Raw Iron Ductility

1/21/2020 Ductile iron pipe - Wikipedia
Ductile iron pipe

Ductile iron pipe is a pipe made of ductile cast iron
commonly used for potable water transmission and
distribution.[1] This type of pipe is a direct development of
earlier cast iron pipe, which it has superseded.[1] The ductile
iron used to manufacture the pipe is characterized by the
spheroidal or nodular nature of the graphite within the iron.[2]
Typically, the pipe is manufactured using centrifugal casting in
Section of DICL pipe (ductile iron
metal or resin lined moulds.[3] Protective internal linings and concrete lined), commonly used for
external coatings are often applied to ductile iron pipes to utility water mains, showing iron
inhibit corrosion: the standard internal lining is cement casing, concrete lining, and textured
mortar and standard external coatings include bonded zinc, polymer protective coatings on the
asphalt or water-based paint. In highly corrosive inner and outer surfaces.
environments loose polyethylene sleeving (LPS) to encase the
pipe may also be used. Life expectancy of unprotected ductile
iron pipes depends on the corrosiveness of soil present and tends to be shorter where soil is highly
corrosive.[4] However, a lifespan in excess of 100 years has been estimated for ductile iron
pipelines installed using "evolved laying practices", including use of properly installed LPS
(polyethylene encasement).[5][6] Studies of ductile iron pipe's environmental impact have differing
findings regarding emissions and energy consumed. Ductile iron pipe manufactured in the United
States has been certified as a sustainable product by the Institute for Market Transformation to
Sustainability.[7][8]
Contents
Dimensions
North America
Europe
Australia & New Zealand
Joints
Flanges
Spigot and socket
Lifespan and corrosion
Methods for mitigating corrosion
Internal linings
Polyurethane (PUR)
Cement mortar
External coatings
Loose Polyethylene Sleeving (LPS)
Zinc
Bituminous coatings
Water based pipe coatings
Industry associations and market
Environmental
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe 1/13
Notes
External links
Dimensions
Ductile iron pipe is sized according to a dimensionless term known as the Pipe Size or Nominal
Diameter (known by its French abbreviation, DN). This is roughly equivalent to the pipe's internal
diameter in inches or millimeters. However, it is the external diameter of the pipe that is kept
constant between changes in wall thickness, in order to maintain compatibility in joints and
fittings. Consequently, the internal diameter varies, sometimes significantly, from its nominal size.
Nominal pipe sizes vary from 3 inches up to 64 inches, in increments of at least 1 inch, in the
United States.
Pipe dimensions are standardised to the mutually incompatible AWWA C151 (U.S. Customary
Units) in the United States, ISO 2531 / EN 545/598 (metric) in Europe, and AS/NZS 2280
(metric) in Australia and New Zealand. Although both metric, European and Australian are not
compatible and pipes of identical nominal diameters have quite different dimensions.
North America
Pipe dimensions according to the American AWWA C-151
Outside Diameter
Pipe Size
[in (mm)]
3 3.96 (100.584)
4 4.80 (121.92)
6 6.90 (175.26)
8 9.05 (229.87)
10 11.10 (281.94)
12 13.20 (335.28)
14 15.30 (388.62)
16 17.40 (441.96)
18 19.50 (495.3)
20 21.60 (548.64)
24 25.80 (655.32)
30 32.00 (812.8)
Europe
European pipe is standardized to ISO 2531 and its descendent specifications EN 545 (potable
water) and EN 598 (sewage). European pipes are sized to approximately match the internal
diameter of the pipe, following internal lining, to the nominal diameter. ISO 2531 maintains
dimensional compatibility with older German cast iron pipes. Older British pipes, however, which
used the incompatible imperial standard, BS 78, require adapter pieces when connecting to newly
