TUGAS MANAJEMEN LINGKUNGAN

“PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN OLEH LIMBAH CAIR”

1. Daffa Kurniawan Arief F34170125

2. Naura Fairuz Syafia F34170129

DEPARTEMEN TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI PERTANIAN

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
BOGOR
2019
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Environmental Pollution is one of the main problems nowadays. The

amount of pollution that affects productivity that exists on earth. Pollution in
everyday life that is encountered is pollution of air, air, land and others. The cause of
this pollution is largely what is considered the industrial revolution. Industries that
produce large-scale products will also produce large amounts of waste. If not handled
properly, this will cause environmental pollution.
Waste is waste material which is considered to have no value produced from
a production process, both industrial and domestic (household). Basically, various
types are produced by human activities, both industrial and domestic (household) and
have negative impacts on the environment and also for human health. One type of
industrial waste is liquid waste. Liquid waste is a liquid form of industry and waste
from industrial production. The liquid waste industry will pass directly into the
airways such as sewers, time and even the sea. Most of the liquid waste is disposed of
polluting the air, soil, and air underground. Liquid waste results in changing soil pH
depending on basic chemical or acid pollutants. Damaged soils cause erosion and
desertification. Most of the content in liquid waste can be recycled and can be
returned to environmental pollution. This liquid waste is dangerous and can be
quickly neutralized quickly. Waste released without being needed will produce waste
that is harmful to the environment. Environmental Pollution is a common problem
that is increasingly important to develop because of safety, health and life..

B. Formulation of the problem

a. What are the sources of waste and the characteristics of agro-industrial liquid
waste, and how many?
b. What are the pollutants in liquid waste and their effects on the environment and
health?
c. What is the form of environmental pollution due to liquid waste?
d. What are the principles of liquid waste management?
(minimization,reuse/recycling, treatment,dan discharge)

C. Aim
a. Know the source, amount and characteristics of agro-industrial wastewater.
b. Knowing pollutants in liquid waste (organic matter, nutrients, and heavy metals)
and their effects on the environment and health.
c. Knowing the form of environmental pollution due to liquid waste
e. Knowing the principles of liquid waste management (minimization, reuse /
recycling, treatment, and discharge)
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Sources and Characteristics of Agroindustry Liquid Waste

Industrial wastewater is used water from non-residential areas such as
industrial areas, hospitals, laboratories and so on. Industrial wastewater comes from
the industrial processes and operations.

a. Crude Palm Oil Industry

The oil palm commodity is one of the mainstays of Indonesia's agricultural
commodities whose growth is very fast and has a strategic role in the national
economy. One of the processed products of palm oil is Crude Palm Oil (CPO), which
is currently the largest vegetable oil source in the world. The CPO processing process
has several stages and to produce CPO, the CPO industry also produces waste. The
waste that comes out of the CPO industry is solid, gas and liquid. The waste that
comes out of the CPO industry actually cannot be said as 100% as waste, it is more
appropriate to say byproducts.
Waste that is a concern in the CPO industry is liquid waste, which is better
known as palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME is the waste water produced by the
palm oil industry mainly from condensate decoction, hydrocyclone water, and sludge
seperator. Each ton of processed CPO will form around 0.6 to 1 m³ POME. POME is
rich in organic carbon with a COD value of more than 40 g / L and a nitrogen content
of about 0.2 and 0.5 g / L as ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen. The source of
POME comes from different processing units, consisting of 60% of the total POME
coming from clarification stations, 36% of the total POME comes from stew stations
and 4% of the total POME comes from the core station.

Parameter Konsentrasi
pH 4,7
Temperatur 80-90
BOD 3 hari 30°C 25
COD 50
Total Solids 40.5
Suspended Solids 18
Total Volatile solid 34
Amoniacal-Nitrogen 35
Total nitrogen 750
Phosphorus 18
Pottasium 2270
Magnessium 615
Kalsium 439
Boron 7,6
Iron 46,5
Manganase 2,0
Copper 0,89
Zinc 2,3

b. Tapioca Industry
Tapioca liquid waste is waste produced from the manufacturing process, both
from washing raw materials to the process of separating starch from the water or the
deposition process. The waste yield of 2/3 tapioca tapioca processing by 75% is in the
form of solid and liquid. The content of liquid waste includes the most suspended,
coarse and fine solids and organic compounds.
Characteristics of tapioca wastewater include: the color of the waste
originating from the washing process is generally brownish white accompanied by a
suspended mixture of dirt and cassava peel while those from the separation process
are yellowish white. New tapioca wastewater usually smells special. pH expresses the
acidity intensity of the waste. The decrease in pH indicates that in this tapioca waste
water microorganism activity has occurred which converts organic matter which
easily decomposes into acids. Fresh tapioca wastewater that has a pH of 6-6.5 will
drop to around 4 after a few days. COD describes the total amount of oxygen needed
to chemically oxidize organic matter, both biologically and even biologically
difficult. COD is a very important parameter to determine the level of pollution or
water quality.
Tapioca liquid waste contains organic ingredients including glucose 21.067%
carbohydrates by 18.900%, vitamin C at 51.040%, BOD at 300-7500 mg / L, COD at
3100-20000 mg / L and TTS at 1500-8500 mg / L. Liquid waste in the tapioca
industry contains organic compounds that will rot and will cause unpleasant odors
and dangerous inorganic compounds such as CN, nitrite, ammonia, and others.

