalcocite, and/or chalcopyrite stringers in a matrix of
massive quartz. Only traces to a few percent of aluminosili-
cates and rutile are present (Fig. 8G, H). Teasdale et al. (1996)
noted up to 5% nodular pyrite locally. The presence of blue
quartz phenocrysts (≤2−3 mm) confirms that this zone likely
formed by replacement of the blue quartz rhyolite (unit 5.3:
Figs. 3G, 9A). Local visible gold is present in high-grade mil-
limeter- to centimeter-wide late quartz ± bornite veins ori-
ented at high angles to the foliation. Traces of sphalerite,
covellite, colusite, digenite, Mn tennantite, renierite, petzite,
and wittichenite have been found in the massive quartz-pyrite
breccia and stockwork zone (Table 3).
Massive pyrite veins that are also present in the footwall of
the Massive Hangingwall zone comprise the Massive Footwall
zone. The Massive Footwall zone is a composite zone of aurif-
erous semi- to massive pyrite in veins and lenses (Fig. 9B),
locally interlayered with altered volcanic rocks and transposed
pyrite-rich stockwork and breccias. The Massive Footwall
zone is commonly located meters to a few tens of meters
below the Massive Hangingwall zone or, where present, below
the massive quartz-pyrite breccia and stockwork zone. The
Massive Hangingwall zone mineralization is hosted within a
strongly foliated quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-
pyrite assemblage. The associated breccias are composed of
quartz-andalusite-kyanite-muscovite-rich clasts in a pyrite-
rich matrix. The thickness of the Massive Footwall zone varies
from 20 to 40 cm up to 10 to 15 m. It is not as extensive later-
ally as the Massive Hangingwall zone and occurs mainly in the
lower part of the Bousquet 2 mine (below level 8; Teasdale et
al., 1996) and rarely above 4,050-m elevation (1 km below sur-
face: Figs. 4, 6B). At depth in the mine it is known as the C
zone and consists of centimeter-thick, semi- to massive trans-
posed pyrite veins and disseminations with associated quartz-
muscovite-andalusite-pyrite schist. Some of the veins are
auriferous (≤3−4 g/t Au). The zone is flattened and locally
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 137

A quartz phenocryst
B
pyrite

pyrite
stringers

quartz matrix
5 mm 10 cm

C D
garnet

main
foliation

garnet

2 cm 200 um

pyrite-rich
E zone F

andalusite

muscovite
blue quartz
12 cm 1 cm

G H

andalusite

andalusite
2 cm 100 um
pyrophyllite

Fig. 9. Photographs of mineral assemblages from the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit. A. Recrystallized blue quartz phe-
nocryst in massive granoblastic quartz matrix, Bousquet 2. B. Foliated auriferous massive pyrite from the Massive Footwall
zone, section view, Bousquet 2 (stope 9-3-11). C. Disseminated pink garnet within quartz-muscovite ± Mn garnet ± biotite ±
chlorite assemblage, Bousquet 2. D. Ca-Fe spessartine porphyroblast with ilmenite trails oriented parallel to main foliation
in muscovite matrix, Bousquet 2 (plane-polarized light). E. Typical outcrop example of quartz-muscovite ± pyrite mineral
assemblage, Dumagami mine area. F. Syndeformation andalusite porphyroblasts, with elongated inclusion trails of pyrite and
rutile, hosted in strongly leached rhyolite (unit 5.3), Bousquet 2, discovery hole (S86-174). G. Semimassive andalusite-rich
layer within rhyolite (unit 5.3), longitudinal view subparallel to S2, Bousquet 2. H. Large andalusite porphyroblast partly
replaced by quartz and pyrophyllite and cut by fractures filled by pyrophyllite, Bousquet 2 (cross-polarized light).
138 DUBÉ ET AL.

boudinaged and characterized by coarsely recrystallized equi-
granular pyrite cubes (2−4 mm). Where the Massive Footwall
zone is locally in physical contact or continuous with the Mas-
sive Hangingwall zone (Fig. 6B), it comprises a low-grade or
barren massive pyrite zone. Toward the southern part of the
zone, the Massive Footwall zone typically forms ≤1- to
2-m-wide massive pyrite (90−95 vol %) veins with a distinctive
sugary texture. The Massive Footwall zone also contains traces
of chalcopyrite, bornite, Te tennantite, covellite, and nauman-
nite (Table 3). Its precious metal content varies from less than
1 to tens of ppm Au and Ag and up to 0.25 wt % Cu (Table 2).
As documented by Marquis et al. (1990a, 1992), Touri-
gny et al. (1993), and Teasdale et al. (1996), the Bousquet
2-Dumagami sulfide-rich zones have recorded most incre-
ments of deformation and metamorphism in the area. This
is illustrated by the plunge of the orebodies, subparallel to
the steeply SW plunging stretching lineation (Fig. 3B), and
by the extensive recrystallization of the sulfides, flattening,
boudinage, piercement structures (Fig. 10A), and transpo-
sition of sulfide veins and layers into the main foliation and
crenulations (Figs. 3D, 10B-D). The deformation has obliter-
ated any primary synvolcanic textures and is responsible for
the development of the dominant east-west tectonic layering
in the sulfide and alteration zones interpreted to result from
mass transfer during prograde metamorphism (Tourigny et
al., 1993). The abundance of chalcopyrite- and bornite-rich

A andalusite-rich B massive
layers
pyrite

piercement
structure

massive massive
pyrite boudinage pyrite

main
foliation
15 cm 15 cm

C D
crenulated
pyrite veinlet
pyrite
veins

main
main foliation
foliation

12 cm 5 cm

E F andalusite-rich
host

bornite

chalcopyrite-rich
vein
massive
pyrite massive
3 cm pyrite
15 cm

Fig. 10. Photographs of ores and timing relationships at the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit. A. Massive pyrite zone host-
ing boudinaged andalusite-rich wall-rock inclusions with piercement structures, “back” view of stope, Dumagami mine, 8th
level (from Poulsen et al., 2000). B. Section view looking west, showing massive pyrite veins parallel (transposed?) by the main
foliation, Bousquet 2 (stope 10-217). C. Section view of massive pyrite veins slightly oblique (transposed or late?) to main
foliation, Bousquet 2, level 5-2 (photo taken by H.K. Poulsen). D. Pyrite vein and impregnations crenulated by the main folia-
tion hosted by the andalusite-rich rhyolite (unit 5.3), Bousquet 2. E. Bornite veinlets cutting a silicified wall-rock clast within
massive pyrite ore, Bousquet 2 (stope 9-0-19; from Dubé et al., 2007a). F. Subhorizontal chalcopyrite-rich piercement veins
at high-angle to main foliation hosted by andalusite-rich wallrocks, Bousquet 2 (stope 8-3-10; photo taken by H.K. Poulsen).
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 139

veins at high angles to the main foliation reflects the strong
remobilization of ductile sulfides into lower pressure struc-
tural sites, such as shallow dipping fractures that formed dur-
ing or postmain-stage deformation (Figs. 8B, 10E, F), and
triple-point junction between recrystallized pyrite (Fig. 8D).
Late N-S–trending fractures coated by Au also record brittle
displacements (Fig. 8C).
Despite the intense deformation and metamorphism,
the metal zonation within the Massive Hangingwall zone is
characterized by an upward enrichment in Zn and Pb, which
is consistent with the younging of the volcanic stratigraphy
to the south-southeast. There are no clear correlations of Au
with Cu, Ag, or Zn at the scale of the Bousquet 2-Dumagami
system (Fig. 11); however, Au grades tend to increase with
Cu or Ag in individual ore lenses (Fig. 12). The distribution
of Au, Cu, and Zn in the Massive Hangingwall zone are illus-
trated in a composite longitudinal section of the deposit in
Figure 13. This shows an overall spatial relationship between

A Bousquet 2-Dumagami

5
Cu %

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Au ppm

B Bousquet 2-Dumagami

1200

1000

800
Ag ppm

600

400

200

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Au ppm

C Bousquet 2 - Dumagami

30

25

20
Zn %

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Au ppm

Fig. 11. Metal content of mineralized samples from the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit. A. Au vs. Cu (wt %). B. Au vs. Ag.
C. Au vs. Zn (wt %). Company drill hole assay data and drill core and hand sample assays from this project.
140 DUBÉ ET AL.

Quartz-pyrite breccia ore and Massive Hangingwall Zone

A
120

100

80
Ag ppm

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Au ppm

Quartz-pyrite breccia ore and Massive Hangingwall Zone

B
7

5
Cu %

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Au ppm

Fig. 12. Metal content of mineralized samples in the quartz-pyrite breccia and Massive Hangingwall zones from the Bous-
quet 2-Dumagami deposit. A. Au vs. Ag. B. Au vs. Cu (wt %). Company drill hole assay data and drill core and hand sample
assays from this project.

Cu and Au at the scale of the deposit. This zonation is similar
to the transverse zoning of sulfides and metals reported by
Tourigny et al. (1993) and correlates with the mineralogical
zonation documented by Teasdale et al. (1996) where bornite
± tennantite is located in the core of the deposit, giving way
to chalcopyrite and then pyrite-sphalerite and galena toward
the east-southeast. The Cu-Au association was also confirmed
at the stope scale during mining and in drill core, where the
presence of bornite is a good visual indicator for high Au
grades. This indicates that the deposition of Cu and Au was
most probably contemporaneous and that both were remo-
bilized and redistributed into late fractures and brittle faults
cutting the mineralized zones.
Metamorphosed Hydrothermal Alteration
Assemblages
The alteration footprint of the Bousquet 2-Dumagami
deposit is characterized by a large semiconformable hydro-
thermal core zone of aluminous assemblages that are inter-
preted to represent metamorphosed synvolcanic advanced
argillic hydrothermal alteration (Stone, 1988; Marquis et al.,
1990c; Tourigny et al., 1993; Teasdale et al., 1996; Dubé et
al., 2007a, b). Surface and underground mapping, core log-
ging, petrography, microprobe analyses, and lithogeochemis-
try are used here to further characterize the hydrothermal
alteration footprint and to allow comparison with the neigh-
boring LaRonde Penna deposit. Quantitative mineral analyses
reported here were carried out with a Cameca Camebax MBX
electron microprobe equipped with four wavelength disper-
sive X-ray spectrometers at the Earth Sciences Department of
Carleton University, Ottawa. A set of well-characterized natu-
ral and synthetic minerals and compounds were used as cali-
bration standards.
Despite the intensity of the postalteration strain and met-
amorphic recrystallization, a number of different mineral
assemblages can be mapped in the core of the hydrothermal
system (Marquis et al., 1990c; Teasdale et al., 1996) and used
as vectors to ore. As the ore is approached, the assemblages
include: (1) quartz-muscovite ± Mn-garnet ± biotite ± chlo-
rite; (2) quartz-muscovite ± pyrite; (3) quartz-muscovite-
andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite; (4) massive quartz-pyrite; and
(5) a quartz-carbonate-biotite assemblage is present in the
hanging wall of the Zn-rich Massive Hangingwall zone (unit
5.4-t: Figs. 4, 6B). The thickness of each of these assemblages
 Bousquet 2 shaft Dumagami shaft Bousquet 2 shaft Dumagami shaft

A EL.5000
B
EL.5000

Au (g/t)

40.00
EL.4500 EL.4500

EL.4000 EL.4000
20.00

EL.3500 EL.3500
5.00

2.00
0.00

Bousquet 2 shaft Dumagami shaft Bousquet 2 shaft Dumagami shaft

C EL.5000
D EL.5000
Cu (%) Zn (%)

10.00
12.00
EL.4500 EL.4500

EL.4000 EL.4000
BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC

4.00

2.00
EL.3500
EL.3500
1.00 1.00
0.50 0.50
0.00 0.00

Fig. 13. Composite longitudinal section (looking north) through the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit area, showing metal distribution. A. Drill hole locations. B. Au
distribution. C. Cu (wt %) distribution. D. Zn (wt %) distribution. Modified from Mercier-Langevin et al. (2007a).
141
142 DUBÉ ET AL.

is highly variable, from meters to tens of meters. A quartz-
muscovite-chlorite-garnet-chloritoid assemblage is exposed
on surface.
Quartz-muscovite ± Mn-garnet ± biotite ±
chlorite assemblage (1)
The distal footprint of Bousquet 2-Dumagami is character-
ized by a well-foliated quartz-muscovite ± garnet ± biotite ±
chlorite assemblage (1) mainly developed in the footwall
dacitic to rhyodacitic domes and volcaniclastic rocks (unit
5.1b-(d)). It is also commonly weakly developed in the overly-
ing rhyolite (unit 5.3) and volcaniclastic rocks (unit 5.5). This
distal assemblage may extend as far as 150 m beneath the
Massive Hangingwall zone. It is composed of a matrix of
granoblastic quartz with small phenocrysts and/or elongated
syndeformation plagioclase porphyroblasts (≤1−2 mm), mus-
covite, biotite, garnet, chlorite, and highly variable propor-
tions of calcite (traces to 30 vol %). It also contains traces to a
few percent of pyrite and pyrrhotite as disseminations and/or
transposed quartz-pyrite stringers with minor amounts of
other minerals (Table 4). The assemblage is commonly lay-
ered with millimeter- to a few centimeter-wide dark-colored
garnet-biotite-rich bands alternating with quartz-muscovite-
rich bands. The quartz-muscovite-rich bands increase in
abundance toward the ore zone. Plagioclase porphyroblasts
are commonly concentrated in local ≤1-cm-wide layers
with muscovite. The assemblage is characterized by small
pink to whitish subhedral garnet poikiloblasts (≤1−5 mm,
avg 3−5 vol %: Fig. 9C). Garnets increase in abundance
toward the ore zone although their occurrence is also related
to the presence of clasts of mafic intermediate composition.
The garnets formed syn- to late deformation; they contain
trails of gangue inclusions oriented parallel to the foliation
(Fig. 9D), and they are fractured and commonly elongated
parallel to the main foliation (S2). They are also concentrated
in thin layers with quartz and muscovite or as disseminated
unoriented crystals.
Microprobe analyses indicate that the garnet is Fe-Ca spes-
sartine (Mn1.68, Fe0.79, Ca0.41, Mg0.15)3 Al1.95 Si3 O12 or Mn-rich
almandine (Mn0.91, Fe1.60, Ca0.29, Mg0.22)3 Al1.97 Si3 O12 (Table
5). The MnO and CaO contents of the garnet commonly
increase toward the ore zone, and FeO decreases. Spessar-
tine occurs toward the main orebody and contains on aver-
age 25 wt % MnO (Table 5). The high MnO content of the
garnet is similar to that found at the LaRonde Penna deposit
and throughout the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp
(Valliant et al., 1983; Tourigny et al., 1989; Marquis et al.,
1990c; Dubé et al., 2007a; Wright-Holfeld et al., 2010). Mus-
covite is present as elongated very fine disseminations or more
commonly as veinlets and ≤1-cm-thick layers, defining the