installed pipe. Coincidentally, the British harmonization with European pipe standards occurred at
approximately the same time as its transition to ductile iron, so almost all cast iron pipe is imperial
and all ductile pipe is metric.
Wall thickness
Outside Diameter [mm (in)]
DN
[mm (in)]
Class 40 K9 K10
40 56 (2.205) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236)
50 66 (2.598) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236)
60 77 (3.031) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236)
65 82 (3.228) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236)
80 98 (3.858) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236)
100 118 (4.646) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236)
125 144 (5.669) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236)
150 170 (6.693) 5.0 (0.197) 6.0 (0.236) 6.5 (0.256)
200 222 (8.740) 5.4 (0.213) 6.3 (0.248) 7.0 (0.276)
250 274 (10.787) 5.8 (0.228) 6.8 (0.268) 7.5 (0.295)
300 326 (12.835) 6.2 (0.244) 7.2 (0.283) 8.0 (0.315)
350 378 (14.882) 7.0 (0.276) 7.7 (0.303) 8.5 (0.335)
400 429 (16.890) 7.8 (0.307) 8.1 (0.319) 9.0 (0.354)
450 480 (18.898) - 8.6 (0.339) 9.5 (0.374)
500 532 (20.945) - 9.0 (0.354) 10.0 (0.394)
600 635 (25.000) - 9.9 (0.390) 11.1 (0.437)
700 738 (29.055) - 10.9 (0.429) 12.0 (0.472)
800 842 (33.150) - 11.7 (0.461) 13.0 (0.512)
900 945 (37.205) - 12.9 (0.508) 14.1 (0.555)
1000 1,048 (41.260) - 13.5 (0.531) 15.0 (0.591)
1100 1,152 (45.354) - 14.4 (0.567) 16.0 (0.630)
1200 1,255 (49.409) - 15.3 (0.602) 17.0 (0.669)
1400 1,462 (57.559) - 17.1 (0.673) 19.0 (0.748)
1500 1,565 (61.614) - 18.0 (0.709) 20.0 (0.787)
1600 1,668 (65.669) - 18.9 (0.744) 51.0 (2.008)
1800 1,875 (73.819) - 20.7 (0.815) 23.0 (0.906)
2000 2,082 (81.969) - 22.5 (0.886) 25.0 (0.984)
Other European Standards give specifications on more dedicated products:
EN 15655:2009 - Ductile iron pipes, fittings and accessories - Internal polyurethane lining for
pipes and fittings - Requirements and test methods
EN 877:1999/A1:2006 - Cast iron pipes and fittings, their joints and accessories for the evacuation
of water from buildings - Requirements, test methods and quality assurance
CEN/TR 15545:2006 - Guide to the use of EN 545
CEN/TR 16017:2010 - Guide to the use of EN 598
EN 877:1999 - Cast iron pipes and fittings, their joints and accessories for the evacuation of water
from buildings - Requirements, test methods and quality assurance
EN 877:1999/A1:2006/AC:2008 - Cast iron pipes and fittings, their joints and accessories for the
evacuation of water from buildings - Requirements, test methods and quality assurance
EN 598:2007+A1:2009 - Ductile iron pipes, fittings, accessories and their joints for sewerage
applications - Requirements and test methods
EN 12842:2012 - Ductile iron fittings for PVC-U or PE piping systems - Requirements and test
methods
CEN/TR 16470:2013 - Environmental aspects of ductile iron pipe systems for water and sewerage
applications
EN 14628:2005 - Ductile iron pipes, fittings and accessories - External polyethylene coating for
pipes - Requirements and test methods
EN 15189:2006 - Ductile iron pipes, fittings and accessories - External polyurethane coating for
EN 14901:2014 - Ductile iron pipes, fittings and accessories - Epoxy coating (heavy duty) of ductile
iron fittings and accessories - Requirements and test methods
EN 969:2009 - Ductile iron pipes, fittings, accessories and their joints for gas pipelines -
Requirements and test methods
EN 15542:2008 - Ductile iron pipes, fittings and accessories - External cement mortar coating for
EN 545:2010 - Ductile iron pipes, fittings, accessories and their joints for water pipelines -
Requirements and test methods
EN 14525:2004 - Ductile iron wide tolerance couplings and flange adaptors for use with pipes of
different materials: ductile iron, Grey iron, Steel, PVC-U PE, Fibre-cement
Australia & New Zealand