c. Skin industry
Pengolahan air l i m b a h in d u s t r i
penyamakan kulit meliputi pengolahan
primer, pengolahan sekunder, dan pengolahan
tersier
Pengolahan air l i m b a h in d u s t r i
penyamakan kulit meliputi pengolahan
primer, pengolahan sekunder, dan pengolahan
tersier
Pengolahan air l i m b a h in d u s t r i
penyamakan kulit meliputi pengolahan
primer, pengolahan sekunder, dan pengolahan
tersier
Pengolahan air l i m b a h in d u s t r i
penyamakan kulit meliputi pengolahan
primer, pengolahan sekunder, dan pengolahan
tersier
Pengolahan air l i m b a h in d u s t r i
penyamakan kulit meliputi pengolahan
primer, pengolahan sekunder, dan pengolahan
tersier
Finished skin is the skin of an animal that is tanned or preserved. leather
tanning requires relatively large amounts of water and also some types of chemicals.
So that this business will produce liquid waste containing various organic pollutants
from raw materials and chemicals from auxiliary materials. Besides that, solid waste
is also produced in the form of meat cleansing. Water treatment in leather tannery
includes primary processing, secondary processing and tertiary processing.

The following are the characteristics of tannery liquid waste according to the types of
process steps:
B. Pollutants in Liquid Waste (Organic matter, nutrients and heavy metals) and their
effects on the Environment and Health
B. Environmental Pollution by Liquid Waste
Liquid waste can be formed from organic and non-organic substances. Liquid
waste that produced by an industry can make negative impact to environmental
balances if it thrown away to a water body receiver like river or lake without any pre-
processing. Environmental pollution can make a extensive effects depends on the
nature of the waste, type of waste, volume, oxidation, toxic, or irritant. If the amount
of compounds contained in the waste exceeds the predetermined level, then the water
cannot be used again as needed. In addition, if it seeps into the earth, liquid waste can
damage the soil especially soil fertility and also the water source in it. If we live on
contaminated soil and consume everything from it, it can endanger our health and
various disease such as diarrhea and dysentery can arise in our midst.
As a result of disposal of industrial liquid waste to a water body, it can be
marked by changes in the state of the water body, such as:

a. Water acidity rise/fall,

b. There is a change in physical properties of water, for example water becomes
cloudy of smelly,
c. The closure of the water surface by a floating layer, for example in the form of oil
an fat,
d. Increased content of organic ingredients and inorganic ingredients in water, and
e. Increasing the amount of suspended solids in water.
Not only caused by industrial activity, liquid waste can be formed by
household waste. The water that can’t be used again, for example laundry waste, was
thrown away to the water body can caused a same effects as industrial waste.
Eutrophication is one of the biggest problem of water pollution in the world.
Eutrophication is enrichment of waters by nutrients, especially nitrogen, phosphorus,
and other substances like silicon, potassium, calcium, and mangan (that can be found
in detergents) resulting in uncontrolled growth of aquatic plant (Soeprobowati and
Suedy 2010). Eutrophication can caused by natural activity as earthquake, erosion, or
nutrient input from animal waste. But, most of any eutrophication case are human-
made.

C. Principles of Liquid Waste Processing

1. Treatment
The stages of processing liquid waste include:
a. Screening
First, the waste flowing through the sewer is filtered using filter bar. This
method is called filtering. The screening method is an efficient and inexpensive way
to set aside large sized solid materials from waste water.
b. Initial Processing (Pretreatment)
The next step is filtered waste and then channeled into a tank or tub which
serves to separate sand and solid particles and other relatively large sizes. How it
works by slowing down the flow of waste so the sand particles fall to the bottom of
the tank while waste water continues to flow to the next process.
c. Deposition
After going through the initial processing stage, liquid waste will be
channeled to the tank or settling tank. Sedimentation method is the main processing
method and the most widely used in the primary treatment process of wastewater. In
the settling tank, liquid waste is left to allow the solid particles that are suspended in
wastewater can settle to the bottom of the tank. Adapting these particles will form
sludge which will then be separated from waste water to other channels for further
processing. In addition to the sedimentation method, it is also known as the Floation
method.

d. Flotation
This method is effectively used to get rid of pollutants in the form of oil or fat.
The flotation process is carried out using a device that can produce small air bubbles
(±30 – 120 microns). The air bubble will carry oil and fat particles to the surface of
the waste water so that they can then be removed. If liquid waste only contains
pollutants that can be removed through the primary treatment process, the liquid
waste that has undergone the primary treatment process can be immediately disposed
of in the environment (waters). However, if the waste also contains other pollutants
that are difficult to remove through the process, for example disease-causing agents
or dissolved organic and inorganic compounds, then the waste needs to be channeled
to the next processing.

