Principles Of Management

DISTANCE LEARNING ASSIGNMENT

FOR BBA DEGREE

SUBMITTED BY:
MUHAMMAD AHAD ALI
REG NO: 1512-116-006
MAIN CAMPUS (EVENING)

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

FACULTY OF
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
PRESTON UNIVERSITY (MAIN CAMPUS)
BANGLORE TOWN, SHAHRAH-E-FAISAL KARACHI, SINDH.
Q1: Discuss whether the management is science or art?

Since we know that science and art are two different subjects that provide vast concepts. Science is the
detail knowledge that describes concepts whereas arts deals with applications of skills. Management is
“process of controlling and administering the affairs of the organization”.

A manager uses it all abilities with critical understanding in creating innovative ideas which provides
organization benefits for the effective and efficient work. These are known as the artistic characteristics
of the manager. So under the light of above example we can say that management is art, but here we
should know that management also uses systematic approach for solving problems in series of ways
sometimes they use psychological methods in dealing with behavior issues within the organization. This
can be describe as scientific approach, keeping in mind all the activities and work that the management is
responsible for doing we can say that management sometime uses artistic characteristics and many times
we use scientific approach depending upon the severity and nature of the problem and work.

In the light of the above we can say that management is both the science and the art. Management
depends on personal creative attributes of a manager to create harmony at the work and it also uses
scientific data and fact for analyzing situation to manage it effectively.

Q2: Describe the appropriate relationships between organizations and society?

As we know that society is described as the group of individuals that share common features in many
aspects in the particular territory.

Organizations are the firms that are made within societies for the welfare and development of the
individuals. The relationship between organizations and society is addressed by many academic
disciplines, one of them being organizational communication.

Firms have close relationship with society in terms of stakeholders and shareholders. These are the
individuals and groups that can influence the organization’s ability to reach its mission. Stakeholders can
be suppliers, local communities, politicians, media agencies etc.

Organizations play its role in making the country more civilized and to catalyst the work of societies in
development.

People of the society are highly responsible in making of the organization. As we know that organization is
people working together for achieving specific goal in systemic way. At macro level the placement of
organizations are also important and are influenced by society’s elements such as political, social and
economic.

Organization in practical is related to society in many ways such as corporate communications, public
relations, strategic communications etc.
Q3: Elaborate the idea that “the quality is a strategic weapon in the global market place”.

As we know that world is changing by the technological advancements. We have now living in the era
where customers are exposed to everything and they are more aware of their position.

With the time the old concept of marketing and management are widely changed and organizations are
now so much concern about valuing the customers and understanding their needs to satisfy them.

Customers in now a days are more concern with the quality rather quantity. They want good quality in
satisfactory price. In the recent time organizations are more focusing on retaining the customers rather
making new one because the faithful and loyal customer is more worthy than new and temporary. So to
satisfy customers and to attract customer loyalty base many organizations are applying quality practices
to build competitive advantage. Moreover the constant improvement in the quality and reliability of an
organization’s product or service can result in a competitive advantage.

Q4: Explain any three type of plans with examples.

There are three types of plans are given below

1. Strategic Plan
2. Operational Plan
3. Contingency Plan

1. Strategic plan
Strategies is made by upper level of management they made certain plans and strategies which is align to
achieve long term goals of enterprise, they define vision of organization these strategies is not specific to
any department they focused or follow the missions and objective of entire organization,
For example:
The management decided that they want going to open a new outlet so they made strategies according to
it give directions to management. And planning to achieve organizational goals.

2. Operational plans
It’s specific for department and work group usually it depend on how different procedure should be done
in their process what kind of modification they need to make in their operations for better work and also
to support tactical plans, like in factory the manufacture process of product its supply chain process of
requisition to purchasing, specific campaign all comes under the umbrella of operational plans. Majorly
two types of it is
• Single used plans
These plans made for time that’s means we made it for special purpose or need. For example we get the
double order, purchase of specific machinery, launch special sales program, budget.

• Continuous plans
These are regarding ongoing operations once they made they retain for a period.
 3. Contingency plans
These plans are kind of Plan B it will be execute when the original plan is inadequate for some reasons, it’s
usually based on certain situations if happened so what was our immediate action to overcome the
situation, these are kind of alternative they take.

For example:
Natural Disaster, what if price of raw material is change is there any substitute? , boycott, strikes, major
economic changes, and changes in government law, any inoperable situation.

Q5: How the strategies are made by organizations?

Strategic planning within an organization is important for the better and effective working of the
organization. Managers of the firm analyses the internal and external environment and use this for
making the firms more competent.

Strategic planning is Important as it combines the functional areas in to one single focused way for the
superior performance.