Australian and New Zealand pipes are sized to an independent specification, AS/NZS[9] 2280, that
is not compatible with European pipes even though the same nomenclature is used. Australia
adopted at an early point the imperial British cast iron pipe standard BS 78, and when this was
retired on British adoption of ISO 2531, rather than similarly harmonizing with Europe, Australia
opted for a 'soft' conversion from imperial units to metric, published as AS/NSZ 2280, with the
physical outer diameters remaining unchanged, allowing continuity of manufacture and
backwards compatibility. Therefore, the inner diameters of lined pipe differ widely from the
nominal diameter, and hydraulic calculations require some knowledge of the pipe standard.
Nominal Wall Thickness

Outside Diameter [mm (in)]
Nominal Size (DN) Flange Class
[mm (in)]
PN 20 PN 35
100 122 (4.803) - 5.0 (0.197) 7.0
150 177 (6.969) - 5.0 (0.197) 8.0
200 232 (9.134) - 5.0 (0.197) 8.0
225 259 (10.197) 5.0 (0.197) 5.2 (0.205) 9.0
250 286 (11.260) 5.0 (0.197) 5.6 (0.220) 9.0
300 345 (13.583) 5.0 (0.197) 6.3 (0.248) 10.0
375 426 (16.772) 5.1 (0.201) 7.3 (0.287) 10.0
450 507 (19.961) 5.6 (0.220) 8.3 (0.327) 11.0
500 560 (22.047) 6.0 (0.236) 9.0 (0.354) 12.0
600 667 (26.260) 6.8 (0.268) 10.3 (0.406) 13.0
750 826 (32.520) 7.9 (0.311) 12.2 (0.480) 15.0
Joints
Individual lengths of ductile iron pipe are joined either by flanges, couplings, or some form of
spigot and socket arrangement.
Flanges
Flanges are flat rings around the end of pipes which mate with an equivalent flange from another
pipe, the two being held together by bolts usually passed through holes drilled through the flanges.
A deformable gasket, usually elastomeric, placed between raised faces on the mating flanges
provides the seal. Flanges are designed to a large number of specifications that differ because of
dimensional variations in pipes sizes and pressure requirements, and because of independent
standards development. In the U.S. flanges are either threaded or welded onto the pipe. In the
European market flanges are usually welded onto the pipe. In the US flanges are available in a
standard 125 lb. bolt pattern as well as a 250 lb (and heavier) bolt pattern (steel bolt pattern). Both
are usually rated at 250 psi (1,700 kPa). A flanged joint is rigid and can bear both tension and
compression as well as a limited degree of shear and bending. It also can be dismantled after
assembly. Due to the rigid nature of the joint and the risk of excessive bending moment being
imposed, it is advised that flanged pipework is not buried.
Current flange standards used in the water industry are ANSI B16.1 in the USA, EN 1092 in
Europe, and AS/NZS 4087 in Australia and New Zealand.
Spigot and socket