Table 4. Summary of the Mineralogy and Mass Gains and Losses within the Various Metamorphosed Hydrothermal Alteration Assemblages
at the Bousquet 2-Dumagami Deposit

Associated minerals
Main mineralogical assemblage Main minerals (vol %) (minor and traces) Main chemical changes

1. Quartz-muscovite±Mn-garnet Quartz (≤60%), muscovite (≤45%), Clinozoisite, carbonate, Losses: Na2O

   ±biotite±chlorite Mn garnet (≤7%), biotite (≤25%), allanite rutile, ilmenite, Gains: MnO, Fe2O3(total)
chlorite (≤25%), plagioclase (≤35%) tourmaline, pumpellyite, apatite, MgO, K2O, CaO,
titanite, staurolite, pyrrhotite, Zn, Pb, Ba, B
sphalerite, chalcopyrite, gahnite

2. Quartz-muscovite±pyrite Quartz (≤65%), muscovite (≤60%), Plagioclase, chlorite (≤6%), Losses: Na2O, CaO
pyrite (≤15%) carbonate (≤15%), tourmaline, Gains: Fe2O3(total), MnO,
rutile, titanite, allanite, K2O, S, Au, Cu, Zn
clinozoisite, garnet, monazite, Pb, and Ba
apatite, pyrrhotite, biotite,
sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena

3. Quartz-muscovite-andalusite- Quartz (≤80%), muscovite (≤30%), Kyanite (≤3%), kaolinite, topaz (≤15%) Losses: Na2O, MgO,
   pyrophyllite-pyrite andalusite (≤20%), pyrophyllite (≤30%) chlorite, rutile, ilmenite, apatite, K2O, MnO, CaO, Al2O3
pyrite (≤30%) zircon, diaspore, paragonite, Gains: Fe2O3(total), P2O5, S
xenotime, monazite, chalcopyrite, Au, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ba
sphalerite, Te tetahedrite calaverite,
Bi-Te tennantite, goldfieldite,
stannoidite, bornite covellite,
krennerite (AuTe2), anilite (Cu7S4)

4. Massive quartz-pyrite Quartz (≤98%), pyrite (≤15%) Rutile (1%), ± muscovite, pyrophyllite, Losses: CaO, Na2O,
andalusite, kaolinite, gold, MnO, MgO, K2O, Al2O3
bornite, covellite, chalcopyrite, P2O5, CO2, Y
tennantite, digenite, colusite, Gains: Fe2O3(total), S, TiO2
sphalerite, wittichenite, Au, Cu, Ag, Pb, As
renierite, putzite, alabandite

5. Quartz-carbonate-biotite Quartz (≤15%), plagioclase (≤50%), Muscovite (≤3%), chlorite (≤5%) Losses: Na2O, SiO2
biotite (≤30%), carbonate (≤20%) tourmaline, allanite, rutile, Gains: CO2, K2O, S,
ilmenite, apatite, monazite, Fe2O3(total, Ba, ±Zn, Pb
zircon, titanite, clinozoisite,
pyrite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 143

Table 5. Microprobe Analyses of Biotite and Garnet from the Bousquet 2-Dumagami Deposit

         Biotite*             Garnet*

Assemblage Quartz-muscovite Quartz-carbonate- Quartz-muscovite ± garnet ± biotite

±garnet±biotite±chlorite biotite     ±chlorite
Almandine Spessartine

Nb. analyses 13 std 19 std 10 std 10 std

SiO2 (%) 35.65 1.70 37.34 0.68 37.47 0.64 37.42 0.76
TiO2 (%) 1.49 0.38 1.84 0.24 0.07 0.04 0.16 0.07
Al2O3 (%) 18.47 0.70 17.95 0.41 20.95 0.30 20.66 0.25
Cr2O3 (%) 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03
V2O3 (%) 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.11 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02
FeO* (%) 19.15 5.70 16.39 2.03 24.02 3.95 11.79 5.88
MnO (%) 0.33 0.21 0.25 0.18 13.46 3.24 24.81 4.56
MgO (%) 12.08 4.09 12.46 1.68 1.89 0.87 1.24 0.86
CaO (%) 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 3.36 1.04 4.74 2.83
BaO (%) 0.15 0.15 0.27 0.18 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02
Na2O (%) 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01
K2O (%) 7.89 1.18 9.30 0.36 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01
F (%) 0.68 0.57 0.22 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02
(%) 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
Total 96.12 1.23 96.29 0.99 101.26 1.10 100.93 0.95

              Numbers of ions on the basis of 22 (O) ** Numbers of ions on the basis of 12 (O) **

Si 5.34 0.12 5.54 0.06 3.00 0.02 3.00 0.02

Ti 0.17 0.05 0.21 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
Al 3.26 0.13 3.14 0.07 1.97 0.02 1.95 0.02
Cr 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
V 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fe2+* 2.42 0.78 2.03 0.27 1.60 0.25 0.79 0.40
Mn 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.91 0.23 1.68 0.29
Mg 2.67 0.84 2.75 0.35 0.22 0.10 0.15 0.10
Ca 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.29 0.09 0.41 0.24
Ba 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Na 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
K 1.51 0.24 1.76 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total cation 15.46 0.18 15.51 0.07 7.99 0.02 7.99 0.02

F 0.32 0.26 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 F

Cl 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cl
Fe/(Fe+Mn+Mg) 0.47 0.16 0.42 0.06 51.59 1.31 41.08 5.87 Fe/(Fe+Mn+Mg)
K/(K+Na+Ba) 0.98 0.01 0.98 0.01 0.57 0.07 0.22 0.13 almandine
K+Ba+Na 1.54 0.25 1.79 0.07 0.26 0.06 0.58 0.10 spessartine
0.09 0.02 0.06 0.04 pyrope
0.18 0.03 0.18 0.10 grossular

Notes: * = assuming all Fe is Fe2+, ** = water free

main foliation (S2), partly replacing plagioclase and containing
inclusions and trails of ilmenite. This muscovite has a higher
Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio and a low content of F compared with
the muscovite present in the other assemblages (Fig. 14A, D,
Table 6). Muscovite and sulfide abundances gradually increase
toward the ore zone. Biotite (Table 5) is present as unoriented
disseminations in the matrix or forms thin layers aligned sub-
parallel to foliation. It is locally replaced by muscovite and/
or unoriented chlorite. Chlorite is locally abundant both as
disseminations and as veinlets (≤1 cm wide) with carbonate.
The chlorite in this assemblage varies from clinochlore (Mg
chlorite) to chamosite (Fe chlorite) end members (former
ripidolite variety: Bayliss, 1975) but shows the widest range of
compositions from relatively Mg to Fe rich (Fig. 15, Table 7).
Late- to post-main deformation staurolite porphyroblasts are
locally present. The staurolite is Zn rich (up to 9.9 wt % ZnO)
and partly altered to chlorite.
Quartz-muscovite ± pyrite assemblage (2)
The intensity of the alteration increases toward the ore
zone, with the quartz-muscovite ± Mn-garnet ± biotite ±
chlorite assemblage (1) passing into a quartz-muscovite ±
pyrite assemblage (2). This assemblage is very common at
the camp scale (Fig. 9E) and is similar to the outer muscovite
zone described by Marquis et al. (1990c) at Dumagami. The
contact between the two assemblages is commonly marked
by a 2- to 3-m-wide high-strain zone. The quartz-muscovite
± pyrite assemblage (2) is up to 30 to 40 m wide (Figs. 4, 6B)
and is well developed in the footwall but is also present in the
hanging wall over several meters, especially at depth as shown
in Figure 6B, although the information is very limited. In this
stratigraphic position, its thickness reflects, at least in part, the
thickness of the host volcaniclastic rhyolite (unit 5.5).
The quartz-muscovite ± pyrite assemblage (2) is charac-
terized by millimeter- to centimeter-scale layers dominated
144 DUBÉ ET AL.

A 8
B 12

7
10
6
Na2O ( wt %)

K 2O ( wt %)
8
5

4 6

3
4
2
2
1

0 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fe / Fe+Mg Fe / Fe+Mg
C D
2.5 0.6

0.5
2.0
Mg O ( wt %)

0.4
F ( wt %)

1.5

0.3

1.0
0.2

0.5
0.1

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

FeO (wt %) Fe / Fe+Mg

E F
12 6

10 5
B aO ( wt %)
K 2O ( wt %)

8 4

6 3

4 2

2 1

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 40 45 50 55 60
Na2O (wt %) SiO 2 (wt %)

Quartz-muscovite-andalusite- Quartz-muscovite±Mn-garnet Quartz-carbonate-

pyrophyllite-pyrite ±biotite±chlorite biotite
( = paragonite) Quartz-muscovite±pyrite Massive quartz-pyrite

Fig. 14. Muscovite composition for different mineral assemblages. A. Na2O (wt %) vs. Fe/Fe + Mg. B. K2O (wt %) vs. Fe/
Fe + Mg. C. MgO (wt %) vs. FeO (wt %), D. F (wt %) vs. Fe/Fe + Mg. E. Na2O (wt %) vs. K2O (wt %). F. BaO (wt %) vs.
SiO2 (wt %).
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 145

Table 6. Microprobe Analyses of Muscovite from the Bousquet 2-Dumagami Deposit

Quartz-muscovite Quartz-muscovite-
Mn garnet ± Quartz-muscovite± andalusite- Quartz-carbonate-
Assemblage biotite ± chlorite pyrite pyrophyllite-pyrite Massive quartz-pyrite biotite

Nb. analyses 26 std 17 std 48 std 12 std 22 std

SiO2 (%) 48.63 2.20 49.53 1.95 47.12 1.77 47.01 4.04 48.56 1.50
TiO2 (%) 0.26 0.16 0.33 0.25 0.11 0.07 0.45 0.53 0.44 0.26
Al2O3 (%) 36.38 0.98 36.49 1.75 38.60 1.34 36.27 1.96 35.71 1.40
Cr2O3 (%) 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
V2O3 (%) 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.10
FeO* (%) 1.82 0.57 1.00 0.66 0.10 0.12 0.54 0.72 2.09 0.55
MnO (%) 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
MgO (%) 0.71 0.30 1.32 0.59 0.40 0.19 0.65 0.62 1.14 0.34
CaO (%) 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.15 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.09
BaO (%) 0.29 0.11 0.40 0.16 1.11 1.21 1.14 1.39 0.72 0.43
Na2O (%) 0.45 0.34 0.33 0.26 1.82 1.58 1.01 0.81 0.19 0.05
K2O (%) 8.13 0.99 8.10 0.68 6.28 2.12 6.70 0.62 8.32 0.85
F (%) 0.13 0.11 0.17 0.07 0.31 0.10 0.28 0.14 0.05 0.07
Cl (%) 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Total 96.95 1.18 97.74 1.89 96.15 2.18 94.16 5.82 97.43 2.04

Number of ions on the basis of 22 (O) **

Si 6.27 0.16 6.30 0.13 6.09 0.14 6.20 0.17 6.27 0.08
Ti 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03
Al 5.53 0.18 5.47 0.27 5.89 0.16 5.66 0.30 5.43 0.14
Cr 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
V 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01
Fe2+* 0.20 0.06 0.11 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.23 0.06
Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mg 0.14 0.05 0.25 0.11 0.08 0.04 0.13 0.11 0.22 0.06
Ca 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Ba 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.02
Na 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.46 0.40 0.27 0.21 0.05 0.01
K 1.34 0.19 1.32 0.13 1.04 0.35 1.13 0.11 1.37 0.16
Total cations 13.64 0.23 13.59 0.14 13.65 0.19 13.56 0.15 13.67 0.12

F 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.13 0.04 0.12 0.06 0.02 0.03
Cl 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fe/Fe+Mg 0.59 0.16 0.30 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.31 0.18 0.51 0.08

