UDC 624.042.2 : 624.9: 351.

785 DEUTSCHE NORM EN February 1976

j~ Design Loads for Buildings DIN

!~~ Soil Characteristics 1055
.!:! ~~ Specific Weight, Angle of Friction, Cohesion, Angle of Wall Friction Part 2
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. . 0>'" Lastannahmen fUr Bauten; Bodenkenngrossen; Wichte, Reibungswinkel, Kohasion, Wandreibungswinkel
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co ES This Standard has been prepared by the Working Group on Unified Technical Building Regulations (ETB) of the NABau
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(Standards Committee for Building Construction). It has been recommended by the Institute of Building Technology,
.&~= Berlin, to the Principal Building Inspection Authorities for introduction for building inspectorate purposes.
.:!~ In this Standard the forces acting on a building structure from outside, e.g. weight forces, are also termed loads.
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!is Contents
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Page Page
co-
• 1 Scope 1 7 Restrictions on the use of the
--- C
2
3
Purpose
Terms
1
1
calculation values . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 Wall friction angle
. . . .. 4
4
:cOl 9 Notes on choice of earth pressure
al 4 Determination of soil characteristics 2
:> 5 Soil characteristics for non-cohesive assumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4
.,;
0> soils (calculation values) 3 Other relevant Standards and recommen-
C
:>
6 Soil characteristics for cohesive soils dations 5
E
o
z and organic soils (calculation values) 3 Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
-.a
~

:;; 3.2 The she a r s t r eng this the resistance which

.=., 1 Scope
Ol the soil in a state of failure in a shear face is able to
.s::; 1.1 The soil characteristics adopted in this Standard offer to the shear stress, referred to the shear face. The
.":>a apply to the calculation of the stability and dimensions
shear strength can generally be resolved into a friction
o
Ol
of structures subjected to the dead load of the soil or
z to earth pressure. component and a cohesion component. In this way the
5
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shear parameters f/J and c are obtained, see DIN 18137
; 1.2 In difficult cases the co-operation of an expert Part 1 Preliminary Standard.
'0 experienced in foundation engineering and soil mecha-
C
o 3.3 The i n t ern a I a n g leo f f ric t ion
.,
';;; nics is recommended.
'§ (abbreviated to angle of friction) is the term used in
Ol the graphical representation - of shear stresses on the
c. 2 Purpose ordinate axis and of the normal stresses on the abscissa
:§
Q.
x
The purpose of this Standard is to indicate axis (r, a diagram) - for the angle of slope of the shear
Ol
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a) how the soil characteristics are to be chosen in a line - assuming this to be straight - to the horizontal.
; particular application, In the case of cohesive soils it is also necessary in this
; connection to distinguish between the angle of fric-
'i b) what restrictions are to be observed when using the
>- soil characteristics concerned, tion f/J' of the consolidated soil and the angle of fric-
c:o
tionf/J u of the unconsolidated soil, see DIN 18137
c) what value of wall friction may be assumed when
~ determining the earth pressure,
Part 1 Preliminary Standard.
'"c.
.£
C
d) in what cases the limiting value of the active earth 3.4 C 0 h e s ion is the ordinate intercept of the
Ol
> pressure, the static earth pressure or an earth pressure shear line in the graphical plot according to Section 3.3.
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C between these values is to be assumed. In the case of cohesive soils it is necessary in this con-
o
'ti:> To enable the soil mechanics investigations to be nection to distinguish between the cohesion c' of the
"0 restricted to the indispensable minimum, tabulated consolidated soil and the cohesion Cu of the uncon-
e
c. values are given for straightforward cases. solidated soil, see DIN 18137 Part 1 Preliminary
Ol
a: Standard.
3 Terms
3.5 The wall f ric t ion a n g leo is the angle
3.1 The s pee i fie wei g h t of the soil (formerly between the applied earth pressure load and the normal
density of the soil) is the weight force of a body of soil to the loaded face of the structure.
referred to its volume including the pores filled with
liquid and gas. In this connection it is necessary to 3.6 The act i vee art h pre s sur e is the
~5
;:0'0
distinguish between the specific weight of the moist smallest earth pressure established as a result of the
!ii soil y , that of the water-saturated soil Yr and that of the dead load of the soil and superimposed loads behind
.. :
CD:=, soil under uplift y', see DIN 4015. a wall when the latter moves by the necessary amount
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Continued on pages 2 to 5
:~
c~u.. Explanations on pages 6 to 11
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Sole sale nghts of German Standards (DIN-Normen) are With Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin 30 and Koln 1 DIN 1055 Tell 2 engl. Preisgr. 8
05.80
Vertr.-Nr. 0108
 Page 2 DIN 1055 Part 2