Spigot and sockets involve a normal pipe end, the spigot, being inserted into the socket or bell of
another pipe or fitting with a seal being made between the two within the socket. Normal spigot
and socket joints do not allow direct metal to metal contact with all forces being transmitted
through the elastomeric seal. They can consequently flex and allow some degree of rotation,
allowing pipes to shift and relieve stresses imposed by soil movement. The corollary is that
unrestrained spigot and socket joints transmit essentially no compression or tension along the axis
of the pipe and little shear. Any bends, tees or valves therefore require either a restrained joint or,
more commonly, thrust blocks, which transmit the forces as compression into the surrounding
soil.
A large number of different socket and seals exist. The most modern is the 'push-joint' or 'slip-
joint', whereby the socket and rubber seal is designed to allow the pipe spigot to be, after
lubrication, simply pushed into the socket. Push joints remain proprietary designs. Also available
are locking gasket systems. These locking gasket systems allow the pipe to be pushed together but
do not allow the joint to come apart without using a special tool or torch on the gasket.
The earliest spigot and socket cast iron pipes were jointed by filling the socket with a mixture of
water, sand, iron filings and sal-ammoniac (ammonium chloride.) A gasket ring was pushed into
the socket round the spigot to contain the mixture which was pounded into the socket with a
caulking tool and then pointed off. This took several weeks to set and produced a completely rigid
joint. Such pipe systems are often to be seen in nineteenth century churches in the heating system.
Lifespan and corrosion

In the late 1950s, ductile iron pipe was introduced to the marketplace, featuring higher strength
and similar corrosion resistance compared to cast iron.[10] According to a 2004 study, an expected
lifespan of 100 years is likely for ductile iron pipe, based on test results, field inspections and in-
service operations over 50 years.[11] In 2012, the American Water Works Association reported that
ductile iron pipes in benign soil or installed in more aggressive soils using "evolved laying
practices" had an estimated life up to 110 years, based on a nationwide analysis of water pipes in
the U.S.[5]
Like most ferrous materials, ductile iron is susceptible to corrosion, therefore its useful life
depends on the impact of corrosion.[1] Corrosion can occur in two ways in ductile iron pipes:
graphitization, the leaching away of iron content through corrosion leading to a generally
weakened pipe structure, and corrosion pitting, which is a more localized effect also causing
weakening of the pipe structure.[10]
Over the last 100 years, the average thickness of iron pipes has decreased due to increased metal
strength,[12] through metallurgical advancements as well as improved casting technique.[13][14]
Methods for mitigating corrosion

The potential for corrosion, leading to pipe failure, is significantly impacted by the corrosivity of
soil. Unprotected pipes in highly corrosive soil tend to have shorter lifespans.[4] The lifespan of
ductile iron pipe installed in an aggressive environment without appropriate protection may be
between 21 and 40 years.[6][15] The introduction of corrosion mitigation methods for ductile pipe,
including the use of polyethylene sleeving, can reduce corrosion by controlling the effect of
corrosive soil on piping.[6]
In the United States, the American National Standards Institute and American Water Works
Association have standardized the use of polyethylene sleeving to protect ductile iron pipe from
the effects of corrosion.[3][16] A 2003 report by researchers from the National Research Council of
Canada noted that "both good and poor performances" of polyethylene sleeving had been
reported.[10] However, a study in the Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association's Florida test site
found that, compared with uncoated pipes exposed to a corrosive environment, pipes encased in
loose polyethylene sleeving were "in excellent condition".[6] Based on a 2005 meta analysis of
1,379 pipe specimens, loose polyethylene sleeving was found to be highly effective at mitigating
corrosion. The only environment for which the analysis found the polyethylene sleeving did not
provide effective corrosion control was for "uniquely severe" environments, a classification of a
rare but extremely corrosive environment. The analysis found that a lifespan of 37 years could be
expected in these "uniquely severe" environments.[6]
Pipes manufactured under International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards are
typically coated with zinc, to provide protection against corrosion. In instances of more aggressive
soils, polyethylene sleeving is installed over the zinc coated pipe to provide added
protection.[10][17]
Cathodic protection may also be used to prevent corrosion and tends to be advocated by corrosion
engineers for pipes in corrosive soils as an addition to external dielectric coatings.[10][18]
Engineers and water authorities in the United States are divided on the use of different coatings or
cathodic protection. Mixed results have been found for all methods of protection. However, this
may be due to the impact of variations in local soil corrosiveness and temperature or by damage
occurring during installation, which can impact effectiveness of protective coatings.[10][18]
Internal linings
Ductile iron pipe is somewhat resistant to internal corrosion in potable water and less aggressive
forms of sewage. However, even where pipe material loss and consequently pipe wall reduction is
slow, the deposition of corrosion products on the internal pipe wall can reduce the effective
internal diameter. A variety of linings are available to reduce or eliminate corrosion, including
cement mortar, polyurethane and polyethylene. Of these, cement mortar lining is by far the most
common.
Polyurethane (PUR)
Polyurethane is an option offered as an internal lining for ductile iron pipes in lieu of cement
mortar. However, as PUR provides only passive protection it becomes vitally important that the
coating is not damaged during handling and installation. Manufacturers will specify strict
handling, transport and installation procedures to ensure PUR coatings are protected. If pipes are
deformed Polyurethane's elasticity, does in some situations allow the coating to remain intact.
Corrosion Experts (https://web.archive.org/web/20120702200903/http://www.russellcorrosion.
com/PublicPages/Home.aspx)
Polyurethane coatings were first used in 1972. In comparison with other coatings, the internal
polyurethane lining exhibits a high resistance to various different media such as drinking water,
wastewater, de-mineralised water, industrial water and gas, as well as to aggressive solutions such
as sulphuric acid.
Polyurethane is a thermosetting plastic with no solvents, with a three-dimensionally linked

