Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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and admixtures
Presented by:
Rameshwar madharia
PE/2013/313
Parenteral
Parenteral refers injectable route of administration.
SVP
Sub cutaneous 0.5-2 5/8 in. , Need to be isotonic Insulin, vaccines
23 gauge
Intra muscular 0.5-2 1.5 in. , Can be solutions, Nearly all drug
23 gauge emulsions, oils or classes
suspensions
Isotonic preferably
Intra venous 1-100 Vein puncture Solutions, emulsions Nearly all drug
1.5 in. , and liposomes classes
20-22 gauge
LVP 101 and larger Venoclysis Solutions and some Nearly all drug
(infusion unit) 1.5 in. , emulsions classes
18-19 gauge
S. No. ADVANTAGES DISVANTAGES
• Permeation
• Sorption
• Leaching
• Softening
3. Rubber:
To provide closure for multiple dose vials, IV fluid bottles, plugs for disposable syringes
and bulbs for ophthalmic pipettes, rubber is the material of choice.
• Incompatibility
• Chemical instability
• Physical instability
Closure:
• Characteristics of Good Pharmaceutical rubbers
• Examples:
• Butyl Rubbers
• Natural Rubbers
• Neoprene Rubbers
• Polyisoprene rubbers
• Silicone Rubbers
Intravenous Admixture System
• “Admixture system” refers to sterile IV solutions that
are prepared by using one or more medications or
electrolytes and will be administered via the parenteral
route.
• It requires the measured addition of a medication to a
50 ml or larger bag or bottle of IV fluid.
• It can be provided to the patient in his/her home.
• Many hospitals involved in compounding IV solutions
and medications to outpatient settings.
Methods for safe & effective use of
IV admixture
• Proper training to nurses & pharmacist
• Instruction regarding labeling Information for
stability & compatibility to the hospital pharmacy
dept.
• Information for the formulation skills to the
pharmacist.
Preparation
Area
Admixture Storage
system Area
SYSTEM
COMPONE
NT
Policies and
Personnel
Procedures
PROCESSING OF
PARENTERALS
S.No. STEPS
2. Collection of materials
4. Filtration
7. Sterilization
Preparation area
Aseptic area
Quarantine area
Preparation area:
In this area the ingredients of the parenteral preparation are mixed &
preparation is made for filling operation.
It is not essentially aseptic area but strict precautions are required to
prevent any contamination from outside.
Aseptic area:
The parenteral preparations are filtered, filled into final container & sealed
should be in aseptic area.
The entry of personnel into aseptic area should be limited & through an air
lock.
Ceiling, wall & floor of that area should be sealed & painted.
The air in the aseptic area should be free from fibers, dust and
microorganism.
The High efficiency particulate air filters (HEPA) is used for air.
UV lamps are fitted in order to maintain sterility.
Quarantine area:
After filling, sealing & sterilization the parenteral product are held up
in quarantine area.
Randomly samples were kept foe evaluation.
The batch or product pass the evaluation tests are transfer in to
finishing or packaging area.
Finishing & packaging area:
Parenteral products are properly labelled and packed.
Properly packing is essential to provide protection against physical
damage.
The labelled container should be packed in cardboard or plastic
container.
Ampoules should be packed in partitioned boxes
EVALUATION OF PARENTERAL
PREPARATIONS
• The finished parenteral products are subjected to
the following tests, in order to maintain quality
control:
• A) sterility test
• B)clarity test
• C)leakage test
• D)pyrogen test
• E)assay
A) sterility test
• Alcoholic preparations
• Oily preparations
Incubate at 30-350 C for not less then 7 days Incubate at 20-250 C for not less then 7 days
Observe the growth in the media Observe the growth in the media
Direct inoculation method (METHOD
2):
1) Visual method
2) Coulter counter method
3) Filtration method
4) Light blockage method
C)leakage test
• The sealed ampoules are subjected to small cracks which
occur due to rapid temperature changes or due to mechanical
shocks.
Filled & sealed ampoules
Defective sealing
Vials & bottles are not suitable for this test because the sealing
material used is not rigid
Limulus amebocyte lysate [LAL]
test
• Limulus amebocyte lysate [LAL] test another method
for the determination of pyrogenic endotoxins
• In this method the test solution is combined with a cell
lysate from the ameabocyte [blood celels] of horse shoe
crab
• Any endo toxin that might be present will be coagulated
with protien fraction of the ameabocytes and results in
the formation of a gel
• This consider to be simple,rapid and of greater
sensitivity that the rabbit test
E)assay