away from the ground. It is derived from a theoretical
or graphical investigation of different sliding surfaces
taking account of the soil characteristics according to
Sections 3.1 to 3.5 as the upper limiting value. The
resultant of the earth pressure is termed the earth
pressure load.
3.7 Inc rea sed ear t h pre s sur e is the term
used to denote an earth pressure which, due to insuffi-
cient wall movement, is greater than the active earth
pressure but less than the static pressure.
3.8 The s tat ice art h pre s sur e within the
meaning of this Standard is the earth pressure acting in
the undisturbed, natural soil on an imaginary vertical
plane as a result of the dead load of the soil and super·
imposed loads. The resultant of the static earth pressure
is termed the static earth pressure load.
3.9 The com pac t ion ear t h pre s sur e
denotes the earth pressure established behind a wall
when fill material consisting of non·cohesive or cohesive
soil is introduced in layers and compacted.
4 Determination of soil characteristics
4.1 The type, condition, extent and thickness of the
soil layers for which the soil characteristics are to be
determined are to be ascertained by exploratory digging
or drilling and if necessary by additional sounding tests
if experience gained locally does not provide adequate
information. Note DIN 4021 Part 1, DIN 4022 Part 1,
DIN 4023, DIN 4094 Part 1 and DIN 18196.
4.2 In principle the soil characteristics necessary in
connection with the design loads are to be determined
and stated directly on the basis of soil mechanics inve-
stigations. To take account of the heterogeneity of the
foundation ground plus the inaccuracies arising in
sampling and carrying out the tests, the values deter-
mined in the tests are to be given appropriate positive
or negative allowances before they are denoted as calcu·
lation values by being prefixed with "cal" and used in
the calculation.
4.3 Where it is known from adequate local experience
that like kinds of foundation ground exist, the soil
characteristics found from earlier soil investigations may
be adopted.
4.4 When, by reason of their type and condition, the
prospective soils can be assigned to the soil groups in
the Tables, it is permissible, subject to observance of
Sections 5 and 6, to calculate with the soil character-
istics stated in Tables 1 and 2.
4.5 The soil characteristics determined according to
Section 4.2 or Section 4.3 on the basis of soil investiga-
tions may also be adopted in calculations even if they
are more favourable than the soil characteristics given
in Tables 1 and 2. For restrictions on this see Section 7.
4.6 The angles of slope determined on fills consisting
of moist non-cohesive soils or of cohesive soils must not
be introduced into the calculation as the angle of inter-
nal friction.

Table 1. Soil characteristics for non-cohesive soils (calculation values)

Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
I
I Specific weight

Symbol \' :t moist earth water- under Angle of

friction
Row Type of soil accord-
ing to ;
Structure 1) l,r - - - - - - - - - e t - - - - - - - t -uplift
saturated
------
DIN 181961 cal y caly' cal qJ'

I kN/m 3 (Mp/m 3 ) kN/m 3 (Mp/m 3 ) kN/m 3 (Mp/m 3 ) Degree ,

1 Sand, slightly SE I loose 17.0(1.70) 19.0 (1.90) 9.0 (0.90) 30

2 silty sand, as well as I medium·dense 18.0 (1.80) 20.0 (2.00) 10.0 (1.00) 32.5
3 gravelly sand, SU with dense 19.0 (1.90) 21.0 (2.10) 11.0 (1.10) 35
closely graded U:£6
4 Gravel, rock debris, GE loose 17.0(1.70) 19.0 (1.90) 9.0 (0.90) 32.5
5 stones, with small medium-dense 18.0 (1.80) 20.0 (2.00) 10.0 (1.00) 35
6 proportion of sand, dense 19.0 (1.90) 21.0 (2.10) 11.0 (1.10) 37.5
closely graded
f------jf---
7 Sand, gravelly sand, SW, SI, SU, loose 18.0 (1.80) 20.0 (2.00) 10.0 (1.00) 30
8 gravel, broadly or GW,GI medium-dense 19.0 (1.90) 21.0 (2.10) 11.0 (1.10) 32.5
9 intermittently with dense 20.0 (2.00) 22.0 (2.20) 12.0 (1.20) 35
graded 6<U:£ 15
10 Sand, gravelly sand, SW, SI, SU, loose 18.0 (1.80) 20.0 (2.00) 10.0 (1.00) 30
11 gravel, slightly silty GW,GI medium-dense 20.0 (2.00) 22.0 (2.20) 12.0 (1.20) 32.5
12 gravel, broadly or with dense 22.0 (2.20) 24.0 (2.40) 14.0 (1.40) 35
intermittently U>15
graded as well as
GU