Notes: * = assuming all Fe is Fe2+, ** = water free, std = standard deviation

by quartz- and plagioclase-muscovite-rich bands. The tex-
ture reflects the strain but also the fragmental aspect of the
host dacite (unit 5.1b-(d)), including variable proportions of
clasts of intermediate mafic composition. It commonly dis-
plays an intense S2 foliation and an S3 cleavage and is strongly
deformed by a 5- to 10- m-wide barren shear zone known as
the Footwall Shear zone (Fig. 4, see also Teasdale et al., 1996)
developed at or near the contact with the quartz-muscovite-
andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblage (3). The quartz-
muscovite ± pyrite assemblage (2) is dominated by a matrix
of fine-grained, neoformed granoblastic quartz, local quartz
phenocrysts (≤3 vol %; 1−3 mm), abundant elongated musco-
vite as disseminations, trails and/or braided bands, and highly
variable proportions of disseminated carbonate (≤15 vol %)
and unoriented chlorite (≤6 vol %). It also locally contains
traces of small Mn-rich garnet. The muscovite commonly
forms foliation-parallel, millimeter-thick layers in which the
individual crystals are elongated parallel to or oblique to the
main S2 foliation. The muscovite contains more MgO than
that of the quartz-muscovite ± Mn-garnet ± biotite ± chlo-
rite assemblage (1) (Fig. 14A-C). Chlorite composition varies
from iron clinochlore to Mg chamosite end members (former
pycnochlorite to Mg-ripidolite: Fig. 15, see also Marquis et
al., 1990c).
Variable amounts of pyrite occur as fine-grained dissemina-
tions and highly transposed veinlets and aggregates which in-
crease in abundance with proximity to the ore zone (≤15 vol %).
Syndeformation plagioclase porphyroblasts (labradorite-by-
townite; ≤35 vol %; ≤1−3mm) are also commonly present.
They are elongated and replaced by muscovite. Local plagio-
clase microphenocrysts (≤8 vol %; ≤0.5 mm) are also present
together with minor to trace garnet, rutile, titanite, and mona-
zite (Table 4). Transposed stringers containing quartz, carbon-
ate ± chlorite together with pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and
chalcopyrite are common in this alteration zone.
Quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite
assemblage (3)
The proximal assemblage that surrounds the sulfide lenses,
breccias, and mineralized stockworks is dominated by the
quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblage
(3) (Fig. 9F). It is similar to the inner andalusite-bearing zone
described by Marquis et al. (1990c) at Dumagami. This is the
most important metamorphosed hydrothermal footprint in
146 DUBÉ ET AL.
Thuringite
1
0.8
F e / F e +Mn +Mg
0.6
0.4
corundophilite
0.2
0
4 4.5
Fig. 15. Chlorite composition for different mineral assemblages (diagram after Hey, 1954).
terms of direct spatial relationship to the mineralization. It is
up to 40 m thick and is particularly well developed in the foot-
wall of the Massive Hangingwall zone. In the hanging wall,
the assemblage is up to 10 m thick (Teasdale et al., 1996, Figs.
4, 6B) where it hosts and/or is interlayered with the Zn-rich
Massive Hangingwall zone. This assemblage is characterized
by millimeter- to centimeter-wide andalusite-rich layers with
coarse andalusite porphyroblasts and is more competent than
the quartz-muscovite ± pyrite assemblage (2). The foliation
is very well developed in this assemblage, particularly in the
hanging wall of the Zn-rich Massive Hangingwall zone where
it shows intense ductile strain. Sulfide veins in the zones are
highly transposed (S2) and crenulated (S3).
In the footwall of the Massive Hangingwall zone, this
assemblage is slightly auriferous (≤1−2 g/t Au). It commonly
hosts auriferous stringers zones that are a few centimeters to
a few meters wide, with transposed and folded millimeter-
to centimeter-thick bluish quartz veins and semi- to massive
pyrite-rich veins (≤3−5 cm wide). The dominant minerals are
quartz, muscovite, andalusite, pyrophyllite, and locally kya-
nite with topaz (≤15 vol %), kaolinite, rutile, and traces of
diaspore and paragonite. Pyrite is abundant (≤30 vol %) in
veins and as fine disseminations (1−2 mm). Muscovite defines
the main foliation (S2). Quartz is highly deformed and recrys-
tallized and its abundance is highly variable depending on the
intensity of the alteration. Andalusite and quartz increase in
abundance toward the ore zone, whereas muscovite gradually
becomes less abundant.
Andalusite, which was identified in the field and in drill core
using an ultraviolet lamp, in thin sections, and by microprobe
CHLORITE
Chamosite Delessite
daphnite Quartz-muscovite-andalusite-
pyrophyllite-pyrite
Quartz-muscovite±pyrite
ripidolite Quartz-muscovite±Mn-garnet±biotite
±chlorite
Quartz-carbonate-biotite
pycno-
chlorite
sheri- clino-
danite chlore penninite
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
Si(IV)
analysis (Table 8), forms porphyroblasts (≤12 cm) that are
commonly concentrated in bands (≤1−2 cm) and intergrown
with kyanite, pyrite, muscovite, and quartz. The porphyro-
blasts are elongated subparallel to the main foliation and
interlayered with muscovite- or quartz-rich bands in a fine
granoblastic quartz-muscovite matrix. Andalusite porphyro-
blasts formed synchronously or late in the main deformation
(Fig. 9F, H). As documented by Stone (1988), Marquis et al.
(1990c), and Tourigny et al. (1993), they commonly contain
numerous inclusion trails, in particular rutile aligned parallel
to the foliation (Figs. 9H, 16A). The andalusite is also com-
monly dusted by fine pyrite and ilmenite/rutile distributed
along cleavages and fractures. Locally, it is concentrated in
millimeter-wide semimassive andalusite layers (Fig. 9G). As
originally noted at Bousquet 1 (Valliant et al., 1983), Bous-
quet 2-Dumagami (Marquis et al., 1990c; Tourigny et al.,
1993; Teasdale et al., 1996), Doyon (Savoie et al., 1991), and
LaRonde Penna (Dubé et al., 2007a), andalusite is commonly
partly to strongly retrograded to unoriented fine-grained pyro-
phyllite (Fig. 16A) and/or kaolinite in its core and/or along the
rims, cleavages, and fractures, and locally by topaz, diaspore,
and/or muscovite and epidote, along with quartz.
Kyanite (≤3−5 mm; Table 8) is fractured and also weakly
to strongly retrograded to pyrophyllite (Fig. 16B). It is
intergrown with andalusite, commonly oblique to foliation,
and frequently surrounded by or located within pyrite-rich
bands or aggregates. Kyanite also locally forms veinlets with
quartz, andalusite, and pyrite and has been locally remobi-
lized and recrystallized as illustrated by large unoriented
needles in late blue quartz veins (Fig. 16C) cutting the
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 147

Table 7. Microprobe Analyses of Chlorite from the Bousquet 2-Dumagami Deposit

Quartz-muscovite± Quartz-muscovite± Quartz-muscovite-andalusite- Quartz-carbonate-

Assemblage Mn garnet±biotite±chlorite pyrite pyrophyllite-pyrite biotite

Nb. analyses 33 std 9 std 4 std 19 std

SiO2(%) 24.80 1.98 27.68 0.61 27.14 3.84 26.17 1.14
TiO2 (%) 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.00 0.10 0.11
Al2O3 (%) 22.21 1.08 21.82 1.92 23.25 1.54 22.08 0.94
Cr2O3 (%) 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
V2O3 (%) 0.07 0.17 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.04
FeO* (%) 27.85 9.46 17.93 3.57 15.63 17.37 20.72 3.35
MnO (%) 0.62 0.23 0.35 0.13 0.90 0.08 0.55 0.57
MgO (%) 12.76 6.94 20.74 2.69 20.62 11.76 17.03 3.12
CaO (%) 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.37 0.92
BaO (%) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01
Na2O (%) 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
K2O (%) 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.04
F(%) 0.06 0.11 0.13 0.07 0.49 0.54 0.05 0.08
Cl(%) 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Total 88.58 1.28 88.90 0.71 88.15 0.24 87.20 1.85

Number of ions on the basis of 28 (O) **

Si 5.25 0.18 5.51 0.20 5.38 0.22 5.41 0.13
Ti 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02
Al 5.56 0.32 5.11 0.36 5.46 0.20 5.39 0.29
Cr 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
V 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01
Fe2+* 5.03 1.93 3.00 0.68 2.84 3.18 3.59 0.64
Mn 0.11 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.15 0.03 0.10 0.10
Mg 3.93 1.99 6.14 0.67 5.89 2.89 5.24 0.86
Ca 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.21
Ba 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Na 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01
K 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01
Total cation 19.94 0.10 19.88 0.05 19.75 0.29 19.86 0.09
F 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.04 0.28 0.31 0.04 0.05
Cl 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fe/(Fe+Mn+Mg) 0.56 0.22 0.33 0.07 0.31 0.35 0.40 0.08

Notes: * = assuming all Fe is Fe2+, ** = =water free, std = standard deviation

quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblage
(3). Marquis et al. (1990a) also described semimassive kyanite
with quartz in centimeter-thick, shallowly dipping extensional
veins at high angles to the main foliation and confined within
the andalusite-rich assemblage (Marquis et al., 1990a). Pyrite
(1−3 mm) is abundant in cleavages of andalusite and is also
present as elongated disseminations in the andalusite- and
pyrophyllite-rich bands, recrystallized grains in the matrix,
and in transposed quartz-sulfides stringers. Topaz (Fig. 16D,
Table 8) is locally abundant (≤10 vol %) and forms aggregates
and/or layers (≤1−2 cm) of unoriented or bladed fine grains
(≤0.1−0.2 mm) locally intergrown with disseminated pyrite,
muscovite, and partly replacing plagioclase and andalusite.
Topaz also locally forms small veinlets cutting the quartz-rich
matrix. Diaspore is locally present as pseudomorphs after
andalusite (Fig. 16E). Subrounded blue quartz phenocrysts
(≤3 vol %; 1−2 mm) are present locally and are typical of
the rhyolite protolith (unit 5.3). Other trace minerals include
chalcopyrite, Te tetrahedrite, calaverite (AuTe2), Bi-Te ten-
nantite, goldfieldite, stannoidite, bornite, covellite, krennerite
((Au,Ag)Te2), and anilite (Cu7S4: Table 4).
The FeO and MgO contents of muscovite in this assem-
blage are much lower than in other assemblages (Fig. 14A-C),
whereas the F concentration is higher (Fig. 14A, D). Figure
14E shows strong variation in the Na2O and K2O content with
significant increases in Na2O. Traces of paragonite were
found in quartz-, andalusite-, and topaz-rich zones forming
Na-rich external rims around zoned muscovite or intergrown
with aluminosilicates. The presence of paragonite with mus-
covite was also documented by Eliopoulos (1983) and Mar-
quis et al. (1990c), indicating that the molecular proportion of
paragonite composition in the muscovite is important within
the andalusite-bearing zone at Dumagami. Figure 14F also
shows an increase in BaO content (≤5.6 wt %) in muscovite
as previously noted by Eliopoulos (1983). Chlorite is rare and
when present, its composition is similar to that of chlorite in
other assemblages (Fig. 15), although Marquis et al. (1990c)
indicated that the MgO content increases toward the ore
zone.
Massive quartz-pyrite assemblage (4)
The immediate footwall of the Massive Hangingwall zone is
characterized locally by a massive quartz-pyrite assemblage
(4) (Fig. 8G, H), which is thought to be a product of intense
acid leaching. The predominance of this assemblage, intensity
of the leaching, and abundance of sulfide stringers increases
toward the Massive Hangingwall zone, eventually forming a
breccia zone with massive quartz clasts of various sizes in a
148 DUBÉ ET AL.
Table 8. Microprobe Analyses of Aluminosilicates from
the Bousquet 2-Dumagami Deposit
Andalusite Kyanite Pyrophyllite Kaolinite Topaz Diaspore
Nb.
Analyses 22 16 25 20 6 3
SiO2(%) 37.07 37.40 66.60 48.40 32.33 0.18
TiO2 (%) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.04
Al2O3 (%) 63.61 63.77 29.07 39.06 57.69 87.92
Cr2O3 (%) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02
V2O3 (%) 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01
FeO* (%) 0.06 0.05 0.18 0.66 0.03 0.03
MnO (%) 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01
MgO (%) 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.97 0.01 0.00
CaO (%) 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.18 0.02 0.02
BaO (%) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.00
Na2O (%) 0.01 0.01 0.17 0.61 0.01 0.01
K2O (%) 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.44 0.01 0.01
F(%) 0.01 0.01 0.13 0.13 13.15 0.04
Cl(%) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01
Total 100.86 101.33 96.38 90.57 103.33 88.30
Numbers of ions on the basis of**
5 (O) 5 (O) 11 (O) 7 (O) 5 (O) 3 (O)
Si 0.99 0.99 3.95 2.00 0.97 0.00
Ti 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Al 2.00 2.01 2.04 1.90 2.04 1.99
Cr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
V 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fe2+* 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00
Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00
Ca 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
Ba 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Na 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.00
K 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00
Total cation 2.99 3.00 6.03 4.07 3.01 1.99
F 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 1.25 0.00
Cl 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Notes: * = assuming all Fe is Fe2+, ** = water free
sulfide-rich matrix. Due to its stiffness, the massive quartz-
pyrite assemblage (4) is much less deformed than the other
mineral assemblages. Where it is massive, the quartz-pyrite
assemblage (4) is light gray and composed of massive neoblas-
tic quartz cut by sulfide stringers. Like the andalusite-rich
assemblage, it is hosted by rhyolite (unit 5.3), mineralized,
and locally constitutes ore, with grades of up to 50 g/t Au. The
mineralogy is dominated by fine granoblastic quartz, with vari-
able amounts of pyrite. The aluminosilicates and muscovite of
the quartz-mucovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblage
(3) are almost totally replaced by quartz. Only local traces of
strongly altered andalusite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite, kyanite,
and muscovite are present (Table 4). Rutile (~1−2 vol %)
occurs as fine euhedral crystals, as isolated inclusions in
quartz, or more commonly as trails. The latter are thought to
represent residues left from the complete replacement of all
aluminosilicates by quartz (Fig. 9A). A few carbonate veinlets
with traces of alabandite (MnS) locally cut the quartz matrix.
Green fluorite veins were found in the transition zone between
the quartz-pyrite breccia zone and the massive sulfide zone in
the upper part of the Bousquet 2 mine.
Quartz-carbonate-biotite assemblage (5)
The quartz-carbonate-biotite assemblage (5) is barren and
mainly developed within the porphyritic andesite (unit 5.4-t)
in the stratigraphic hanging wall of the Massive Hangingwall
zone. It is up to a few tens of meters thick (Fig. 6B) and its
intensity gradually decreases away from the ore. It is also very
locally developed in the felsic volcaniclastic rocks (unit 5.5)
present in the hanging wall as well as within the footwall
andesitic sills and dikes that crosscut unit 5.1b-(d). Where
hosted by the hanging-wall porphyritic andesite, the assem-
blage is dominated by a fine-grained plagioclase and quartz
matrix, together with variable amounts of plagioclase micro-
phenocrysts (≤25 vol %), biotite, chlorite, carbonates, musco-
vite, and traces of pyrite, pyrrhotite, and other minerals (Table
4). Where it is highly strained, the assemblage shows compo-
sitional layering (≤1−2 cm) with chlorite-muscovite-rich
­layers and biotite-chlorite-rich layers invaded by carbonate-
chlorite veins and pods. The plagioclase is partly to strongly
replaced by carbonate and/or biotite and locally muscovite.
The abundance of muscovite increases where this assemblage
is developed in felsic units (units 5.1b-(d) and 5.5).
The composition of the muscovite is FeO rich and Na2O
poor, similar to that in the quartz-muscovite ± Mn-garnet ±
biotite ± chlorite assemblage (1), although it commonly con-
tains relatively high MgO (Fig. 14C). Carbonate minerals (cal-
cite and ankerite: Table 9) are disseminated in the matrix,
replacing plagioclase, filling local amygdules, and forming vein-
lets with or without quartz. Biotite forms aggregates or layers
parallel to the main foliation (S2) or occurs as disseminations in
the matrix and as intergrowth with carbonate minerals. Chlo-
rite is commonly intergrown with carbonate minerals and partly
replaces biotite. Its composition is dominated by Mg-rich
thuringite and chamosite (former Mg-rich ripidolite: Fig. 15).
Other mineral assemblages
Further in the footwall of the deposit, a quartz-muscovite-
chlorite-garnet-chloritoid assemblage is exposed on the sur-
face (Moorhead et al., 2001). It is interpreted to represent the
eastern extension of Zone 6 at Bousquet 1 (e.g., Valliant, 1981;
Tourigny et al., 1993: Fig. 2) and it is hosted within highly flat-
tened scoriaceous tuff units in the lower member of the Bous-
quet Formation. Similar garnet and chloritoid assemblages
were documented at the Doyon mine by Savoie et al. (1991)
and elsewhere in the mining camp (Stone et al., 1988). The
assemblage hosts folded pyrite-rich veinlets (Fig. 16F) and up
to 20-cm-wide, partly boudinaged pyrite-sphalerite-magne-
tite-carbonate veins and clasts, with traces of Zn-rich rhodo-
crosite. Manganese-rich siderite forms the matrix to the
pyrite-sphalerite and magnetite. Chlorite (≤15 vol %) defines
the main foliation. Muscovite (≤35 vol %) is aligned subparal-
lel to the main foliation and concentrated in layers replacing
poikiloblasts of plagioclase in a granoblastic quartz and plagio-
clase matrix. A notable feature of this assemblage is the presence
of post-tectonic, unoriented chloritoid (≤20 vol %: Fig. 16G,
H) and late tectonic Mn garnet porphyroblasts (≤12 vol %).
Garnet and chlotitoid are particularly abundant along the
sulfide-oxide vein selvages. Chloritoid was also documented
at the surface immediately north of the Dumagami mine
(Eliopoulos, 1983). Other minerals include traces of gahnite
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 149