2. Secondary Treatment
The secondary processing stage is a biological treatment process, namely by
involving microorganisms that can decompose/degrade organic matter. The
microorganisms commonly used are aerobic bacteria. There are three commonly used
biological treatment methods, namely trickling filter method, activated sludge
method, and treatment pond method.

a. Trickling method
In this method, aerobic bacteria that are used to degrade organic matter adhere
to and grow on a coarse layer of media, usually in the form of rock or plastic flakes,
with a thickness of ± 1 - 3 m. liquid waste is then sprayed onto the surface of the
media and allowed to seep through the media. During the permeation process, the
organic material contained in the waste will be degraded by aerobic bacteria. After
seeping into the bottom of the media layer, the waste will drip into a storage container
and then channel it to the settling tank. In the settling tank, the waste re-undergoes a
deposition process to separate suspended solid particles and microorganisms from
wastewater. The precipitate formed will undergo a further process of waste treatment,
while the waste water will be discharged into the environment or channeled to further
processing if it is still needed.

b. Activated Sludge Method

In the activated sludge or activated sludge method, liquid waste is channeled
to a tank and in it the waste is mixed with mud which is rich in aerobic bacteria. The
degradation process takes place in the tank for several hours, aided by the provision
of aerated air bubbles (oxygen administration). Aeration can accelerate the action of
bacteria inside degrade waste. Furthermore, the waste is channeled to the settling tank
to undergo a deposition process, while the mud containing bacteria is channeled back
to the aeration tank. As with the trickling filter method, the waste that has gone
through this process can be discharged into the environment or processed further if it
is still needed.

c. Ponds/Lagoons Treatment Method

Treatment method for ponds / lagoons or treatment ponds is a cheap method
but the process takes place relatively slowly. In this method, liquid waste is placed in
open pools. Algae that grow on the surface of the pond will photosynthesize to
produce oxygen. The oxygen is then used by aero bacteria for the process of
decomposition / degradation of organic matter in waste. In this method, sometimes
the pool is aerated. During the degradation process in the pond, the waste will also
undergo a deposition process. After the waste is degraded and sediment is formed at
the bottom of the pond, waste water can be discharged to be discharged into the
environment or further processed.

3. Tertiary Treatment
 Tertiary treatment is carried out if after primary and secondary processing
there are still certain substances in iquid waste which can be harmful to the
environment or the community. Tertiary processing is special, meaning that this
treatment is adjusted to the content of the remaining substances in liquid waste /
waste water. Generally substances which cannot be completely removed through
primary or secondary processing are dissolved inorganic substances, such as nitrate,
phosphate, and salts. Tertiary processing is often called advanced treatment. This
processing includes various series of chemical and physical processes. Example of
tertiary processing methods that can be used are sand filter method, multimedia filter,
precoal filter, microstaining, vacuum filter, absorption with activated carbon,
reduction of iron and manganese, and osmosis back and forth. Tertiary processing
methods are rarely applied to waste treatment facilities. This is because the costs
required to carry out tertiary processing tend to be high so it is not economical.

4. Disinfection
Disinfection or killing of germs aims to kill or reduce the pathogenic
microorganisms present in liquid waste. Disinfection mechanism can be chemically,
namely by adding certain substances / substances, or by physical treatment. In
determining compounds to kill microorganisms, there are several things that need to
be considered, namely:
 Toxic substances
 Time of contact required
 Effectiveness of substances
 The dosage used
 May not be toxic to humans and animals
 Resistant to water

Low cost example of disinfection mechanism in liquid waste is the addition of

chlorine (chlorination), irradiation with ultraviolet (UV), or with ozone (Oз).
Disinfection process in liquid waste is usually carried out after the waste treatment
process is complete, namely after processing primary, secondary or tertiary, before
the waste is discharged into the environment.

5. Sludge Treatment
Each stage of processing of liquid waste, both primary, secondary and tertiary,
will produce deposits of pollutants in the form of mud. The mud cannot be disposed
of directly, but it must be processed further. The sludge deposits resulting from the
treatment of waste will usually be processed by decomposing / digesting aerobically
(anaerobic digestion), then channeled to several alternatives, which are discharged
into the sea or to landfills, composted or incinerated.
6. Recycling
Various wastewater treatment techniques to exclude pollutant materials have
been tried and developed so far. The wastewater treatment techniques that have been
developed are generally divided into 3 processing methods: 1. Physically processing
2. Chemical processing 3. Biological processing. For certain types of waste water, the
three processing methods can be applied individually or in combination.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

Conclusion
. Liquid waste is a liquid form of industry and waste from industrial
production. The liquid waste industry will pass directly into the airways such as
sewers, time and even the sea. Industrial wastewater comes from the industrial
processes and operation such as crude palm oil industry , tapioca industry, skin
industry. As a result of disposal of industrial liquid waste to a water body, it can be
marked by changes in the state of the water body, such as water acidity rise/fall,
change in physical properties of water, closure of the water surface by a floating
layer, increased content of organic and inorganic ingredients. Principles of Liquid
Waste processing can be divided to six process, that is treatment , secondary treatment,
tertiary treatment, disinfection, sludge treatment, and recycling.