Research 1
Purpose of Doing a Research
• to solve the problems of the society
• to answer questions of men
What is Research?
• Purposeful
• Continuous Discovery
• Scientific Investigation
• Organized
• Indispensable
Importance of Research in Daily Life
Research has a big role in the advent of technology and
the transformation of the society.
Because of research our life has been made easy.
Research and Its Nature
Purposeful
Productive
Incongruous
New
Resource
Organized
Indispensable
Methodical
Hunch
Trend
Speculation
Reality
BASIC RESEARCH
• Basic research is driven purely by c Basic (aka
fundamental or pure) research is driven by a
scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific
question.
• The main motivation is to expand man's knowledge,
not to create or invent something.
• There is no obvious commercial value to the
discoveries that result from basic research.
• Curiosity and a desire to expand our knowledge. This
type of research tends not to be directly applicable
to the real world in a direct way but enhances our
understanding of the world around us.
• For example, basic science investigations probe for
answers to questions such as:
• How did the universe begin?
• What are protons, neutrons, and electrons
composed of?
• How do slime molds reproduce?
• What is the specific genetic code of the fruit
fly?
APPLIED RESEARCH
• Applied research is used to answer a specific
question that has direct applications to the world.
This is the type of research that solves problem.
• Applied research is designed to solve practical
problems of the modern world, rather than to
acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake.
• One might say that the goal of the applied scientist
is to improve the human condition.
• For example, applied researchers may investigate
ways to:
• improve agricultural crop production
• treat or cure a specific disease
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• improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices,
or modes of transportation
Characteristics of Research
Values of research to man:
1. Research Improves quality of life
It has led man to search for ways for improving processes
and means which man love and find interesting.
2. Research improves instruction
Modern teacher introduces innovations and integrates
the 3Rs (rational thinking, right conduct, and research)
in all subject areas in his teaching.
3. Research improves students’ achievement
The students’ achievement could be improving if
the modern teacher keeps himself updated on issues
and trends about the modern methods and strategies
in teaching.
4. Research improves teachers’ competence
research oriented teacher always conduct research to
improve his competence and produce graduates who
respond to the socioeconomic development of the
country and can compete with other graduates of the
world.
5. Research satisfies man’s needs
modern facilities that satisfy man’s needs are all
products of research.
6. Research reduces the burden of work
7. Research has deep-seated psychological
aspects
It challenges man to get rid of the danger of stagnation.
It is an open door to a better tomorrow and it guides
him in his efforts to obtain good results which
contribute to his satisfaction and self-fulfillment.
8. Research improves the exportation of food
products
Some international research agencies provide financial
support for the researches in the Philippines.
9. Research responds to the economic recovery
and austerity measures of the country
Research outputs are converted to income generating
projects to train students to earn while they learn.
10. Research trains graduates to become
responsive to the economic development of the
country and compete globally.
Life is a process of improving oneself.
Research also has its characteristics.
• Research is empirical. It is based on direct
experience or observation by the researcher.
• Research is Logical. It is based on valid
procedures and principles.
• Research is Cyclical. It is repeated for
improvement and further knowledge.
• Research is Analytical. It improves analytical
procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and case study.
• Research is Methodical. It is conducted in a
methodical manner without bias using
systematic method and procedures.
• Research is Replicable. Its design and procedures
are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
results.
Research 1
• Research is Critical. It exhibits carefully studied Quantitative vs. Qualitative
judgment. Qualitative Research
Qualities of a good researcher: - is research dealing with phenomena that are difficult or
R – research-oriented impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs,
E – efficient
meanings, attributes, and symbols.
S – scientific
E – effective Quantitative Research
A – active - refers to the systematic empirical investigation of any
R – resourceful phenomena via statistical, mathematical or
C – creative computational techniques. The objective of quantitative
H – honest
research is to develop and employ mathematical models,
E – economical
theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.
R – religious
Processes of Research Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative
Process indicates specific steps and key/question/s as Research
guide pursue a social research interest. QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Stages of Research Process General Framework General Framework
Stages of Research Key Questions Seek to confirm Seek to explore
Process hypotheses about phenomena
Identifying and Delimiting What is the problem and phenomena Use more flexible
Use more rigid style of iterative style of eliciting
the Problem why should it be studied?
eliciting and categorizing and categorizing
Review of Related What information is
responses to questions responses to questions
Literature already available?
Use highly structured Use semi-structured
What are the variables
Developing the methods such as methods such as in-depth
and what relationship
Theoretical Framework questionnaires, surveys, interviews, focus groups,
exists?
and structured and participant
How are we going to
observation observation
Formulating Hypothesis obtain the answers to
Analytical Objectives Analytical Objectives
questions being studied?