molecular structure giving it mechanical stability. The polyurethane lining used for internal
coating has the following standard properties is standardised by EN 15655:2009 (Ductile iron
pipes, fittings and accessories - Internal polyurethane lining for pipes and fittings - Requirements
and test methods).
Cement mortar
The predominant form of lining for water applications is cement mortar centrifugally applied
during manufacturing. The cement mortar comprises a mixture of cement and sand to a ratio of
between 1:2 and 1:3.5. For potable water, portland cement is used; for sewage it is common to use
sulfate resisting or high alumina cement.
Cement mortar linings have been found to dramatically reduce internal corrosion. A DIPRA survey
has demonstrated that the Hazen-Williams factor of cement lining remains between 130 and 151
with only slight reduction with age.
External coatings
Unprotected ductile iron, similarly to cast iron, is intrinsically resistant to corrosion in most,
although not all, soils. Nonetheless, because of frequent lack of information on soil aggressiveness
and to extend the installed life of buried pipe, ductile iron pipe is commonly protected by one or
more external coatings. In the U.S. and Australia, loose polyethylene sleeving is preferred. In
Europe, standards recommend a more sophisticated system of directly bonded zinc coatings
overlaid by a finishing layer be used in conjunction with polyethylene sleeving.
Loose Polyethylene Sleeving (LPS)