A pyrophyllite B
pyrite

andalusite

strongly
replaced
andalusite kyanite
pyrophyllite

1000 um 1000 um

C D
quartz

topaz

andalusite
kyanite

2 cm 500 um

E diaspore F
pseudomorph after
andalusite
garnet-rich
pyrophyllite layer

folded
sulfide veinlet
quartz
matrix
chloritoid-rich
zone

500 um 15 cm

G H

chloritoid

chloritoid chloritoid

1 cm 400 um

Fig. 16. Photographs of mineral assemblages at the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit. A. Andalusite porphyroblast strongly
retrograded by pyrophyllite, Bousquet 2 (cross-polarized light). B. Kyanite porphyroblast strongly retrograded by pyrophyllite,
Bousquet 2 (cross-polarized light). C. Kyanite crystals hosted by late quartz vein, Bousquet 2. D. Andalusite porphyro­blasts
partly replaced by topaz in a quartz matrix, Bousquet 2 (cross-polarized light). E. Diaspore pseudomorph after andalusite
surrounded by pyrophyllite in quartz matrix (plane-polarized light). F. Pre-main foliation (S2) folded and transposed pyrite-
rich veinlets in quartz-muscovite-chlorite-garnet-chloritoid assemblage, G. Late- to post-tectonic chloritoid porphyroblasts
in quartz-muscovite-chlorite-garnet-chloritoid assemblage hosted by the scoriaceous tuff units in the lower member of the
Bousquet Formation, Bousquet 1 mine Zone 6 Eastern extension. H. Late- to post-tectonic chloritoid in quartz muscovite
matrix (cross-polarized light).
150 DUBÉ ET AL.

Table 9. Microprobe Analyses of Carbonate from the Bousquet 2-Dumagami Deposit

Calcite              Ankerite

Quartz-muscovite Quartz-carbonate- Quartz-muscovite- Quartz-carbonate- Quartz-muscovite

±pyrite biotite ±Mn-garnet±biotite biotite ±pyrite

Nb. analyses 19 std 16 std 15 std 4 std 1

FeO 0.62 1.14 0.56 0.57 0.65 0.79 9.30 1.04 19.28
MnO 1.31 1.16 1.32 0.96 1.40 0.71 1.50 0.63 3.47
ZnO 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.00
MgO 0.34 0.38 0.53 0.43 0.52 0.62 14.38 0.27 6.54
CaO 54.04 2.08 52.36 3.32 53.62 2.22 29.60 0.66 28.31
SrO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BaO 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.00
CO2* 44.01 0.55 42.86 2.61 43.93 0.68 45.61 0.65 43.32
Total 100.41 1.12 97.72 5.98 100.15 1.58 100.49 1.56 100.92
Fe 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.27
Mn 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.05
Zn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mg 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.34 0.01 0.16
Ca 0.96 0.03 0.96 0.03 0.96 0.03 0.51 0.00 0.51
Sr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ba 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total cations 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00
CO2 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00

Notes: * = CO2 was not analyzed but calculated proportional to each oxide, formula calculation based on 3 oxygens, std = standard deviation

(ZnAl2O4), volynskite (AgBiTe2), allanite, ilmenite, titanite,
and rutile. The assemblage is cut by quartz-tourmaline veins
subparallel to the main foliation (S2).
Lithogeochemistry
Representative geochemical analyses of the different min-
eral assemblages described above from multiple locations in
the deposit, as well as the average composition of the least
altered blue quartz-phyric rhyolite (unit 5.3) and dacite to
rhyodacite (unit 5.1b-(d)) are listed in Tables 10 and 11. Based
on petrography and lithogeochemistry, a group of samples
was selected, respectively, from these two protoliths to define
the least altered composition, from several hundreds of ana-
lyzed samples collected in the LaRonde Penna deposit area
(Mercier-Langevin, 2005; Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007a).
The concentrations of Zr and TiO2 within the different assem-
blages are similar to those of the least altered 5.1b-(d) and 5.3
rhyodacite-rhyolite (Tables 10, 11). Drill holes D91-2288 and
D91-2395 (Figs. 17, 18) show the changes in Zr and TiO2 that
mark the contact between the precursor blue quartz rhyolite
and rhyodacite.
The bulk composition of the quartz-muscovite ± Mn-gar-
net ± biotite ± chlorite assemblage (1) hosted by the dacite-
rhyodacite (unit 5.1b-(d)) in the footwall is characterized by
a decrease of Na2O and increase in MnO, K2O, Fe2O3(total),
MgO, and CaO (Table 10) relative to the precursor, reflecting
the presence of Mn garnet, with associated muscovite, bio-
tite, and sulfides. MnO concentrations average 0.56 wt % but
are as high as 2.64 wt % and similar to that documented at
LaRonde Penna (Dubé et al., 2007a). The Au, Ag, and Cu
contents of the quartz-muscovite ± Mn-garnet ± biotite ±
chlorite assemblage (1) are low, but the Zn and Pb contents
are elevated compared to the precursor. The quartz muscovite
± pyrite assemblage (2) and the quartz-muscovite-andalusite-
pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblages (3) in the dacite-rhyodacite
(unit 5.1b-(d)) record decreases in MnO, MgO, CaO, and
Na2O compared to the quartz-muscovite ± Mn garnet ± bio-
tite ± chlorite assemblage (1), especially when andalusite is
present, and increases in Fe2O3(total), S, and Ba (Table 10).
The average K2O content is similar in the quartz-muscovite
± Mn-garnet ± biotite ± chlorite and the quartz muscovite ±
pyrite assemblages but decreases significantly in the quartz-
muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblage (3) rela-
tive to the precursors (Table 10). Where these assemblages
occur in the dacite-rhyodacite (unit 5.1b-(d)) in the footwall
of the Massive Hangingwall zone, the contents of Au, Cu, and
Ba are elevated compared to the precursor, whereas Zn and
Pb are highly variable (Table 10). In the rhyolite (unit 5.3),
the concentration of Au and Cu are notably high within the
quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblage
(3) as it commonly hosts or is interfingered with the Massive
Hangingwall zone. The Zn content of the quartz muscovite ±
pyrite assemblage (2) is high in the immediate hanging wall
where it hosts or is interfingered with the Zn-rich Massive
Hangingwall zone.
Compared to the rhyolite (unit 5.3) precursor, the quartz
muscovite ± pyrite assemblage (2) is depleted in CaO and
Na2O and enriched in MgO, K2O, and S. The progressive
leaching of most alkali elements increases in the quartz-mus-
covite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblage (3) and cul-
minates in the massive quartz-pyrite assemblage (4), which
is composed essentially of SiO2, Fe2O3(total), TiO2, and S with
only traces of Al2O3 (Table 11, Fig. 18). The remaining oxides
have been almost totally leached. As this assemblage hosts
part of the mineralization, it commonly contains high concen-
trations (to ore grade) of Au, Ag, and Cu.
The chlorite-carbonate-pyrite index (CCPI=100* (MgO +
FeO(total))/(MgO + FeO(total) + Na2O + K2O)) of Large et al.
(2001) and the advanced argillic alteration index (AAAI =
100*(SiO2/(SiO2 + 10MgO + 10CaO + 10Na2O)) of Williams
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 151

Drill Hole:D91-2288
Depth At LITHO Au ppb Cu ppm Zn ppm Zr ppm TiO2 % SiO2 % Al2O3 % K 2O % MnO % Na2O % Fe 2O 3T % MgO % CaO % AI % CCPI % AAAI %

basalt 4.4

8.81

50 Horizon
ZONE 7
257
±Mn -g ar n et±bi o ti te
Qu ar tz-m u s co v i te

daci te-r h y o daci te

5.1b-(d)

100
Muscovite-Pyrite Horizon
ZONE 6
±Mn -g ar n et±bi o ti te
Qu ar tz-m u s co v i te

daci te-r h y o daci te

5.1b-(d)

82.8
150
A n des i te
5.1b(c)
±Mn -g ar n et±bi o ti te
Qu ar tz-m u s co v i te

daci te-r h y o daci te

5.1b-(d)

200
288 1.43
51.8
qtz-mus-and-
pyro-py
*
Massi-
ve FW
Zone

5.3 r h y o l i te

57.6
Hangingwall

96.9
Massive
Zone

345
5.5

79.9
5.3 r h y o l i te
Quartz-
±pyrite
muscovite

120000

250
10000
15000

30000
60000
90000
12000

5000
3000
6000
9000

100
150
200

0.5

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

20
40
60
30
60
50

10
20
30

20
40
60
80
20
40
60
80
10
15
20

2
4
6
5

2
4
6
8
2
4
6
2
4
1

* Qtz-mus-and-pyro-py = Q uartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite
Fig. 17. Geochemical profile of drill hole D91-2288 (see Fig. 6A, B for drill hole location). Locations of samples and
geochemical data are indicated by short horizontal lines. Gray bars in Au, Cu, and Zn columns represent assays obtained by
Barrick Gold Corp. Number in profile indicates out of scale results. AI = alteration index (Ishikawa et al., 1976), CCPI =
chlorite-carbonate-pyrite index (Large et al., 2001), AAAI = Advanced argillic alteration index (Williams and Davidson, 2004).
All oxides are in wt %.
152 DUBÉ ET AL.

Table 10. Gochemistry of Mineral Assemblages in Rhyodacite-

Facies Sample Major (%)

SiO2* TiO2* Al2O3* Fe2O3(total)* MnO* MgO* CaO* Na2O* K2O* P2O5* LOI* Total S

“Fresh” “Fresh” n = 14 71.99 0.64 14.61 1.44 0.03 0.45 1.64 5.84 1.36 0.14 0.83 99.07 0.07
n = 14 STD 2.42 0.07 1.29 0.93 0.02 0.28 0.45 0.64 0.58 0.05 0.28 0.48 0.06

Qtz-mus-grt-bio-chlo zone
LABD-2002-214 74.20 0.50 11.80 2.46 0.18 0.95 2.40 0.80 2.41 0.07 2.04 97.80 0.46
LABD-2002-216 70.60 0.61 12.90 2.34 0.38 0.84 2.17 0.45 3.23 0.17 3.12 96.80 0.64
LABD-2002-199 72.00 0.76 14.00 2.93 0.27 0.81 1.16 0.37 3.71 0.17 2.36 98.54 0.37
LABD-2002-269 74.50 0.61 13.20 3.00 0.09 0.64 2.36 2.29 2.09 0.11 1.46 100.36 0.04
LABD-2002-271 68.60 0.60 13.60 5.18 0.36 1.19 3.16 0.70 2.87 0.17 2.87 99.31 0.69
LABD-2002-273 71.70 0.63 11.30 5.07 0.60 1.65 2.85 0.33 2.45 0.15 2.71 99.44 0.50
LABD-2002-274 61.90 0.59 13.10 6.51 0.98 1.29 3.88 0.55 3.24 0.15 6.41 98.60 3.26
LABD-2002-189 66.10 0.59 13.00 4.17 0.26 2.30 2.79 0.91 3.00 0.18 4.15 97.44 2.57
LABD-2002-192 62.00 0.90 16.30 6.20 2.64 0.96 0.56 0.25 4.23 0.17 2.53 96.74 1.09
LABD-2002-195 72.00 0.37 12.50 2.47 0.26 0.60 2.70 0.59 2.81 0.06 2.46 96.82 0.23
LABD-2002-093 65.10 0.77 13.90 8.05 0.27 1.50 5.75 0.98 1.54 0.24 1.06 99.16 0.04
LABD-2002-095 70.70 0.59 13.00 4.45 0.14 1.04 3.40 1.72 1.37 0.09 1.90 98.40 0.50
LABD-2002-098 74.40 0.36 12.80 1.51 0.14 1.32 3.17 1.05 1.81 0.05 2.06 98.67 0.06
LABD-2002-099 61.20 0.64 15.40 5.70 0.62 3.12 6.79 0.61 2.26 0.26 2.33 98.92 0.14
LABD-2002-100 69.00 0.46 12.00 7.10 0.38 1.43 2.78 0.43 1.70 0.08 3.80 99.15 3.60
LABD-2002-104 68.20 0.55 14.30 3.25 0.66 1.51 3.03 0.87 2.38 0.13 3.19 98.07 1.77
LABD-2002-106 70.20 0.52 13.20 2.44 0.41 2.32 1.40 0.99 2.83 0.17 3.81 98.28 1.48
LABD-2002-107 68.40 0.27 12.50 2.71 1.43 1.85 1.77 0.99 2.16 0.06 4.14 96.27 1.60