1) loose: 0.15 < D :£ 0.30; medium·dense: 0.30 < D :£ 0.50; dense: 0.50 < D :£ 0.75; whereby the consolidation
D = (max n - n)/(max n - min n)
 DIN 1055 Part 2 Page 3

5 Soil characteristics for non-cohesive soils
(calculation values)
5.1 The calculation values for soil characteristics stated
in Table 1 apply both to natural and to made-up ground.
In both cases the ruling consolidation may be brought
about by artificial compaction. In the case of soils with
porous particles, e.g. pumice, gravel and tuff sand, the
tabulated values should not be applied.
5.2 If no experience or investigations relating to the
consolidation are available, a loose structure should be
assumed when determining the earth pressure and
verifying the security against uplift, and a medium-
dense structure when determining superimposed loads.
Apart from this, a medium-dense structure may only
be assumed if this is justified on the basis of known
conditions. When determining the shear strength, a
structure higher than medium-dense shall only be taken
as the basis if backed by special studies, e.g. static or
dynamic sounding to DIN 4094 Part 1.
5.3 The values of Table 1, rows 1 to 9, apply to round
or rounded particle shapes. Where angular particles
predominate, the values given for the angle of friction
may be increased by 2.5 0 •
5.4 For verification of security against uplift or
security against lifting, the specific weights indicated
in Table 1 are to be reduced by 2.0kN/m 3 (0.20 Mp/m 3 )
in the case of moist soil, and by 1.0 kN/m 3 (0.10 Mp/m 3 )
in the case of water-saturated soil or soil under uplift.
6 Soil characteristics for cohesive soils
and organic soils (calculation values)
6.1 The calculation values for soil characteristics given
in Table 2 apply to natural, consolidated, cohesive soils.
Use of the indicated specific weights and angles of fric-
tion is permitted in the case of made-up, cohesive soils,
provided that they are compacted to the point where
their consolidation amounts to at least 95 % of the
standard Proctor dry density. The values given in the
Table for cohesion are to be replaced by cal c = 0 and
cal C u = 0 in the case of made·up, cohesive soil.
6.2 The criteria for the classification of the soils in
Table 2 are the plastic behaviour and the state (con-
sistency). The classification in terms of degree of
plasticity is governed either by laboratory tests accord-
ing to DIN 18122 Part 1 Preliminary Standard or by
field tests according to DIN 18196. The classification
in terms of state is governed either by laboratory tests

Table 2. Soil characteristics for cohesive soils and organic soils (calculation values)
Column 1 2 3 <1 5 6 7 8
Specific weight
Angle of
Cohesion
friction
Symbol above water below water
accord-
Row Type of soil ing to State 1) ,
cal y cal y cal q.>' cal c' cal CU
DIN I
18196 kN/m 3 kN/m 3 kN/m 2 kN/m 2
I

I (Mp/m 3 ) (Mp/m 3 ) Grade (Mp/m 2 ) (Mp/m 2 )

I Inorganic, TA soft 18.0 (1.80) 8.0 (0.80) 17.5 0(0) 15 (1.5)

2 cohesive soils stiff 19.0 (1.90) 9.0 (0.90) 17.5 10 (1.0) 35 (3.5)
"
,) with pronounced semi-solid 20.0 (2.00) 10.0 (1.00) 17.5 25 (2.5) 75 (7.5)
plastic properties
(WL > 50%) I
---
4 Inorganic, TMand soft 19.0 (1.90) 9.0 (0.90) 22.5 0(0) 5 (0.5)
5 cohesive soils UM stiff 19.5 (1.95) 9.5 (0.95) 22.5 5 (0.5) 25 (2.5)
6 with medium- semi-solid 20.5 (2.05) 10.5 (1.05) '22.5 10 (1.0) 60 (6.0)
plastic properties
(50%~ WL~ 35%)

7 Inorganic, TLand soft 20.0 (2.00) 10.0 (1.00) 27.5 0(0) 0(0)
8 cohesive soils UL stiff 20.5 (2.05) 10.5 (1.05) 27.5 2 (0.2) 15 (1.5)
9 with slightly semi-solid 21.0 (2.10) 11.0 (1.10) 27.5 5 (0.5) 40 (4.0)
plastic properties I
(WL < 35%)