There are following steps in making strategies, the strategist uses certain questions while making the
strategies:
• Where the organization is at the moment?
• How far it is from its organizational goal
• Competitors strategies and their effects
• Internal and external forces
• SWOT

Strategies are made to make an organization more strong and to deal effectively with its competitors.
They analysis external environment like political, economic situations of the country, after that managers
focuses on internal environment such as chain value, organizational culture etc. for making new
advancements, finances or assets of the organization so that we can make strategies accordingly. Last but
not the least SWOT analysis. Strategists make this for having the complete scenario of the organization.
With the help of SWOT organizations make strategies to cope with the weakness and overcome the
threats.
Q6: Discuss the decision making process.

Decision making process.

Decision making is one of the most important role a manager is responsible of doing. He is capable of
making hundreds of decision sometimes with the help of staff and many times alone. Decision making is
described as selecting one alternative among others for the organization. By decision making process
manager identifies the problem and critically resolve it.

In the process of decision making first manager need to identify the nature of the problem such as
crisis, lack of resources within org or recession. Manager identify the nature and severity of the
problem.

Next step is to critically analyzing the problem and have all the alternatives that he can use in making
the right decision. He list down the possible pons and cons.

After analyzing it the manager select the best one from many alternative and then evaluate important
pons and cons.

Evaluation process is the important process in decision making after which possible pons and cons are
drawn with are later reflected and with the help of all managerial skills manager make a decision.

Q7: Explain the span of management.

Span of management
Span of management is somehow related widely by the span of control a manager have.

It is define as the number of subordinates that a manager is responsible of controlling in effective

manner or we can say the number of subordinates that come under the manager’s control.

Span of management plays an important role in maintaining harmony at work and making the
organizational culture more peaceful. It helps in effective communication and coordination. It’s also
important to develop discipline and mutual in trust which in turn increases the efficiency of work.

Q8: Discuss any three kinds of organization structures.

Organization Structures
An organizational structure is a system that outlines how certain activities are directed in order to
achieve the goals of an organization. These activities can include rules, roles, and responsibilities.
The organizational structure also determines how information flows between levels within the
company.
 Kinds of Organization Structures:
There are 3 kinds of organization structure:

1. Functional
2. Divisional
3. Matrix

Functional:
Functional organization is basically an organization which is working on hierarchy rule in which each
department and each is level is well defined and separated from each other. Here the work is well
distributed in each level or management and according to their skills so the work would be done perfectly.

Divisional:
So basically divisional organization is truly based on divisions of every department. For example there is a
“commercial division” that will be divided into marketing, sales and services and a “residential division”
that will be divided into same marketing, sales and services. So every depart will do their own work by
dividing their work.

Matrix:
This structure works on a hybrid structure rather than hierarchy. In other words, employees have dual
reporting relationships, generally to both a functional manager and a product manager.

Q9: Discuss the merits and demerits of “delegation Authority”.

Delegation Authority
Delegation of authority is define as dividing your part of job or division of authorities. In the organizations
managers uses this for the subdivision of power to the subordinates in order to achieve effective results
and in order to complete organization’s goal.

MERITS:
• It helps in maintaining the good relationship between subordinated and managers It also
helps in motivating the subordinates.
• Helps to complete work on time
• Team spirit is developed
• Develops subordinates capabilities and build confidence
• Job satisfaction
• Employees moral increases
• Quick actions can be made and tasks are easily carry out.

DEMERITS:
• Lack of knowledge or understanding of subordinate for task makes it difficult to complete tasks
on time in effective way.
• Non serious attitudes of subordinated towards given authority may results in productivity.
• Bias behavior of subordinate may result in jealousy or destruction of organizational environment.
• Feeling of over burden
• Needs for extra salary etc.
Q10: How manager can make his/her staff more effective through the practice for organization better.

For making his/her staff more effective there are some points or things that managers should follow

• Set goals: manager should give them their specific task by considering organizational goals and
supervise them in their tasks and also give them some task in the team for their collaboration and
team work and ensure that they appreciated for their efforts.

• Communicate: manager should communicate with their employee up to date on the latest
organizational news. Appreciate and motivate them to speak up the ideas they have, don’t make
very vast bridge between you and employees so that they afraid you to tell their problems and
conflict they face.

• Make time for employees: it’s difficult to manage time but still try to spend some time with them
to better know their problems, reward and appreciate them for their performance it will
encourage other to do more efforts

• Merit: Make sure there will be no favors or biasness in rewarding and appreciation.

• Go for lasting solution: no problem how the problem is to your best to find out the solution or to
fix it.

• Abilities: Identify their abilities and give them work they best at, organize some creative activities
to open up their minds.

• Training: for making those up to date best at work organize their proper training session which is
helpful for them and performance management based on his overall year efforts and work.