Avg 68.93 0.57 13.27 4.20 0.56 1.41 2.90 0.83 2.56 0.14 2.91 98.26 1.06
STD 4.23 0.15 1.22 1.92 0.62 0.66 1.49 0.51 0.76 0.06 1.24 1.10 1.11

Qtz-mus± py schist
LABD-2002-205 65.90 0.49 14.30 4.95 0.26 1.40 2.79 0.54 2.76 0.17 5.48 99.04 4.01
LABD-2002-276 73.40 0.39 10.90 4.59 0.01 0.21 0.14 0.48 2.64 0.05 3.81 96.61 3.75
CAD 2-97 60.90 0.34 11.50 14.70 0.01 0.06 0.20 1.59 0.80 0.03 8.60 98.73 11.80
BD-19-98 70.10 0.32 10.70 9.80 0.01 0.06 0.18 1.19 1.19 0.05 6.20 99.80 7.82
LABD-2002-121 69.40 0.69 16.10 1.64 0.17 0.89 0.97 0.58 4.78 0.14 3.28 98.63 1.10
LABD-2002-123 71.40 0.51 13.70 3.58 0.02 0.42 0.47 0.41 3.33 0.15 3.77 97.76 2.85
LABD-2002-188 72.30 0.50 13.10 5.30 0.00 0.33 0.34 0.43 3.62 0.21 4.20 100.34 3.50
LABD-2002-200 68.60 0.56 15.10 2.11 0.14 0.93 2.29 0.54 4.18 0.10 4.06 98.60 0.47
LABD-2002-217 70.40 0.46 11.80 8.61 0.00 0.07 0.22 0.22 0.87 0.13 5.84 98.62 5.89
LABD-2002-275 73.90 0.75 17.30 1.79 0.01 0.06 0.35 0.28 1.32 0.17 3.53 99.45 1.26

Avg 69.63 0.50 13.45 5.71 0.06 0.44 0.79 0.62 2.55 0.12 4.88 98.76 4.25
STD 3.87 0.14 2.26 4.18 0.09 0.47 0.96 0.43 1.44 0.06 1.66 1.05 3.47

Qtz-and-py-mus schist
LABD-2002-277 73.10 0.38 13.40 8.26 0.01 0.04 0.17 0.17 0.21 0.10 5.55 101.39 6.03
LABD-2002-140 74.10 0.33 14.90 4.30 0.00 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.22 0.06 3.64 97.76 3.03
LABD-2002-124 69.50 0.41 13.30 7.66 0.00 0.01 0.19 0.19 0.22 0.13 5.83 97.44 6.31
LABD-2002-202 72.60 0.44 12.80 4.20 0.01 0.47 0.18 0.47 2.65 0.10 3.96 97.87 3.33
LABD-2002-204 65.50 0.63 16.00 5.02 0.00 0.13 0.50 0.78 2.59 0.28 4.67 96.10 4.13
LABD-2002-219 70.00 0.57 12.90 6.50 0.01 0.18 0.45 0.54 2.80 0.09 4.88 98.92 4.14
BD 22-98 67.70 0.49 13.90 9.31 0.00 0.05 0.28 0.30 0.34 0.14 6.40 98.91 7.61
BD 26-98A 69.20 0.49 14.40 7.99 0.00 0.05 0.31 0.36 0.39 0.15 6.60 99.94 6.41

Avg 70.21 0.47 13.95 6.66 0.00 0.12 0.27 0.36 1.18 0.13 5.19 98.54 5.12
STD 2.91 0.10 1.10 1.95 0.00 0.15 0.15 0.23 1.25 0.07 1.09 1.63 1.67

Notes: * = Analyse ICP-AES (INRS), ** = Analyse ICP-80 (XRAL), *** = Fire Assay (XRAL), **** = Analyse Fusion/ICP/Hybride AA (XRAL), S = Analyse
Leco (XRAL), CO2: = Analyse Coulometrie (XRAL), B = Analyse ICP90A (XRAL)
Abbreviations: and = andalusite, bio = biotite, chlo = chlorite, grt = garnet, mus = muscovite, py = pyrite, qtz = quartz; STD = standard deviation
AI = alteration index (Ishikawa et al., 1976), CCPI = chlorite-carbonate-pyrite alteration index (Large et al., 2001), AAAI = advanced argillic alteration
index (Williams and Davidson, 2004)
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 153

Dacite (unit 5.1b-(d)) at the Bousquet 2-Dumagami Deposit

Metals (ppm) Trace elements (ppm) Alteration index

Au
CO2 (ppb)*** Cu** Ag** Zn** Pb** As**** Sb**** V** Ba* Cr** B Y* Zr* AI CCPI AAAI

0.36 2 14.1 0.5 26.3 3.3 6.7 2.1 55 394 8 8 27.1 181.1 19 20 48
0.27 2 6.7 0.3 16.2 4.5 4.0 2.4 23 172 9 6 6.4 19.3 6 10 4

0.23 7 25.3 0.1 185.0 22.0 2.8 0.3 37 483 2 27 32.5 258.0 51 51 64
0.74 5 14.4 0.1 372.0 33.0 4.3 0.6 54 483 2 30 28.4 193.0 61 46 67
0.24 6 8.2 0.1 112.0 13.0 1.2 0.3 22 537 2 19 38.2 200.0 75 48 75
0.48 3 6.5 0.1 65.5 2.0 1.0 0.3 9 475 4 25 48.5 226.0 37 45 58
1.08 5 35.1 2.4 113.0 44.0 4.0 0.6 56 421 10 21 44.4 179.0 51 64 58
0.80 26 173.0 0.1 342.0 103.0 1.2 0.8 19 353 10 21 31.8 165.0 56 71 60
2.63 24 13.0 0.1 168.0 53.0 23.0 1.0 55 474 3 19 28.4 171.0 51 67 52
0.11 7 9.3 0.1 129.0 52.0 2.6 0.3 70 906 5 24 31.0 166.0 59 62 52
0.05 17 17.8 0.1 170.0 143.0 11.3 1.2 22 549 5 35 46.1 243.0 87 62 78
0.90 147 13.9 0.1 1,010.0 12.0 0.7 0.3 12 597 5 54 40.9 206.0 51 47 65
0.44 8 10.9 1.4 75.7 3.0 1.7 0.3 35 619 1 45 49.9 257.0 31 79 44
0.41 3 9.6 1.0 94.6 16.0 0.3 0.3 5 457 1 38 49.8 222.0 32 64 53
0.64 6 12.0 1.2 60.7 21.0 0.3 0.3 12 745 1 125 37.5 208.0 43 50 57
1.20 4 20.8 1.2 68.9 40.0 0.3 0.3 96 648 4 38 21.3 140.0 42 75 37
0.12 44 63.1 3.6 647.0 49.0 9.3 0.8 16 374 3 43 38.7 194.0 49 80 60
0.26 12 13.6 2.0 299.0 61.0 5.6 0.3 62 789 1 26 30.6 195.0 50 59 56
0.37 9 32.5 1.4 141.0 43.0 3.5 0.3 42 1,681 1 23 28.3 169.0 68 56 60
1.00 23 49.2 2.2 141.0 30.0 2.7 0.3 10 1,311 1 175 21.5 165.0 59 59 60

0.65 20 29.3 1.0 233.0 41.1 4.2 0.4 35 661 3 44 36.0 197.6 53 60 59
0.61 34 39.0 1.1 243.3 35.3 5.6 0.3 26 342 3 41 9.2 33.6 14 11 10

1.32 52 25.5 0.1 187.0 20.0 2.2 0.3 31 1,418 1 18 23.2 163.0 56 66 58
0.01 47 28.1 0.1 1,790.0 659.0 4.1 1.0 28 1,199 3 49 23.9 196.0 82 61 90
0.10 220 120.0 0.7 15.0 39.0 14.0 0.5 2 5 13.0 199.0 32 86 77
0.10 140 137.0 0.8 29.0 23.0 10.0 0.4 2 12 17.0 180.0 48 81 83
0.40 24 27.4 2.2 220.0 167.0 2.2 0.8 82 1,349 1 20 19.2 174.0 79 32 74
0.03 38 32.9 1.0 496.0 35.0 4.3 0.3 51 1,928 1 40 26.8 168.0 81 52 85
0.02 126 3.4 0.1 23.0 17.0 1.3 0.3 30 1,294 3 87 25.3 171.0 84 58 87
1.62 68 25.1 0.1 40.7 18.0 2.6 0.5 46 624 1 20 37.5 246.0 64 39 65
0.01 27 5.6 0.1 14.2 9.0 1.5 0.3 26 465 3 13 17.4 181.0 68 89 93
0.03 24 6.8 0.1 14.0 8.0 1.4 0.3 41 835 4 10 23.2 207.0 69 54 92

0.36 77 41.2 0.5 282.9 99.5 4.4 0.4 34 1,139 3 32 22.7 188.5 66 62 80
0.60 65 47.4 0.7 551.4 202.1 4.3 0.3 23 476 3 26 6.8 24.8 17 19 12

0.01 270 106.0 0.1 54.8 25.0 25.2 1.3 11 169 5 5 10.4 185.0 42 96 95
0.01 109 38.3 1.0 16.8 14.0 4.9 0.3 6 264 3 14 15.2 203.0 60 93 97
0.01 427 101.0 1.4 14.2 11.0 27.4 0.5 18 126 3 24 7.0 168.0 38 95 95
0.01 24 13.8 0.1 21.2 13.0 1.6 0.3 41 1,703 3 16 25.7 171.0 83 60 87
0.01 36 14.0 0.1 12.7 24.0 2.1 0.3 64 1,031 3 11 31.5 203.0 68 60 82
0.01 212 352.0 0.4 44.5 33.0 70.4 2.3 90 1,391 3 20 27.7 173.0 75 67 86
0.10 190 62.0 0.1 40.0 20.0 8.0 0.1 43 11 7.2 162.0 40 94 91
0.10 160 66.0 0.2 4.0 11.0 12.0 0.9 35 5 8.9 167.0 40 91 91

0.03 179 94.1 0.4 26.0 18.9 19.0 0.7 39 781 5 15 16.7 179.0 56 82 90
0.04 131 109.9 0.5 18.0 8.0 23.0 0.8 28 686 3 7 10.1 16.2 18 16 5
154 DUBÉ ET AL.

Table 11. Geochemistry of Mineral Assemblages in

Facies Sample Major (%)

SiO2* TiO2* Al2O3* Fe2O3(total)* MnO* MgO* CaO* Na2O* K2O* P2O5* LOI* Total S

Least altered
LAPL-115-2000 72.97 0.24 15.86 1.77 0.04 0.48 2.52 3.80 2.20 0.04 1.39 101.30 0.10
LAPL-126-2000 76.5 0.209 11.5 1.33 0.04 0.30 2.73 3.37 1.34 0.038 1.24 98.59 0.02
LABD-279-2000 74.80 0.19 12.48 1.21 0.04 0.47 4.67 1.26 2.10 0.03 2.34 99.59 0.11
LABD-71-2000 76.90 0.21 12.70 1.18 0.03 0.37 2.11 4.05 1.55 0.03 0.85 99.98 0.03
LABD-110-2000 75.70 0.20 13.20 1.35 0.03 0.37 1.00 6.17 0.68 0.04 0.50 99.24 0.37

average 75.37 0.21 13.15 1.37 0.04 0.40 2.61 3.73 1.57 0.04 1.26 99.74 0.13
STD 1.57 0.02 1.64 0.24 0.01 0.08 1.33 1.75 0.62 0.01 0.69 1.01 0.14

Qtz-mus ± py schist with local grt traces±and traces

LABD-2002-209 78.00 0.22 12.20 1.12 0.00 0.21 0.08 0.46 3.14 0.04 2.21 97.68 0.90
LABD-2002-210 74.60 0.22 12.50 1.83 0.20 0.93 0.47 0.58 2.88 0.04 2.79 97.04 0.88
LABD-2002-119 69.80 0.25 15.00 1.49 0.02 1.05 1.58 1.08 4.46 0.01 3.07 97.81 0.31
LABD-2002-136 68.70 0.20 13.50 2.03 0.08 2.21 2.95 0.86 2.97 0.04 4.24 97.79 0.29
LABD-2002-159 74.10 0.22 13.60 1.04 0.02 0.67 1.95 1.81 3.17 0.01 2.52 99.11 0.05
LABD-2002-177 75.60 0.23 12.80 0.72 0.02 0.74 0.49 0.64 3.55 0.04 2.22 97.05 0.07
LABD-2002-180 76.70 0.19 12.60 0.49 0.21 2.00 1.06 0.30 1.68 0.03 2.55 97.81 0.31
LABD-2002-186 67.90 0.42 12.30 5.75 0.21 1.54 1.38 0.32 2.39 0.13 5.18 97.52 4.25
LABD-2002-225 79.90 0.19 10.50 1.35 0.01 0.26 0.10 0.32 2.73 0.03 2.07 97.46 0.69

average 73.92 0.24 12.78 1.76 0.09 1.07 1.12 0.71 3.00 0.04 2.98 97.70 0.86
STD 4.24 0.07 1.22 1.58 0.09 0.71 0.95 0.49 0.77 0.04 1.05 0.61 1.31

Qtz-and-py-mus schist
BD 26-98b 72.60 0.33 12.90 5.90 0.00 0.16 0.16 0.60 2.92 0.09 4.40 100.06 4.77
BD-18-98 55.90 0.28 8.00 20.50 0.08 0.24 0.22 0.30 1.93 0.02 11.50 98.97 17.30
LABD-2002-127 64.20 0.20 5.12 18.70 0.00 0.01 0.16 0.12 0.11 0.06 9.95 98.63 15.00
LABD-2002-154 71.80 0.25 6.89 12.10 0.00 0.03 0.10 0.21 0.36 0.05 6.99 98.78 9.14
LABD-2002-208 71.60 0.17 10.30 8.61 0.00 0.05 0.11 0.28 1.35 0.04 5.43 97.94 6.45
LABD-2002-221 74.80 0.32 10.30 7.45 0.00 0.03 0.13 0.09 0.23 0.08 4.29 97.71 4.83
LABD-2002-182 56.80 0.38 10.30 18.00 0.00 0.09 0.26 0.26 0.69 0.18 10.42 97.38 14.60
LABD-2002-184 58.50 0.36 10.60 18.10 0.00 0.04 0.19 0.22 0.20 0.10 10.75 99.05 13.80
LAR 1-97 88.80 0.28 4.80 3.10 0.00 0.08 0.05 0.20 0.46 0.02 2.00 99.79 2.21
Bousquet 2-97 75.20 0.15 11.00 5.30 0.00 0.12 0.07 0.20 2.86 0.04 4.00 98.94 4.79
Bousquet 3-97 57.50 0.53 11.30 17.90 0.00 0.04 0.17 0.12 0.11 0.10 10.50 98.27 15.40

average 67.97 0.30 9.23 12.33 0.01 0.08 0.15 0.24 1.02 0.07 7.29 98.68 9.84
STD 10.33 0.11 2.64 6.46 0.02 0.07 0.06 0.14 1.08 0.05 3.41 0.82 5.46