10 Organic clay, OTand soft 14.0 (lAO) 4.0 (0040) 15 0(0) 10 (1.0)
11 organic silt OU stiff 17.0(1.70) 7.0 (0.70) 15 0(0) 20 (2.0)
12 Peat without HN and 11.0 (1.10) 1.0 (0.10) 15 2 (0.2) 10 (1.0)
preloading HZ
13 Peat with moder- 13.0 (1.30) 3.0 (0.30) 15 5 (0.5) 20 (2.0)
ate preloading

1) soft: 0.50 < Ie ;£ 0.75; stiff: 0.75 < Ie ;£ 1.00; semi-solid: Ie> 1.00; whereby the consistency index
Ie = (WL - w)/(WL - wp), see DIN 18122 Part 1
Page 4 DIN 1055 Part 2
according to DIN 18121 Part 1 or by field tests accord-
ing to DIN 4022 Part 1. If no experience or investiga-
tions are available regarding the degree of plasticity or
the state, the least favourable assumption shall be taken
as the basis for further investigation.
6.3 In the case of cohesive soils with exceptionally
flat particle distribution characteristics, e.g. boulder
clay and loam, the particle sizes of which range from
clay to sand or gravel (mixed-particle soils of soil groups
SU, ST, ST, GU, GT and GT according to DIN 18196,
June 1970 issue), the specific weights stated in rows 1
to 9 of Table 2 are to be increased by 1.0 kN/m 3
(0.10 Mp/m 3 ). For the quantities cal ({J', cal c' and
cal C u the values of Table 2 apply.
6.4 For the purpose of verifying security against uplift
or security against lifting, the specific weights indicated
in Table 2 are to be reduced by 2.0kN/m 3 (0.20Mp/m 3 )
in the case of soil lying above the groundwater level,
and by 1.0 kNlm 3 (0.10 Mp/m 3 ) in the case of soil
lying below water.
6.5 As shear strength in the unconsolidated condition,
Table 2 gives only calculation values for the cohesion cu'
The associated angle of internal friction is to be assumed
to be({Ju = O.
7 Restrictions on the use
of the calculation values
7.1 The cohesion may only be taken into account if the
soil does not become pasty whep kneaded, and if it is
certain that it cannot change its condition, e.g. when
thawing after a period of frost, compared with the
original condition. In the case of made-up soil, the
cohesion may only be applied on the basis of special
investigations.
7.2 If non-cohesive and cohesive types of soil or types
with different cohesiveness occur in stratified form, the
values for the less favourable types of soil are to be
taken as the basis unless more accurate studies are under-
taken.
7.3 When transferring the shear strength determined
through tests on specimens, or the tabulated values to
the behaviour of the soil mass as a whole, it must be
borne in mind that the shear strength of cohesive and
rocky soils may be greatly reduced by hair cracks or
fissures and by inclusions of low·cohesion or non-cohe-
sive soils. In addition, faults and inclined strata inter-
faces may give a predisposition to certain sliding sur-
faces. Opaline clay, nodular marl and tarras, for example,
count as having a particular tendency to slip.
7.4 In the case of cohesive soil strata, a check must be
made to see whether excess pore water pressure may
occur. Excess pore water pressure may arise if there is
a change in the stress condition, e.g. through loading
of the soil by the imposition of an additional load or
by an increase in the dead load of the soil as a result
of lowering of the ground water. With increasing con-
solidation of the soil it decreases again. Unless more
accurate investigations are made, the calculation is to
be carried out both with the initial strength in the
unconsolidated condition «({Ju' c u ) and also with the
final strength in the consolidated condition «({J', c').
7.5 When non-cohesive or cohesive soils are permeated
vertically or at an angle to the vertical, the effective
unit weight may be increased or reduced. Special inve-
stigations are necessary both in this case and also when
water-saturated silty or fine sandy soil experiences a
local pressure differential through excavations for build-
ing purposes or through other measures, so that the soil
assumes flow properties.
8 Wall friction angle
8.1 The wall friction angle 0 between back filling or
infill material and a retaining wall depends on the
roughness of the wall, the slope of the ground behind
the retaining wall, the type and compaction or con-
sistency of the back filling soil and on the possibility
of movement between the wall and the back filling.
8.2 For determining the active earth pressure, the
wall friction angle can be assumed to be two thirds of
an angle of internal friction in the case of a rough wall
surface, and one-third of the angle of internal friction
in the case of less rough wall surfaces, provided that
it is ensured that the vertical component of the earth
pressure is directed into the foundation ground. Gene-
rally speaking, untreated surfaces of steel, concrete
and timber can be regarded as rough.
8.3 If the back filling tends to slip very readily or if
there is a plastic impervious layer on the rear of the
wall, the wall friction angle is to be assumed to be zero.
An impervious layer is deemed to be plastic for this
purpose if it is unable to transmit shear forces.
8.4 For determining the earth pressure in the case of
an unconsolidated, cohesive soil, and adhesion
1
ca = - • C u may be assumed in place of wall friction.
2
9 Notes on choice of earth pressure assumption
9.1 The active earth pressure calculated with shear
strength values determined on the basis of soil investi-
gations or obtained from Tables 1 and 2 is only adequate
for the dimensioning of the structure if the movement
of the wall necessary for establishing the boundary con-
dition is assured. This movement may consist of a rota-
tion, a parallel displacement or a deflection of the wall,
or of a combination of these effects.
9.2 If the envisaged movements of the wall are probably
insufficient to establish the boundary condition of the
active earth pressure, or if the movements necessary for
this purpose are inhibited by corresponding measures,
e.g. by preloading the struts in the case of excavation
walling, then an increased earth pressure shall be taken
as the basis for dimensioning the wall. In this connec-
tion see also the recommendations of the Working
Group on "Excavations".
9.3 The static earth pressure is to be applied in the
case of structural elements which are flexurally very
rigid, which have been placed in the site soil without
any appreciable modification of the earth stress con-
dition and whose connection with adjacent or support-
ing structural elements or with the foundation ground
is so rigid that no movement in the earth pressure
direction can occur. If, in the case of a vertical wall
and horizontal terrain, the static earth pressure is
determined approximately by using the formula
K o = 1 - sin ({J', the cohesion of the soil is disregarded.
9.4 The static earth pressure is also to be applied as an
approximation when rigid and non-displaceable struc-
tural components are back-filled with good compaction
of the soil and the restraint of the soil is not nullified
 DIN 1055 Part 2 Page 5