Loose Polyethylene sleeving was first developed by CIPRA (since 1979, DIPRA) in the U.S. in 1951
for use in highly corrosive soil. It was employed more widely in the U.S. in the late 1950s and first
employed in the UK in 1965 and Australia in the mid-1960s. Loose Polyethylene Sleeving (LPS)
remains as one of the most cost effective corrosion protection methods available today with a
proven track record for reliability and effectiveness.
LPS comprises a loose sleeve of polyethylene that completely wraps the pipe, including the bells of
any joints. The sleeving inhibits corrosion by a number of mechanisms. It physically separates the
pipe from soil particles, preventing direct galvanic corrosion. By providing an impermeable barrier
to ground water, the sleeve also inhibits the diffusion of oxygen to the ductile iron surface and
limits the availability of electrolytes that would accelerate corrosion. It provides a homogeneous
environment along the pipe surface so that corrosion occurs evenly over the pipe. The sleeve also
restricts the availability of nutrients which could support sulfate-reducing bacteria, inhibiting
microbially induced corrosion. LPS is not designed to be completely water-tight but rather to
greatly restrict the movement of water to and from the pipe surface.[19] Water present beneath the
sleeve and in contact with the pipe surface is rapidly deoxygenated and depleted of nutrients and
forms a stable environment in which limited further corrosion occurs. An improperly installed
sleeve that continues to allow the free flow of ground water is not effective in inhibiting corrosion.
Polyethylene sleeves are available in a number of materials. The most common contemporary
compositions are linear low-density polyethylene film which requires an 8 mil or 200 μm
thickness and high-density cross-laminated polyethylene film which requires only a 4 mil or
100 μm thickness. The latter may or may not be reinforced with a scrim layer.
Polyethylene sleeving does have limitations. In European practice, its use in the absence of
additional zinc and epoxy protective coatings is discouraged where natural soil resistivity is below
750 ohm/cm. Where resistivity is below 1500 ohm/cm and where the pipe is installed at or below
the water table, where there are additional artificial soil contaminants and particularly stray
currents again it is recommended for use in addition to zinc and epoxy coating.[19] Because of the
vulnerability of polyethylene to UV degradation, sleeving, or sleeved pipe should not be stored in
sunlight, although carbon pigments included in the sleeving can provide some limited protection.
Polyethylene sleeving is standardised according to ISO 8180 internationally, AWWA C105 in the
U.S., BS 6076 in the UK and AS 3680 and AS 3681 in Australia.
Zinc
In Europe and Australia, ductile iron pipe is typically manufactured with a zinc coating overlaid by
either a bituminous, polymeric, or epoxy finishing layer. EN 545/598 mandates a minimum zinc
content of 200 g/m2 (at 99.99% purity) and a minimum average finishing layer thickness of 70 μm
(with local minimum of 50 μm). AS/NZS 2280 mandates a minimum zinc content of 200 g/m2
(with a local minimum of 180 g/m2 at 99.99% purity) and a minimum average finishing layer
thickness of 80 μm.
No current AWWA standards are available for bonded coatings (zinc, coal tar epoxy, tape-wrap
systems as seen on steel pipe) for ductile iron pipe, DIPRA does not endorse bonded coatings, and
AWWA M41 generally views them unfavourably, recommending they be used only in conjunction
with cathodic protection.[20]
Bituminous coatings
Zinc coatings are generally not employed in the U.S. In order to protect ductile iron pipe prior to
installation, pipe is instead supplied with a temporary 1 mil or 25 μm thick bituminous coating.
This coating is not intended to provide protection once the pipe is installed.
Water based pipe coatings

Water based pipe coatings, are an environmentally friendly coating that is applied to the inner &
outer diameter of ductile iron pipe. They protect against corrosion from the outside and inside,
and also protect the product from contamination. The coating is an emulsion manufactured using
asphaltene and water primarily, with other raw materials according to the manufacturer's
specifications.
They came in use in the early 1990s, replacing coatings based on dangerous and environmental
harmful solvents, such as benzenes, toluenes, hexanes and other volatile organic compounds.
Industry associations and market