Massive silica +py±and breccia

LABD-2002-128 61.40 0.54 0.61 22.80 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.01 11.72 97.23 18.50
LABD-2002-129 80.10 0.35 0.42 11.10 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.01 5.58 97.69 8.81
LABD-2002-130 81.10 0.49 0.41 11.20 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.01 5.84 99.23 9.95
LABD-2002-113 79.10 0.31 1.08 11.40 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.11 0.01 5.68 97.78 8.76
LABD-2002-114 96.86 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.15 97.30 0.06
LABD-2002-143 94.30 0.30 0.50 2.10 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.01 1.31 98.71 1.58
Bousquet 4-97 63.80 0.23 0.90 21.90 0.01 0.02 0.58 0.06 0.07 0.05 11.10 98.76 19.30
Bousquet 5-97 94.00 0.12 0.90 2.70 0.00 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.01 1.40 99.46 2.07
average 81.33 0.29 0.61 10.41 0.00 0.02 0.11 0.05 0.07 0.02 5.35 98.27 8.63
STD 13.53 0.18 0.34 8.64 0.00 0.02 0.19 0.02 0.03 0.02 4.36 0.87 7.36

Notes: * = Analyse ICP-AES (INRS), ** = Analyse ICP-80 (XRAL), *** = Fire Assay (XRAL), **** = Analyse Fusion/ICP/Hybride AA (XRAL), S = Analyse
Leco (XRAL), CO2: = Analyse Coulometrie (XRAL),
B = Analyse ICP90A (XRAL); abbreviations: and = andalusite, grt = garnet, mus=muscovite, py = pyrite, qtz = quartz; STD = standard deviation
AI = alteration Index (Ishikawa et al., 1976), CCPI = chlorite-carbonate-pyrite alteration Index (Large et al., 2001), AAAI = advanced argillic alteration
index (Williams and Davidson, 2004)
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 155

Rhyolite (unit 5.3) at the Bousquet 2-Dumagami Deposit

Metals (ppm) Trace elements (ppm) Alteration index

Au
CO2 (ppb)*** Cu** Ag** Zn** Pb** As**** Sb**** V** Ba* B Y* Zr* AI CCPI AAAI

0.22 1 3.2 0.2 27.1 2.0 3.0 5.0 15 827 23.9 146.3 30 27 52
0.53 0 5.6 0.2 19.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 12 494 19.7 128.0 21 26 54
1.30 1 6.4 0.2 19.2 2.0 3.0 5.0 12 491 16.1 112.4 30 33 54
0.45 1 4.7 0.7 24.9 1.0 1.5 2.5 13 357 14.0 122.0 24 22 54
0.07 1 4.3 0.5 27.2 1.0 1.5 7.0 9 273 17.0 131.0 13 20 50

0.51 1 4.8 0.4 23.5 1.6 2.4 4.9 12 488 18.1 127.9 24 26 53
0.48 0 1.2 0.2 4.1 0.5 0.8 1.6 2 211 3.8 12.5 7 5 2

0.01 1,040 63.7 0.3 3,110.0 20.0 1.2 0.3 12 1,852 181 23.6 135.0 86 27 91
0.09 129 2.9 0.1 156.0 29.0 1.0 0.3 10 1,855 95 18.0 144.0 78 44 79
0.91 44 21.8 0.7 105.0 8.0 3.6 0.3 17 1,158 52 20.4 148.0 67 31 65
2.12 105 171.0 1.8 518.0 166.0 10.8 1.3 10 679 25 19.8 134.0 58 53 53
1.03 1 0.3 0.1 349.0 1.0 1.9 0.3 10 1,090 30 14.0 154.0 50 26 63
0.23 4 0.3 0.1 57.2 8.0 1.3 0.3 13 1,040 33 18.8 159.0 79 26 80
0.01 13 4.0 0.2 450.0 131.0 1.8 0.3 8 927 26 16.5 125.0 73 56 70
0.42 40 337.0 0.1 642.0 18.0 4.0 0.3 50 1,748 62 16.9 135.0 70 73 68
0.01 207 499.0 1.3 25.1 77.0 14.0 0.3 10 1,281 57 19.2 128.0 88 35 92

0.54 176 122.2 0.5 601.4 50.9 4.4 0.4 16 1,292 62 18.6 140.2 72 41 73
0.71 331 181.0 0.6 965.7 60.2 4.7 0.4 13 429 50 2.7 11.7 12 17 13

0.10 47 27.0 0.1 2.0 28.0 5.0 0.4 14 19.0 156.0 80 63 89

0.20 230 30.0 0.5 64.0 71.0 7.0 0.9 17 14.0 147.0 81 90 88
0.01 498 427.0 3.1 8.0 21.0 19.4 0.5 1 198 54 3.1 120.0 30 99 96
0.01 182 309.0 0.1 97.0 40.0 74.8 6.8 7 175 25 0.5 133.0 56 96 96
0.01 2,970 237.0 0.9 11.6 18.0 10.9 0.6 9 366 17 8.6 111.0 78 84 94
0.01 125 66.2 0.1 37.9 12.0 18.7 1.1 7 144 5 11.3 144.0 54 96 97
0.01 1,790 546.0 0.1 340.0 22.0 20.9 0.3 22 529 18 8.7 147.0 60 95 90
0.01 406 145.0 0.1 48.4 19.0 16.2 0.3 18 109 5 4.8 130.0 37 98 93
0.20 190 817.0 0.3 17.0 11.0 30.0 1.9 18 5.7 152.0 68 83 96
0.10 220 60.0 0.5 7,800.0 61.0 20.0 0.8 2 15.0 100.0 92 64 95
0.20 2,680 229.0 1.3 67.0 105.0 85.0 1.9 62 11.0 149.0 34 99 95

0.08 849 263.0 0.6 772.1 37.1 28.0 1.4 16 254 21 9.2 135.4 64 87 93
0.09 1,090 249.3 0.9 2,332.8 29.9 26.7 1.9 17 162 18 5.5 18.3 20 13 3

0.01 54,620 1,820.0 7.2 18.1 26.0 4.6 0.3 1 112 63 6.3 163.0 45 100 99
0.01 2,810 1,310.0 5.5 25.9 26.0 39.0 1.8 4 116 33 3.3 129.0 64 99 99
0.01 10,100 5,600.0 10.0 33.4 22.0 64.4 1.9 6 149 32 0.5 173.0 62 99 99
0.01 299 79.2 1.4 29.7 10.0 21.4 1.1 1 78 40 2.8 172.0 63 99 99
0.01 37 18.6 0.1 12.9 8.0 2.3 0.3 1 34 5 2.9 4.4 32 62 99
0.03 1,820 709.0 3.3 18.7 14.0 1.2 0.3 1 67 5 6.2 171.0 55 94 99
0.30 11,300 3,250.0 6.7 25.0 16.0 35.0 3.3 2 4.9 117.0 12 99 91
0.20 1,250 847.0 1.5 49.0 27.0 130.0 3.4 2 3.5 74.0 42 94 97
0.07 10,280 1,704.2 4.5 26.6 18.6 37.2 1.5 2 93 30 3.8 125.4 47 93 98
0.11 18,441 1,887.7 3.4 11.2 7.6 43.4 1.3 2 41 22 1.9 60.1 18 13 3
156 DUBÉ ET AL.

Drill Hole:D91-2395
Depth LITHO Au ppb Cu ppm Zn ppm Zr ppm TiO2 % SiO2 % Al2 O3 % K 2O % MnO % Na2O % Fe2 O3 T % MgO % CaO % AI % CCPI % AAAI %
dacite-rhyodacite
g ar n et±bi o ti te
m u s co v i te±

10
Quartz-

5.1b-(d)
daci te-r h y o daci te
5.1b-(d)
qu ar tz-m u s co v i te±

20
pyrite

Footwall
Shear

30
qu ar tz-m u s co v i te-
an dal u s i te-py r o -
ph y l l i te-py r i te

daci te-r h y o daci te

5.1b-(d)

40 49.1
Massive FW Zone
qu ar tz-m u s co v i te-
an dal u s i te-py r o -
ph y l l i te-py r i te

5.3 r h y o l i te

50

massive quartz-
pyrite

63.5

Massive Hanging- 42.6

60 wall Zone

Zn-rich Massive
Hangingwall Zone
5.3 r h y o l i te

70
Qu ar tz-m u s co v i te
-py r i te

V o l can i cl as -
tite 5.5

80
qu ar tz-car bo n ate-

A n des i te 5.4-t
biotite

10000
15000

120000
5000
12000

30000
60000
90000

0.5
3000
6000
9000

30
60

20
40
60
10
20
30
100
150
200

2
4

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

20
40
60
80

20
40
60
80
50

10
15
20

2
4
6

2
4
6
5

2
4
6
8

Fig. 18. Geochemical profile of drill hole D91-2395 (see Fig. 6A, B for drill hole location). Locations of samples and geo-
chemical data are shown by short horizontal lines. Gray bars in Au, Cu, and Zn columns represent assays obtained by Barrick
Gold Corp. Number in profile indicates out of scale result. AI = alteration index (Ishikawa et al., 1976), CCPI = chlorite-
carbonate-pyrite index (Large et al., 2001), AAAI = Advanced argillic alteration index (Williams and Davidson, 2004). All
oxides are in wt %.
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 157

and Davidson (2004) increase significantly toward the ore
zone (Figs. 17, 18), reflecting the inferred strong acid leaching
close to the ore horizon. The Ishikawa alteration index (AI =
100*(MgO + K2O)/(MgO + K2O + Na2O + CaO): Ishikawa et
al., 1976) increases slightly toward the ore (Figs. 17, 18). Alter-
ation box plots (Large et al., 2001), using these alteration indi-
ces (CCPI, AI, and AAAI) shown in Figure 19, clearly illustrate
geochemical vectors associated with the increasing alteration
intensity from the quartz-muscovite ± Mn-garnet ± biotite ±
chlorite assemblage (1) to the massive quartz-pyrite assem-
blage (4) in units 5.1b-(d) and 5.3. The observed trends (Fig.
19B- D) reflect the progressive leaching of MgO, Na2O, CaO,
K2O in the quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite
assemblages (3) and massive quartz-pyrite assemblage (4),
and Al2O3 leaching in the massive quartz-pyrite assemblage
(4) by very low pH fluids in association with sulfide precipita-
tion (Large et al., 2001). These results are almost identical to
those documented in the deeper parts of the LaRonde Penna
deposit where most of the Au mineralization occurs in direct
association with zones of aluminous alteration (Fig. 8C, D:
Dubé et al., 2007a).
Relative mass changes associated with the different meta-
morphosed alteration assemblages were calculated for both
the dacite to rhyodacite (unit 5.1b-(d)) and the blue quartz
rhyolite (unit 5.3: Figs. 20, 21) using the best-fit isocon dia-
gram method (Grant, 1986) and the presentation method of

Dacite-rhyodacite (Unit 5.1b-(d)

100 100
A 90
B 90

80 80

70 70

60 60

AAAI
CCPI

50 50

40 40

30 30
Less altered
20 20
Less altered
10 10

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

AI AI

rhyodacite 5.1 least altered ( average)

Quartz-muscovite±Mn-garnet±biotite±chlorite ( average)
Quartz-muscovite±pyrite ( average)
Quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite ( average)

Blue quartz-bearing rhyolite (Unit 5.3)

100
C 100
D
91 90
82 80
73 70
64 60
CCPI

AAAI

55 50
46 40
37 30 Less altered

28 20
19 10
Less altered
10 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

AI AI

rhyolite QB 5.3 least altered ( average)

Quartz-muscovite±pyrite with local traces garnet ( average)
Quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite ( average)
Massive quartz-pyrite ( average)
Fig. 19. Box plot diagrams (Large et al., 2001). A. and B. Alteration of the dacite-rhyodacite (unit 5.1b-(d)). C. and D.
Alteration of blue quartz-bearing rhyolite (unit 5.3). AI = alteration index (Ishikawa et al., 1976), CCPI = chlorite-carbonate-
pyrite index (Large et al., 2001), AAAI = advanced argillic alteration index (Williams and Davidson, 2004).
 158

A) Quartz-muscovite±Mn-garnet±biotite±chlorite in 5.1 B) Quartz-muscovite±pyrite assemblage in 5.1 C) Quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite in 5.1

40 40 40
Y
35 35 35
0,5 SiO 2 0,5 SiO 2 0,5 SiO 2
5Fe 2O 3 80CO2
30 50 MnO 30 30
10K2O 50 TiO 2
25 25 5LOI 25 50 TiO 2
50 TiO 2
5Fe2O 3 0,1 Zr Y
20 20 50MgO 20 0,1 Zr
6CaO 0,1 Zr Y
10MgO
15 15 15 2Fe 2O 3
200 MnO Al 2O 3 Al 2O 3
Al 2O 3
10 3LOI 10 3K 2O 10 2LOI
75P 2O5
10CaO
50P2O 5 50MgO
5 5CO2 5 50P2O5 5
40CO2 10CaO 5 Na2O
2 Na 2O 2 Na 2O 3K 2O300 MnO
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Least altered dacite-rhyodacite 5.1 Least altered dacite-rhyodacite 5.1 Least altered dacite-rhyodacite 5.1

1767 500 544

500 500 500
DUBÉ ET AL.