To quantify variation To describe variation
Where will the study be
Selecting the Research To predict causal To describe and explain
conducted and with what
Design relationships relationships
population?
To describe To describe individual
How to identify or select characteristics of a experiences
Sampling
your respondents? population To describe group norms
Specify methods to Collect What method to use to Question Format Question Format
the Research Data measure variables? Closed-ended Open-ended
Are there any pitfalls and Data Format Data Format
Finalizing and Reviewing shortcomings? Numerical obtained by Textual obtained from
the Research Plan Are there any ethical assigning numerical audio-tapes, video tapes,
violations? values to responses and field notes
Are we ready to collect
Collecting Data the data? Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
Where to collect data? Anderson (2010) in her article “Presenting and
Which of the Data are Evaluation Qualitative Research”, lists the following
Preparing the data for
relevant/important? strengths of qualitative research:
Analysis
Which data are related?  The study requires a few cases or participants.
How do the data answer Data collected are based on the participants’ own
Analyze the data
the research question? categories of meaning.
What are the implications  It is useful for describing complex phenomena.
Interpreting the Result
of the findings?  Issues can be examined in detail and in depth.
How is the finding in  Interviews are not restricted to specific questions
Drawing the Conclusions relation to the and can be guided or redirected by the researcher
hypothesis? in real time.
Communicating and How do I impart the result  It provides individual case information.
Publishing the Findings of my research?  Cross-case comparisons and analysis can be
How can the study be conducted.
Utilizing the Findings utilized? How can the  It provides understanding and description of
findings be applied? people’s personal experiences and phenomena.
 Aims to explore and communicate

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Research 1
Anderson (2010) also enumerates the following
weaknesses of qualitative research:
 The knowledge produce might not be applicable to
other people or other settings.
 It is sometimes not as well understood and
accepted as quantitative research.
 The researcher’s presence during data gathering,
which is often unavoidable in qualitative research,
can affect the subjects’ responses.
 Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can
present problems when presenting findings.
 It generally takes more time in gathering data.
 Data-analysis is often time-consuming.
 The results are more easily influenced by the
researcher's personal biases.
Ethics of Research
 Honesty
This must be maintained in all communications (e.g.,
when reporting data, results, and procedures). Data
should never be fabricated, falsified, or misrepresented.
 Objectivity
Biases should be avoided in the experimental design,
data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and the
other aspects of research.
 Integrity
Consistency of thought and action is the foundation of
the credibility of any research work. Promises and
agreements should be kept and all actions should be
made with a sincere purpose.
 Care
Careless errors and negligence should be avoided. Your
work and the works of your peers should be critically
examined. Records of research activities should be kept
in good order and condition.
 Openness
The researcher should be open to criticisms and new
ideas. Research data, results, ideas, and resources should
also be shared with the public.
 Respect for intellectual property
Proper acknowledgement should be given to all authors
cited and sources used in your research. Patents and
copyrights should be recognized. Any unpublished data,
methods, or results should not be used without
permission. Credit should be given to where it is due.
Republic Act No. 8293 June 6, 1997
AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
CODE AND ESTABLISHING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
OFFICE, PROVIDING FOR ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
 Confidentiality
Confidential communications or documents should be
protected.
 Responsible publication
The study should be done with the purpose of advancing
research and scholarship. Wasteful and duplicate
publication should be avoided.
 Responsible mentoring
The research should seek to educate, mentor, and advise
students.
 Respect for colleagues
All peers should be treated fairly.
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 Social responsibility
Social good should be promoted and social harm should
be avoided.
 Non-discrimination
All those eligible to participate in research should be
allowed to do so.
 Competence
Professional competence and expertise should be
maintained and improved with the research.
 Legality
A researcher should know and obey relevant laws, and
institutional and government policies.
 Human subject protection
Harms and risks to human lives should be minimized.
Human dignity, privacy, and autonomy should be among
the primary considerations of the research.
 The introduction is important in establishing the
cognitive setting of the research. It has the following
elements:
1. Rationalization of the need to research on the
problem
2. Clarification of the important terminologies for
the reader to easily understand what the
research is about
3. Establishment of the degree of the seriousness
of the problem which prompted the researcher
to look for solutions.
 The rationale is formulated not only by stating the
reasons of the conduct but also narrating incidences
from international to local scenarios.
 The setting of the problem describes the distinctive
characteristics of the geographical location of the
place where the study is to be conducted.
 The urgency of the problem must be proven by citing
statistical evidences.
 The general objective of the study is the major task
of the researcher and is the general statement of the
problem.
 The general purpose is the general benefit or
significance of the study.