In the United States, the Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association represents manufacturers of
ductile iron pipe. The association provides research on and promotes the use of ductile iron piping
in utility projects (water and sewer), focusing on its strength, recyclability and life cycle cost
compared with alternative products such as PVC.[21][22] The U.S. industry is also represented by
the National Association of Pipe Fabricators.[23] Outside of the U.S., the ductile iron pipe industry
is supported by associations including the European Association for Ductile Iron Pipe Systems.[24]
Following the financial crisis of 2008, the pipe industry as a whole, experienced a decrease in sales
in the U.S. due to municipalities deferring replacement of water mains and reduction in new home
construction.[25] According to a report published by The Freedonia Group in 2011, economic
recovery from the 2008 crisis is likely to expand ductile iron's market share in the large diameter
pipe market.[26]
Environmental
Ductile iron pipe in the developed world is normally manufactured exclusively from recycled
material including scrap steel and recycled iron.[27][28] The pipe can be recycled after use.[29] In
terms of environmental impact, several studies have compared ductile iron pipe's impact on the
environment with that of other pipe materials.[30] A study by Jeschar et al. in 1995 compared the
energy use and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced in manufacturing pipes of various
materials including concrete, ductile iron, cast iron and PVC, based on pipes with nominal
diameter of 100 mm to 500 mm. The energy consumed in manufacturing ductile iron pipe was
19.55 MJ per kg and volume of emissions released during manufacture was 1.430 kg CO2 per kg,
compared to 68.30 MJ per kg of energy and 4.860 kg CO2 per kg emissions for PVC pipes, and
1.24 MJ per kg and 0.148 kg CO2 per kg for concrete pipes of the same diameter.[31] Another study
the following year, by the Forschungsinstitut für Chemie und Umwelt, had similar findings.
However, it also took the lifetime of pipes into account. This study found improved environmental
performance for ductile iron pipe in terms of energy consumed and emissions produced during
manufacture due to its longer life span.[30] A more recent study, published August 2012, by Du et
al., carried out a life cycle analysis on six types materials used for water and waste water pipes,
including ductile iron, PVC, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and concrete. They found that at
diameters of ≤ 24 in, ductile iron pipe had the highest "global warming potential" based on
emissions from manufacturing, transportation and installation. At larger diameters, ≥ 30 in,
ductile iron pipe had a lower "global warming potential", while PVC had the highest.[32] According
to a 2008 study by Koo et al., ductile iron pipe had the lowest impact on natural resource
depletion, compared to HDPE pipe and PVC pipe.[29] In November 2012, ductile iron pipe
manufactured in the United States received certification as a sustainable product from the
Institute for Market Transformation to Sustainability.[7][8]
Notes
1. Moser, A. P. and Folkman, Steven L. (2008) Buried Pipe Design (3rd edition) McGraw-Hill,
New York, p. 336-337 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij_cB-Qx3mMC&pg=RA4-PA336),
ISBN 978-0-07-147689-8
2. Romanoff, Melvin (1968). "Performance of ductile-iron pipe in soils". Journal (American Water
Works Association). 60 (6): 645–655. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1968.tb03591.x (https://doi.org/
10.1002%2Fj.1551-8833.1968.tb03591.x). JSTOR 41265349 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/412
65349).
3. Public Works April 15, 1995 Ductile iron mains; Water Supply and Treatment SECTION: Pg.
pC34(4) Vol. V126 No. N5 ISSN 0033-3840 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:
0033-3840)
4. Deb, Arun K.; Grablutz, Frank M.; Hasit, Yakir (2002). Prioritizing Water Main Replacement
and Rehabilitation (https://books.google.com/?id=gdOE8kAhXrgC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=lif
espan+%22ductile+iron+pipe%22#v=onepage&q=lifespan%20%22ductile%20iron%20pipe%2
2&f=false). American Water Works Association. p. 54. ISBN 978-1583212165. Retrieved
18 October 2012.
5. American Water Works Association (2012). Buried No Longer: Confronting Americas Water
Infrastructure Challenge (https://web.archive.org/web/20120914110710/http://www.awwa.org/fil
es/GovtPublicAffairs/GADocuments/BuriedNoLongerCompleteFinal.pdf) (PDF) (Report).
American Water Works Association. p. 8. Archived from the original (http://www.awwa.org/files/
GovtPublicAffairs/GADocuments/BuriedNoLongerCompleteFinal.pdf) (PDF) on 14 September
2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
6. Bonds, Richard W.; Barnard, Lyle M.; Horton, A. Michael; Oliver, Gene L. (2005). "Corrosion
and corrosion control of iron pipe: 75 years of research". Journal (American Water Works
Association). 97 (6): 88–98. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2005.tb10915.x (https://doi.org/10.1002%
2Fj.1551-8833.2005.tb10915.x). JSTOR 41312605 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41312605).
7. "Ductile Iron Pipe" (http://mts.sustainableproducts.com/DIP%20SMaRT%20Summary%20She

