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1
2. H2
(g)
+
I2
(g)
⇄ 2HI
(g);
Decrease
Pressure
Effect:
No
Effect
(the
same
number
of
moles)
3. 2B
(s)
+
3F2
(g) ⇄
2BF3
(g)
:
Increase
Pressure
Effect:
Towards
right,
more
BF3
forms
4. 2BrF5
(g)
⇄ Br2
(g)
+
5F2
(g)
:
Decrease
Pressure
Effect:
Towards
right,
more
Br2
and
F2
forms
3. Temperature
Change.
-‐‑ All
chemical
reactions
involve
energy
changes
either
a
liberation
or
an
absorption
of
energy.
-‐‑ All
reactions
are
exothermic
in
one
direction
and
endothermic
in
the
other.
Raising
the
temperature
favors
the
endothermic
reaction
and
hinders
the
exothermic
one.
Remember,
temperature
is
the
only
factor
that
affects
the
value
of
K.
Endothermic
Reaction
(ΔH
>
0)
Reactants
+
heat
⇄ products
Exothermic
Reaction
(ΔH
<
0)
Reactants
⇄ heat
=
products
Stress
(Change
in
Temperature)
Shift
Effect
Temperature
Increase
Exothermic
toward
left
more
reactants
form
Endothermic
toward
right
more
products
form
Temperature
Decrease
Exothermic
toward
right
more
products
form
Endothermic
toward
left
more
reactants
form
Energy
can
be
added
to
any
equation
and
treated
just
like
any
other
component
with
respect
to
Le
Chat’s
Principle
when
predicting
shifts
in
response
to
stress.
Sample
Problems;
1. Br2
(g)
+
5F2
(g)
2BrF5
(g)
ΔH
=
-‐‑858kJ
Exothermic
reaction
a. Increased
in
temperature
=
towards
left,
more
Br2
and
F2
formed
(reactants)
b. Decreased
in
temperature
=
towards
right,
more
BrF5
is
formed
(products)
2. PCl5
(g)
PCl3
(g)
+
Cl2
(g)
ΔH
=
+92.5kJ
Endothermic
Reaction
a. Increased
in
temperature
=
towards
right,
more
PCl3
and
Cl2
is
formed
(products)
b. Decreased
in
temperature
=
towards
left,
more
PCl5
is
formed
(reactants)
4. Effect
of
Catalyst
Catalysts
affect
forward
and
reverse
reactions
equally
and
so
adding
a
catalyst
allows
the
reaction
system
to
come
to
equilibrium
more
quickly,
but
does
not
change
the
composition
of
the
equilibrium
mixture.
K
remains
the
same.
The
important
effect
of
a
catalyst
is
in
that
it
may
allow
the
reaction
mixture
to
reach
equilibrium
at
a
lower
temperature.
2
Haber
Process
(Fritz
Haber)
is
a
very
important
process
in
producing
ammonia
(NH3)
as
a
precursor
in
making
fertilizers.
Haber
faced
two
major
problems:
The
reaction
pressure
had
to
be
quite
high,
around
200
atm.
Not
an
easy
thing
to
do
in
1912.
The
reaction
temperature
had
to
be
very
high
to
force
effective
collisions
between
nitrogen
and
hydrogen
molecules.
However,
ammonia
decomposes
rapidly
at
high
temperatures.
In
equilibrium
terms,
K
becomes
rapidly
smaller
at
temperature
rises.
Haber’s
solution
lay
in
finding
a
suitable
catalyst
which
would
allow
the
mixture
to
come
to
equilibrium
at
a
lower
temperature
where
K
and
the
amount
of
ammonia
in
the
mixture
was
greater.
The
catalyst
Haber
eventually
used
was
a
mixture
of
iron
with
metal
oxides.
Equilibrium
with
a
suitable
amount
of
ammonia
can
be
reached
at
400-‐‑500ºC
and
pressures
of
200-‐‑
600
atmospheres.
The
equilibrium
mixture
is
piped
into
a
chamber
where
rapid
cooling
condenses
the
ammonia
to
a
liquid
while
the
nitrogen
and
hydrogen
remain
gaseous
and
are
pumped
back
into
the
hot
reaction
chamber.
SUMMARY
OF
STRESSES
Stress
(Change
in
Concentration)
Concentration
Increased
Shift
Effect
of
reactant
towards
right
more
products
form
of
product
towards
left
more
reactants
form
Concentration
Decreased
Shift
Effect
of
reactant
towards
left
more
reactants
form
of
product
towards
right
more
products
form
Stress
(Pressure
Change)
Shift
Effect
INCREASE
toward
side
having
SMALLER
varies
depending
on
number
of
gaseous
molecules
reaction
DECREASE
towards
side
having
LARGER
varies
depending
on
number
of
gaseous
molecules
reaction
Stress
(Change
in
Temperature)
Shift
Effect
Temperature
Increased
Exothermic
toward
left
more
reactants
form
Endothermic
toward
right
more
products
form
Temperature
Decreased
Exothermic
toward
right
more
products
form
Endothermic
toward
left
more
reactants
form
3
Name:
_________________________________________________
Date:
_________________
Class:
_________________
Quiz
Practice
Problems:
Le
Chatelier’s
Principle
A. Describe the changes that occur after each stress is applied to the equilibrium.
N2
(g)
+
3H2
(g)
⇄
2NH3(g)
DH
=+92
KJ
Shifts
Shifts
to
the
Stress
[N2]
[H2]
[NH3]
Right
or
Left
Reactants
or
Product
1.
[N2]
is
increased
__
2.
[H2]
is
increased
__
3.
[NH3]
is
increased
__
4.
Temp
is
increased
_
5.
[N2]
is
decreased
__
6.
[H2]
is
decreased
__
7.
[NH3]
is
decreased
__
8.
Temp
is
decreased
_
9.
A
catalyst
is
added
__
B. Describe the changes that occur after each stress is applied to the equilibrium.
N2O4
(g)
⇄
2NO2(g)
DH
=
-‐‑92
KJ
Shifts
Shifts
to
Stress
[N2O4]
[NO2]
Right
or
Left
Reactants
or
Products
1.
[N2O4]
is
increased
__
2.
[NO2]
is
increased
__
3.
Temp
is
increased
__
________
4.
[N2O4]
is
decreased
__
________
5.
[NO2]
is
decreased
__
6.
Temp
is
decreased
__
4
Name:
_________________________________________________
Date:
_________________
Class:
_________________
Quiz
Practice
Problems:
Le
Chatelier’s
Principle
A. Describe the changes that occur after each stress is applied to the equilibrium.
4HCl (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2Cl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
DH
=+92
KJ
Shifts
Shifts
to
the
Stress
[HCl]
[O2]
[Cl2]
Right
or
Left
Reactants
or
Product
1.
Pressure
is
increased
__
2.
Pressure
is
decreased
__
3.
Temp
is
decreased
__
4.
Temp
is
increased
_
5.
A
catalyst
is
added
__
B. Describe the changes that occur after each stress is applied to the equilibrium.
2BrF5
(g)
⇄
Br2(g)
+
5F2
(g)
DH
=
-‐‑192
KJ
Shifts
Shifts
to
Stress
[BrF5]
[Br2]
[F2]
Right
or
Left
Reactants
or
Products
1.
Pressure
is
increased
__
________
2.
Pressure
is
decreased
__
________
3.
Temp
is
increased
__
________
________
4.
Temp
is
decreased
__
________
________
5.
Catalyst
is
added
_______
_______
________
_________________
________________