400 400 400 376

300 300
304 300
251
191 213
200 200 200

100 77 88 81 100
104 91 100
9 33 6 2
0 0 0 0
0 2 0 0 0 2 3
-4 -11 -9 -86 -1 -20 -6 -51 -89 -12 -15 -94 -11 -4
-100 -100 -100
-24 -100 -73 -83 -91 -37
SiO 2 Al2O 3 MnO CaO Na2O P 2O5 CO2 Net SiO 2 Al2O 3 MnO CaO Na2O P 2O5 CO2 Net SiO 2 Al2O 3 MnO CaO Na2O P 2O5 CO2 Net
TiO 2 Fe 2O 3t MgO Zr K2O LOI Y TiO 2 Fe 2O 3t MgO Zr K2O LOI Y TiO 2 Fe 2O 3t MgO Zr K2O LOI Y

Fig. 20. Best-fit isocon diagram (Grant, 1986) with the relative mass gains and losses for the major elements quantified using equations given in Grant (1986) and the
method proposed by Huston (1993), showing the relative mass change in wt %. Average major and minor components are plotted as wt % of the oxides. As suggested in
Grant (1986), components are scaled for a clearer view and to show changes in components that might be considered minor relative to silica or alumina but which are
useful alteration parameters. A. Quartz-muscovite ± Mn garnet ± biotite ± chlorite mineral assemblage hosted by dacite-rhyodacite (unit 5.1b-(d)). B. Quartz-muscovite ±
pyrite assemblage hosted by dacite-rhyodacite (unit 5.1b-(d)). C. Quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblage hosted by dacite-rhyodacite (unit 5.1b-(d)).


A) Quartz-muscovite±pyrite (±Mn-garnet traces) in 5.3 B) Quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite 5.3 C) Massive quartz-pyrite in 5.3

40 40 40
0,45 SiO 2
0,25 Zr 0,25Zr
35 0,5 SiO 2 35 35
10LOI 0,5 SiO 2 100 TiO 2
30 30 30 0,25 Zr
100 TiO 2 2Fe 2O 3
25 25 25
20MgO 300P2O 5 2Fe 2O 3
20 10Fe 2O 3 20 20
Y
200MnO
15 15 15
Al 2O 3 10K2O 2LOI
10 10 25 TiO 2
150P2O 5 20CO2 Y 10
Al 2O 3
5 5 LOI 50CO2 Y
2K 2O
500 MnO
10 Na2O 5
50MgO 100P 2O 5 50MgO 2Al 2O 3 10Na2O
3CaO 5 Na 2O 10CaO 300 MnO 10K 2O
0 0 10CaO
0 10CO 2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Least altered rhyolite 5.3 Least altered rhyolite 5.3 Least altered rhyolite 5.3

624 639
500 500 500
400 400 364 400
311
300 300 300
200 200 200
137 154 123
100 80 100 58 100
8 21 6 15 5 34
0 3 0 0
-7 -8 -59 -82 -1 -3 -6 -28 -59 -20 -5 -87 -80 -3
-44 -78 -84 -95 -15 -95 -48 -88 -95 -100 -95 -96 -99 -96 -45
-100 -100 -100
SiO 2 Al2O 3 MnO CaO Na2O P 2O5 CO2 Net SiO 2 Al2O 3 MnO CaO Na2O P 2O5 CO2 Net SiO 2 Al2O 3 MnO CaO Na2O P 2O5 CO2 Net
TiO 2 Fe 2O 3t MgO Zr K2O LOI Y TiO 2 Fe 2O 3t MgO Zr K2O LOI Y TiO 2 Fe 2O 3t MgO Zr K2O LOI Y

Fig. 21. Best-fit isocon diagram (Grant, 1986) with the relative mass gains and losses for the major elements quantified using equations given in Grant (1986) and the
method proposed by Huston (1993), showing the relative mass change in wt %. Average major and minor components are plotted as wt % of the oxides. As suggested
BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC

by Grant (1986), components are scaled for a clearer view and to show changes in components that might be considered minor relative to silica or alumina but which
are useful alteration parameters. A. Quartz-muscovite ± pyrite assemblage with local traces Mn garnet hosted by the blue-quartz bearing rhyolite (5.3 unit). B. Quartz-
muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblage hosted by blue-quartz bearing rhyolite (5.3 unit). C. Massive quartz-pyrite assemblage hosted by blue-quartz bear-
ing rhyolite (5.3 unit).
159
160 DUBÉ ET AL.
Huston (1993). Based on the results of the best-fit isocon dia-
grams, Zr and Al2O3 were used as the least mobile elements
to calculate relative mass changes in the dacite to rhyodacite
(unit 5.1b-(d): Fig. 20), and Zr, Al2O3, and TiO2 were used as
the least mobile elements in the quartz-muscovite ± pyrite
assemblage (2) developed in the blue quartz rhyolite (unit 5.3:
Fig. 21). Only Zr and TiO2 were used for the quartz-musco-
vite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblage (3) as Al2O3
is mobilized in this assemblage (Fig. 21B). Relative mass
changes associated with the massive quartz-pyrite assemblage
(4) could only be estimated based on Zr and SiO2 values,
because this assemblage was severely leached and mineral-
ized (Fig. 21C).
Figure 20 shows isocon diagrams for each of the assem-
blages developed in the dacite to rhyodacite (unit 5.1b-(d)).
Despite the significant alteration, Al2O3 and Zr through all
three assemblages yield a nearly perfect isocon with a slope of
1:1 (i.e., constant volume and/or constant mass: Fig. 20A-C).
In contrast, the best-fit isocon indicates a net volume loss of
up to 20% in the quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-
pyrite assemblage (3) developed in the blue quartz rhyolite
(unit 5.3: Fig. 21B). Compared to the least altered protolith,
the results show a strong progressive Na2O depletion in all
assemblages with a near total loss in the massive quartz-pyrite
assemblage (4) in the blue quartz rhyolite (unit 5.3: Fig. 21).
In the dacite to rhyodacite unit, MnO, Fe2O3(total), MgO, K2O,
and some CaO show gains in the quartz-muscovite ± Mn gar-
net ± biotite ± chlorite assemblage (1), as expected, whereas
K2O shows a gain (+91%) and CaO is leached (−51 %) in the
quartz-muscovite±pyrite assemblage (2) (Fig. 20B). In the
quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblage
(3) developed within the dacite to rhyodacite (5.1b-(d)), all
oxides except SiO2, Fe2O3(total), Al2O3, K2O, and TiO2 were
strongly leached (Fig. 20C). Figure 21 illustrates the grad-
ual increase in cation leaching toward the ore zone, includ-
ing Al2O3. Overall, similar alteration trends were reported
by Marquis et al. (1990c) at Dumagami and by Dubé et al.
(2007a) at LaRonde Penna. The presence of sulfide dissemi-
nations and stringers, mainly pyrite, is reflected by the signifi-
cant increases in Fe2O3(total) (Figs. 20, 21) and S (not shown)
in all assemblages. The results for the massive quartz-pyrite
assemblage (4) illustrate the intensity of the leaching and silic-
ification as all oxides except SiO2, TiO2, and Fe2O3(total) were
almost totally removed (≥95%), including Al2O3 although
there is almost no net change (−3%; Fig. 21C).
Discussion
The distribution and nature of the different mineral assem-
blages in the host rocks of the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit
area indicate that they are metamorphic products of synvol-
canic hydrothermal alteration associated with a large VMS
hydrothermal system (Valliant and Barnett, 1982; Valliant et
al., 1983; Bateman, 1984; Tourigny et al., 1989; Marquis et
al., 1990a, c; Stone, 1990; Poulsen et al., 2000; Dubé et al.,
2007a). The alteration minerals and the sulfides have been
recrystallized to upper greenschist-lower amphibolite grade.
The preferred elongation of metamorphic minerals, such
as garnet and andalusite, and the orientation of the gangue
inclusions within the porphyroblasts indicate that they formed
during or in the late main stages of deformation (D2) and
metamorphism (M1), but the mineralogy reflects the original
bulk composition of the synvolcanic alteration.
Mn-rich garnet zones such as those present in the footwall
of the Massive Hangingwall zone or at LaRonde Penna (Dubé
et al., 2007a) are commonly spatially associated with meta-
morphosed stratabound base metal massive sulfide deposits
where they represent an important exploration guide (e.g.,
Spry et al., 2000; Heimann et al., 2009). At Bousquet 2-Duma-
gami, the carbonate minerals (Table 9) and chloritoid present
in some assemblages also contain anomalous Mn.
The two most important geochemical signatures of the
hydrothermal system are an increase in MnO in the distal
quartz-muscovite ± Mn-garnet ± biotite ± chlorite assem-
blage (1), and major to total leaching of most major elements,
except SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3(total), and TiO2, in the proximal
quartz-muscovite-andalusite-pyrophyllite-pyrite assemblage
(3). The remaining oxides except Al2O3 are the main geo-
chemical components of the massive quartz-pyrite assem-
blage (4) locally present in the immediate footwall of the
Massive Hangingwall zone. Metamorphosed advanced argillic
and massive silicic alteration associated with metamorphosed
epithermal high-sulfidation Au deposits show similar geo-
chemical leaching patterns (e.g., Dubé et al., 1998, O’Brien
et al., 1998, 1999). Manganiferous garnet, quartz, muscovite,
andalusite, and/or kyanite with pyrite are the dominant min-
erals proximal to the ore. The Na2O/K2O ratio and F and BaO
content of muscovite also increase toward the ore zone. The
presence of bornite and/or chalcopyrite is a good visual indi-
cation of high Au concentration.
Aluminous alteration and analogies with other deposits
Aluminous alteration is associated with a variety of base and/
or precious metal deposits hosted in volcanic rocks in ancient
volcanic terranes, including VMS deposits (e.g., Franklin et al.,
1975, 1981; Chown et al., 1984; Allard and Carpenter, 1988;
Ririe, 1990; Huston and Kamprad, 2000; Large et al., 2001;
Hannington et al., 2003; Williams and Davidson, 2004; Galley
et al., 2007). It is also one of the key features of other depos-
its in the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp, including
at Bousquet 1 (Valliant et al., 1983; Bateman, 1984), Doyon
(Savoie et al., 1991; Trudel et al., 1992), Westwood (Mercier-
Langevin et al., 2009; Wright-Holfeld et al., 2010, 2011),
and LaRonde Penna (Dubé et al., 2007a). At the Bousquet
2-Dumagami deposit it marks the now flattened hydrothermal
upflow zone of the hydrothermal fluid directly associated with
the formation of the deposit. The high purity of the andalusite
and kyanite at Bousquet 2-Dumagami, notably the very low
iron content (Table 8), may reflect the complete removal of
all major cations except SiO2, Al2O3, and TiO2, associated with
the advanced argillic alteration (e.g., Hannington et al., 2003).
In modern hydrothermal systems, hypogene advanced
argillic alteration assemblages are most commonly pro-
duced by ascending magmatic volatiles that condense
into groundwater and generate acidic, relatively oxidized,
and sometimes sulfur-rich fluids capable of leaching most
major elements (Hedenquist and Lowenstern, 1994; Silli-
toe et al., 1996). Mineral assemblages containing alumino-
silicates can also form in high-temperature (~350°−450°C)
alteration zones in magmatic-related alteration systems
such as Cu-Au porphyry deposits (e.g., Hugo Dummett
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 161
deposit: Khashgerel et al., 2009). But at Bousquet 2-Duma-
gami, the andalusite and kyanite are metamorphic, formed
by the recrystallization of preexisting aluminous minerals
interpreted to have originated at lower temperatures (e.g.,
as quartz-kaolinite or quartz-pyrophyllite assemblages). Alu-
minous alteration of this type is particularly common as the
proximal alteration associated with subaerial high sulfidation
deposits (e.g., Hedenquist et al., 1996, 2000) but has also
been documented in several modern seafloor hydrothermal
systems (e.g., Hannington et al., 1999; de Ronde et al., 2005,
2011; Resing et al., 2007). In ancient, deformed and meta-
morphosed terranes, such as the aluminous belt on the Ava-
lon Peninsula of Newfoundland that hosts the Hope Brook
deposit and the Carolina Slate belt of South Carolina that
hosts the Brewer deposit (Scheetz, 1991; Dubé et al., 1998;
O’Brien et al., 1998, 1999, and references therein), similar
alteration-related aluminous minerals were transformed to
kyanite and/or andalusite. Retrograde alteration of andalusite
to kyanite and/or pyrophyllite has been documented through-
out the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp (Valliant et
al., 1983; Stone et al., 1988; Marquis et al., 1990c; Tourigny et
al., 1993; Dubé et al., 2007a). Retrograde alteration is thought
to be due to isobaric cooling during the waning stage of post-
peak tectonometamorphism (Dubé et al., 2007a).
The metamorphosed aluminous alteration and ore assem-
blages at Bousquet 2-Dumagami share a number of simi-
larities with massive and disseminated strata-bound pyritic
Cu-Au deposits in the Mount Lyell district of Tasmania (e.g.,
Huston and Kamprad, 2001; Large et al., 2001; Williams and
Davidson, 2004). These deposits are characterized by local
pyrophyllite-bearing assemblages and auriferous bornite in
massive silicic zones. The possibility of a direct magmatic
input in the mineralized fluid carrying Au and Cu at Mount
Lyell was suggested by Large et al. (1996) and by Huston and
Kamprad (2001). The Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit also has
a number of characteristics in common with the geologic set-
ting and alteration at the Paleoproterozoic Boliden deposit in
Sweden. The genesis of this deposit is controversial and sev-
eral models of Au enrichment have been proposed, including
an epigenetic high-sulfidation epithermal model (Bergman
Weihed, 1996) and a synvolcanic subsea-floor replacement
model transitional between a VMS and a high sulfidation
deposit (Allen et al., 1996; Doyle and Allen, 2003; Mercier-
Langevin et al., 2013). The large number of similar deposits in
the Paleoproterozoic, including other deposits in the Skellefte
district of Sweden and in the Flin Flon and Snow Lake belt
in Canada, suggests that this time period may have been par-
ticularly favorable for the formation of Au-rich VMS deposits
(Hannington et al., 1999; Mercier-Langevin et al., 2011b).
However, most of the best examples of this type of deposit
formed in the Archean.
The Horne mine is the world’s largest Au-rich VMS deposit
and contained more than 60% of the total Cu and 80% of the
total Au of the Noranda Central camp (Gibson and Galley,
2007). The deposit is hosted mainly by tholeiitic to transitional
felsic volcanic rocks of the lower part of the Blake River
Group. The felsic volcanic rocks consist mainly of coherent
rhyolite and related volcaniclastic deposits characterized by a
widespread, strong muscovite ± pyrite alteration and by proxi-
mal chloritization with sulfide stringers (e.g., Kerr and Gibson,
1993; Gibson and Galley, 2007; Monecke et al., 2008). The
Horne rhyolite, which hosts the Horne Au-rich VMS deposit,
has been dated at 2702.2 ± 0.9 Ma (McNicoll et al., 2014).
The same age (2702.0 ± 0.8 Ma) has been obtained for the
rhyolite present in the immediate footwall of the similarly Au-
rich Quemont deposit a few hundred meters north of Horne
(McNicoll et al, 2014). These two Au-rich VMS deposits
were formed ~4 m.y. before the Bousquet 2-Dumagami and
­LaRonde Penna deposits (McNicoll et al., 2014), highlighting
the anomalous enrichment of synvolcanic gold throughout the
magmatic evolution of the eastern Blake River Group. How-
ever, the different styles of mineralization and alteration at
Horne and Bousquet 2-Dumagami illustrate the diversity of
Au-rich VMS systems present in the Blake River Group
(Dubé et al., 2007a, b; Mercier-Langevin et al., 2011a-c).
Timing of gold introduction
The timing of Au introduction within the massive sulfides
is a key to understanding the genesis of Au-rich VMS depos-
its. At Bousquet 2-Dumagami the bulk of the Au deposition
is interpreted to have been contemporaneous with the depo-
sition of the base metals (Eliopoulos, 1983; Tourigny et al.,
1993; Poulsen and Hannington, 1996; Teasdale et al., 1996;
Poulsen et al., 2000; Dubé et al., 2007a, Mercier-Langevin et
al., 2007d). A synvolcanic origin for the Au is supported by a
number of observations. Despite the deformation and meta-
morphic overprint, a primary metal zonation is preserved with
an Au- and Cu-rich core zone and a Zn-Pb–rich upper part
(Fig. 13). According to Tourigny et al. (1993), sphalerite- and
galena-rich late extensional veinlets are limited to the Zn-Pb–
rich southern portion of the ore zone, whereas the chalco-
pyrite-rich veinlets are characteristic of the Cu-rich portion
of the ore, reflecting limited remobilization of metals. Where
these late N-S–trending joints cut across barren rocks they are
also barren. If the bulk of the Au had been introduced after
peak metamorphism and deformation (e.g., during later brit-
tle deformation and associated retrograde metamorphism), its
distribution should not present any spatial relationship to the
alteration assemblages, the massive sulfides lenses, or any pri-
mary metal zonation. The Au-bearing sulfide lenses and veins,
irrespective of their grade, record all of the ductile strain and
metamorphism. A typical orogenic Au fluid would have been
expected to produce widespread carbonate alteration, but this
type of alteration is not associated with the Au mineralization
at Bousquet 2-Dumagami (Tourigny et al., 1993). Hydrother-
mal alteration is not developed in the selvages of the N-S–
trending quartz-bornite-tennantite-gold veinlets (Teasdale et
al., 1996). The early introduction of Au is also consistent with
local occurrence of Au as inclusions within pyrite in Bous-
quet 2 massive sulfides (Teasdale et al., 1996). The presence
of Au-bearing sulfide-rich clasts (containing up to 6 g/t Au)
in a debris flow stratigraphically above a massive sulfide lens
(Zone 6 at LaRonde 2 ~1.5 km to the east) is key evidence
that predeformation Au-rich VMS mineralization is present
in the vicinity of the Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit in the
same stratigraphic package (Mercier-Langevin, 2005, Dubé
et al., 2007a). New mapping at the camp and deposit scales
have demonstrated that all of the Au mineralization is inti-
mately associated with intermediate to felsic, transitional to
calc-alkaline volcanic rocks (Lafrance et al., 2003; Dubé et
162 DUBÉ ET AL.
al., 2007a; Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007a, d), typical of many
younger Au-rich VMS deposits (e.g., Mercier-Langevin et al.,
2011b). The Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit formed between
2697.8 ± 1 Ma, the age of the host rhyolite (unit 5.3), and
2689 ± 2 Ma, the maximum age of the Cadillac Group sedi-
mentary rocks dated at LaRonde Penna. Thus, the timing of
Au mineralization is considered to be close to the age of the
host rhyolite (2697.8 ± 1.0 Ma) and the age of the overlying
felsic volcanic rocks (2697.5 ± 1.1 Ma: unit 5.5; McNicoll et
al., 2014, Fig. 1B).
Proposed model of formation
A reconstruction of the volcanic sequence of the Bousquet
2-Dumagami and LaRonde Penna deposits indicates that
the location of deposits is controlled by synvolcanic faulting
with major faults being located about 1 km apart (Figs. 2, 5).
These faults controlled the upflow of submarine magmatic-
hydrothermal fluids and likely were centers for transitional
to calc-alkaline intermediate to felsic volcanic activity in the
Bousquet 2-Dumagami deposit area and at LaRonde Penna
to the east (Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007a). The presence
of the basaltic andesite (gabbroic sill-dike complex, units 5.4
and 5.4-t) in the hanging wall also helped to focus hydrother-
mal fluid flow. It is likely that the 2698 Ma felsic intrusions
and domes are the upper manifestation of a volcano-plutonic
center that was dislocated by faulting in the footwall of the
deposit (Lac Parfouru south fault: Fig. 1B). In particular, the
tholeiitic rhyodacitic to rhyolitic, blue quartz-bearing sill-dike
complex, dated at 2698.6 ± 1.5 Ma (Lafrance et al., 2005) and
located stratigraphically below the Bousquet 2-Dumagami
deposit, is considered to have been part of such a volcanic-
plutonic system. The subvolcanic system provided the heat
required to drive the hydrothermal fluid upflow and also con-
tributed magmatic volatiles and/or fluid(s) that condensed
into or mixed with circulating seawater to form an acidic, Au-
Ag-Cu-Zn-bearing fluid. The magmatic-hydrothermal upflow
may have been partly insulated from rapid seawater advective
mixing and cooling by the basaltic-andesite sill-dike complex
(5.4-t) in the hanging wall, which largely restricted upward
fluid flow to units 5.1b-(d) and 5.3 and promoted subsea-
floor replacement of the host felsic volcanic units in which
the sulfides were deposited by infiltration, precipitation, and
replacement of the host rocks.
The aluminous alteration at Bousquet 2-Dumagami was
more intensely developed than at LaRonde Penna (Dubé et
al., 2007a). In addition, the massive quartz-pyrite zone, which
is not present (or yet exposed) at LaRonde Penna, represents
a massive silicic pipe that corresponds to the most intensely
leached part of the alteration system. However, as originally
proposed in Dubé et al. (2007a), the Bousquet 2-Dumagami
and the LaRonde Penna deposits at depth may represent a
single extensive hydrothermal system (Fig. 22) with differ-
ent parts reflecting variable interaction between seawater and
magmatic fluids, differing degrees of hydrothermal water-
rock interaction, and changing temperature, contributing to
the different styles of alteration assemblages and mineraliza-
tion. Similar spatial and temporal variations in the styles of
alteration assemblages and mineralization have been docu-
mented at the submarine Brothers volcano of the Kermadec
arc (de Ronde et al., 2005, 2011). The areas with the most
intense acid alteration are thought to represent the locus of
the maximum magmatic contribution to the hydrothermal
system where the deposition of Cu and Au was the greatest
(e.g., Bousquet 2-Dumagami).
Although traces to minor amount of high-sulfidation state
minerals such as tennantite and covellite, are present, the
absence of enargite as well as alunite and vuggy silica at Bous-
quet 2-Dumagami deposit indicates that the preserved miner-
alization cannot be classified as a high-sulfidation epithermal
deposit (e.g., Arribas, 1995; Hedenquist et al., 1996, 2000).
This may be due to the ease with which the sulfidation state
of high sulfidation fluids may be lowered upon entry into cold
seawater (Sillitoe et al., 1996) or possibly due to the fact that
the original high-sulfidation state minerals were not preserved
through metamorphism.
Implications for exploration
As elsewhere in the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining
camp, the manganiferous garnet zone provides a useful distal
mineralogical and lithogeochemical guide to ore at Bousquet
2-Dumagami (Valliant and Barnett, 1982; Bateman, 1984,
Marquis et al., 1990a, c; Tourigny et al., 1993, Dubé et al.,
2007a). The quartz-muscovite ± Mn-garnet ± biotite ± chlo-
rite assemblage (1) in transitional to calc-alkaline rhyodacite-
rhyolite is typical of the distal footprint of the metamorphosed
hydrothermal alteration system, whereas the andalusite-kya-
nite-rich aluminous assemblage is proximal to or hosts the ore.
Synvolcanic faults and the emplacement of several felsic
domes in the area (units 5.1b-(d), 5.2b, 5.3, and 5.5) may have
contributed to sustained heat flow, allowing for the devel-
opment of stacked sulfide lenses throughout the Bousquet
Formation (Dubé et al., 2007a). Proximity to transitional to
calc-alkaline volcanic centers is clearly a key factor in terms
of exploration in the camp, and almost all sulfide lenses or
hydrothermal alterations zones are located at or near strati-
graphic markers within the Bousquet Formation, especially
in its upper part (Dubé et al., 2007a; Mercier-Langevin et
al., 2007a), as indicated by the recent discovery of auriferous
sulfide lenses at Westwood (Mercier-Langevin et al., 2009;
Wright-Holfeld et al., 2010, 2011). The presence of basaltic
andesite (units 5.4 and 5.4-t) in the hanging wall may also
have contributed to focusing hydrothermal upflow.
With approximately 28 Moz of contained Au, the Doyon-
Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp contains some of the
most important examples of Au-rich VMS deposits in the
world. The clustering of Au-rich VMS deposits in this part
of the Blake River Group and the occurrence of different
Au deposit types reflect a unique Au “heritage” or endow-
ment, implying a predisposition of the geologic setting to Au
enrichment. This may be related to a favorable geodynamic
setting (Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007a, b, 2011b, c), the com-
position of the source rocks (Hodgson, 1993; Huston, 2000;
Dubé et al., 2007b) or a possible metal preconcentration
in the lower crust or upper mantle (cf. Sillitoe, 2008). The
Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp is characterized by
Au mineralizing events that included synvolcanic (Bousquet
2-Dumagami; LaRonde Penna), syn- to late intrusion (Doyon
mine), and possibly syn-D2 deformation deposits (Mic-Mac
and Mouska; Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007d). This indicates
that Au, through inheritance and provinciality, was available
 BOUSQUET 2-DUMAGAMI ARCHEAN Au-RICH VMS DEPOSIT, ABITIBI, QUEBEC 163

W E
LaRonde-Bousquet 2-Dumagami Au-rich VMS complex
Sea level

LaRonde Penna
Pyrrhotite-rich interval (Au-Zn-Cu-Ag-Pb)
Bousquet 2-Dumagami Unit 5.5
(Au-Cu-Zn-Ag) Unit 5.4 20 South

5.3 20 North
Unit 5.4-t Unit Unit 5.2b
MHZ

Advanced argillic
massive alteration Zone 6
silicic (Zn-Au-Cu)
boiling?
quartz- Unit 4.4
Zone 7
muscovite (Zn-Au-Cu) Unit 5.1b
assemblage H2S - SO2
Scoriaceous tu
Unit 4.1 ff
(Unit 3)

QFP sills (Unit 2)

Hebecourt basalt
(Unit 1.1)

synvolcanic fault

H2S - SO2
Hydrothermal fluid
Magmatic volatils (seawater dominated)

Magmatic chamber
(hypothetical)

Fig. 22. Schematic east-west section showing a simplified stratigraphy and the possible predeformation architecture of
the mineralized hydrothermal system in the LaRonde-Bousquet 2 Au-rich VMS complex (modified from Dubé et al., 2004).

for a variety of hydrothermal systems throughout the entire
geologic and tectonic evolution of the belt. The Doyon-Bous-
quet-LaRonde mining camp is hosted by the youngest volca-
nic rocks of the Abitibi greenstone belt and is bounded by two
of the most fertile Archean faults for orogenic Au deposits, the
Destor Porcupine fault zone to the north and the Larder Lake
Cadillac fault zone to the south. Although there is clearly no
genetic relationship between the Au-rich VMS deposits and
the main stage of deformation recorded by these two crustal
faults, this setting and spatial association may illustrate key
empirical relationships to locate uniquely rich Au belts (Dubé
and Gosselin, 2007; Dubé et al., 2007b). In such a context, the
preservation from erosion of the youngest volcanic rocks of
the Abitibi greenstone belt is another key exploration criteria.
Acknowledgments
The study was undertaken as part of the Targeted Geosci-
ence Initiative synthesis of the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde
mining camp, a joint effort involving the Geological Survey
of Canada, the Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la
Faune du Quebec, Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd., Cambior Inc.
(now Iamgold Corp.), Barrick Gold Corp., Ressources Yor-
beau Ltd., the Institut national de la Recherche scientifique
(INRS-ETE), the University of Ottawa, and Laval University.
Barrick Gold Corp. and Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd. are thanked
for permission to visit the Bousquet 2 and Dumagami mines,
respectively, during numerous underground and surface vis-
its and for allowing the study of drill core. We are grateful
to G. Panneton, N. Teasdale, and the entire production staff
for sharing their knowledge of the Bousquet 2 deposit. M.
Legault, A. Blackburn, G. Long, G. Gosselin, F. Blanchet,
D. Duquette, and D. Pitre of Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd., are
thanked for their scientific contribution, logistical support,
and permission to publish. The study would not have been
possible without the support of the Ministère des Ressources
naturelles et de la Faune du Quebec. We thank A. Simard,
164 DUBÉ ET AL.
R. Marquis, S. Lacroix, B. Lafrance, and P. Pilote for their
scientific contributions and discussions in the field. The study
has benefited from discussions with A. Galley, H. K. Poulsen,
F. Robert, and the late W. Mueller. Reviews by W. Goodfel-
low, D. Huston, P. Thurston, and T. Monecke helped improve
earlier versions of the manuscript.
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