et-1.pdf) (PDF). mts.sustainableproducts.com. Institute for Market Transformation to
Sustainability. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
8. "Ductile iron deemed 'sustainable' pipe material" (http://www.pwmag.com/pipes/ductile-iron-de
emed-sustainable-pipe-material.aspx) (Press release). Public Works. 27 November 2012.
Retrieved 8 January 2013.
9. "Standards Australia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141130224909/http://www.standards.org.
au/Pages/default.aspx). Archived from the original (http://www.standards.org.au/Pages/default.
aspx) on 2014-11-30. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
10. Rajani, Balvant; Kleiner, Yehuda (2003). "Protecting ductile-iron Water Mains: What protection
method works best for what soil condition?". Journal (American Water Works Association). 95
(11): 110–125. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2003.tb10497.x (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1551-883
3.2003.tb10497.x). JSTOR 41311262 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41311262).
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ervices/wis-and-ign/current-documents-plastics-and-rubbers/ign-4-50-03.pdf) (PDF). Archived
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nts-plastics-and-rubbers/ign-4-50-03.pdf) (PDF) on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
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der Herstellung und Entsorgung von Abwasserrohren aus verschiedenen Werkstoffen" (http://b
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External links
Official Web Site of the Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association (http://www.dipra.org/)
Official Web Site of the Jindal Saw - Global Ductile Iron Manufacturer (http://www.jindalsaw.co
m/)
Official Web Site of Water Services Association Australia (https://www.wsaa.asn.au/ProductAp
praisals/Pages/Product-Appraisals.aspx?View={b2be3262-6458-458f-af03-3d9f7926cd17}&So
rtField=Product&SortDir=Asc#.VGFORfmUeZc/)
Official Web Site of PENTAIR WATER SOLUTIONS (https://web.archive.org/web/20141111011

524/http://water.pentair.com/water/products/pipeline_systems/ductile_iron/index.aspx)
Ductile Iron Pipe and Fittings Range (https://web.archive.org/web/20141112065024/http://pwsq
uote.com.au/ductile-iron-pipes-fittings.html/)
Official Web Site of SAINT-GOBAIN PAM (http://www.pamline.com/)
Official Web Site of the vonRoll hydro AG - Swiss supplier for Ductile Iron Pipe & Fittings (htt
p://www.vonroll-hydro.ch/en/)
Official Web Site of Electrosteel Castings Ltd. - Indian supplier for Ductile Iron Pipe & Fittings
(http://www.electrosteel.com)
Official Web Site of China National Building Group Corporation(CNBM). - Chinese supplier for
Ductile Iron Pipe & Fittings (http://www.cmaxpipe.com)
Official Web Site of Lipetsk Pipe Company Svobodny Sokol - Russian supplier for Ductile Iron
Pipes and Fittings (http://www.ltk.svsokol.ru/en)
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Ductile iron pipe

Other European Standards give specifications on more dedicated products:

CEN/TR 15545:2006 - Guide to the use of EN 545

CEN/TR 16017:2010 - Guide to the use of EN 598

Australia & New Zealand

Nominal Wall Thickness

Spigot and socket

Lifespan and corrosion

Methods for mitigating corrosion

Polyurethane is a thermosetting plastic with no solvents, with a three-dimensionally linked

Loose Polyethylene Sleeving (LPS)

Water based pipe coatings

Industry associations and market

7. "Ductile Iron Pipe" (http://mts.sustainableproducts.com/DIP%20SMaRT%20Summary%20She

22. "Study Brings Water Infrastructure Challenges to Surface" (http://www.american-usa.com/news

Official Web Site of PENTAIR WATER SOLUTIONS (https://web.archive.org/web/20141111011

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ductile_iron_pipe&oldid=930674657"

This page was last edited on 14 December 2019, at 03:28 (UTC).

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