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The potential negative effects of certain types of algo- • Market resilience. Market resilience measures the
rithmic trading are widely discussed in media, among speed prices revert to equilibrium price after a
market participants, regulators and other stakeholders. large order has been executed temporarily moving
Does it increase market volatility, amplify short-term the spread.
market reactions and in the long run cause traditional
investors to pull out from these markets? This is still When measuring market quality it is important to look
a rather new phenomenon and there are still a lot of at all three aspects above. For example, a simple spread
unanswered questions. measure consisting of best bid/ask price does not say
much about the liquidity available at a given trading
This document does not go into the details of the vari- venue. Traditional order rate measurements alone
ous types of algorithms that are deployed by traders. don’t reveal the extent to which the orders contribute
However, for any market stakeholder, including the to liquidity in reality.
trading venue itself, it is vital to understand the quality
of the market and how it is impacted by algorithmic One of the key functional areas of Scila Surveillance – a
trading. It is also clear that this demands more sophis- market surveillance system – is its detailed analysis
ticated analysis and tools today than most have been of market quality. This is not market surveillance in its
used to. traditional sense, but still of outmost importance to
improve understanding of the market. The two main
Market liquidity is often measured using the following areas covered by this paper are:
three criteria (Bervas, 2006):
• Measuring liquidity
• The tightness of the bid-ask spread. The bid-ask
spread gives an indication of the cost of immedi- • Understanding where algorithmic trading occurs
ate reversal of a position of standard amount. and what impact is has
1
Algorithmic trading can be divided into two main categories: Alpha-preserving and Alpha-creating. Alpha-preserving algorithms are used
when an investor has – through fundamental analysis or in some other manner – reached a trading decision and is about to execute it. Typi-
cally alpha-preserving algorithms deal with reducing market impact, thus minimizing slippage when executing the chosen trading strategy.
A trivial example is breaking up a large order into smaller chunks executed over time. Alpha-creating algorithms, on the other hand,
include a diverse set of algorithms that by themselves try to create alpha.
Various types of algorithmic traders are today a growing and important client group for
trading venues. At the same time, they are questioned by many stakeholders in the
industry due to the potential negative effects they have on the market. It is therefore
critical for any trading venue in today’s highly competitive markets to learn more
about the order flows from these traders, and their impact on the market.
For a more thorough discussion around some of the algorithms used in Scila Surveillance,
see Fredrik Henrikson’s “Characteristics of high-frequency trading” at:
http://www.scila.se/HFT-thesis.pdf