Reviewer for UCSP
The aggregate of
I. Anthropological and
sociological perspectives on
culture and society
a. What is anthropology?
i. Comes from the
words “Anthropos”
meaning man and
“logos” meaning
study.
ii. The study of man,
more specifically, the
history and evolution III.
of the human species,
as well as
documented behavior
and societal
structure.
iii. Consists of everything
man-made in history,
history relating to
man, etc.
b. What is sociology?
i. The study of society
in its various forms.
ii. The study of our
behavior as social
beings, covering
everything from the
analysis of short
contacts between
anonymous
individuals on the
street to the study of
global social
processes
II. SOCIETY
a. What is a society?
i.
people living together
in a more or less
ordered community.
ii. A group of people
who interact and
share a common
culture
iii. A group of people
living within the same
territory and engage
in interactions
constantly.
Three theoretical
perspectives on how
society is formed
a. Structural Functionalism
i. Suggested by EMILE
DURKHEIM
ii. Argues that society is
made possible by
cooperation and
independence
iii. Sees society as a
whole made up of
parts. Everyone has a
purpose to fulfill.
b. Conflict Theory
i. Suggested by KARL
MARX
ii. Sees society as an
arena.
iii. Survival of the fittest.
c. Symbolic Interactionism
i. Suggested by George
Herbert Mead
ii. It explores the issue
of meaning/making
and why this is crucial
in understanding
 order or conflict as
processes that
brought about society b.
iii. Sees society as
formed by the people
giving meaning to
things.
IV. Perspectives of
Anthropology and
Sociology on Culture
a. Anthropology
i. Anthropology
explains that the
origin of culture c.
diversity is through
mankind hence the
concentration a
human perspective.
b. Sociology
i. Sociology looks at the
society which humans
live so as to explain
culture diversity. It d.
states that elements
such as language,
beliefs, norms, and
values are what bring
about culture
diversities.
V. Aspects of Culture
a. Dynamic
i. Culture responds to
the changing needs of
time, alongside to the
motion and actions
within and around it. e.
ii. It changes according
to the movement of
internal and external
factors.
Flexible
i. Culture is capable of
being flexible to be
able to face any
challenges that life
would bring.
ii. Culture changes to
better reflect the
current technology
and knowledge
possessed by the
members.
Adaptive
i. People use
technology, ideas and
activities in order to
survive and expand
the human culture
and society, this only
depicts that culture is
adaptive.
Shared and Contested
i. Culture is shared
among community,
and is created
through the sharing
of stories, traditions,
technology, etc.
ii. Culture as a societal
organization, has
different definitions
and contexts among
the members of the
same community.
Learned Through
Socialization and
Enculturation
i. Enculturation is done
when one integrates
 the culture of other among two or
people into their more parties.
own. VI. Ethnocentrism vs.
f. Patterned Social Interactions
i. Competition
Cultural Relativism
1. When one or a. Ethnocentrism is the belief
more people that one’s own culture is
oppose each superior to others.
other. b. Ethnocentrism views other
ii. Conflict cultures by using its own
1. When one culture as basis
party c. Cultural Relativism is the
attempts to belief that to understand a
control culture, the context of the
another party culture is important. It sees
through different cultures as
various forms different.
of force. VII. Anthropology: The
iii. Cooperation study of humans
1. When one or
more parties To understand this part, from here
work together onwards, Evolution will be seen as fact.
to achieve a Based on Charles Darwin’s The Origin of
common goal The Species, Humans have evolved from
iv. Exchange simpler organisms to what we are
1. The most today. Evolution does not say we come
basic social from monkeys, but that we share the
interaction same ancestors as them.
that happens
when one
party does
something in
order to
receive
something.
v. Mediation
1. When a third
party is
brought in to
settle a
dispute