again by subsequent building operations or shrinkage
effects in the structure or in the soil. With very intense
compaction of the back-filled soil it may be necessary
to assume a compaction earth pressure, depending on
the depth of the compaction effect, which exceeds the
static earth pressure.
9.5 The earth pressure assumed according to Sec-
tions 9.1 to 9.4 may prove to be inadequate
a) if cold passing through a structural wall may result
in freezing of cohesive soil behind the wall which is
susceptible to frost, and if its expansion is hampered
by the structure,
b) if a frame-like structure may undergo a temperature
rise and its expansion is hampered by the site soil,
c) if the soil of a slope is subjected to creep,
d) if a cohesive soil with swelling properties, e.g. a soil
containing anhydrite, has its expansion hampered
by the structure.
In such cases additional investigations are to be under-
taken.
9.6 If the earth pressure exerts a favourable influence
on the design of structural components, the value to be
applied is not the maximum possible earth pressure
according to Sections 9.1 to 9.5, but instead the smallest
earth pressure arising. The active earth pressure, increased
earth pressure, static earth pressure or compaction
earth pressure calculated with the soil characteristics
determined on the basis of soil investigations or derived
from Tables 1 or 2 is to be reduced accordingly.
9.7 In the case of narrow structural elements exposed
to earth pressure and standing on slopes, the following
structure widths shall be used for calculation purposes
when determining the earth pressure load, unless a more
accurate derivation is made:
a) in the case of structural elements with a width up to
1.00 m - three times the width of the structural
element,
b) in the case of structural elements with a width from
1.00 to 3.00 m - a width of 3.00 m,
c) in the case of structural elements with a width of
more than 3.00 m - the actual width of the struc-
tural element.

Other relevant Standards and recommendations

DIN 1054 Subsoil; permissible loading of subsoil
DIN 1055 Part 1 Design loads for buildings; stored materials, building materials and structural members
DIN 4021 Part 1 Subsoil; exploration by excavation and drilling and by taking samples; information in the soil
DIN 4022 Part 1 Subsoil and groundwater; naming and describing of types of soil and rock; strata log for investiga-
tions and drillings without continuous extraction of cored samples
DIN 4023 Subsoil and water drilling; graphical representation of results
DIN 4094 Part 1 Subsoil; dynamic and static sounding equipment, dimensions and working principle of apparatus
DIN 4124 Excavations and trenches; slopes, working widths, sheeting
DIN 18121 Part 1 Subsoil; investigation of soil samples, determination of water content by oven drying
DIN 18122 Part 1 Preliminary Standard Subsoil; investigation of soil samples; condition limits (consistency limits);
determination of flow and plastic limit
DIN 18123 Part 1 Preliminary Standard Subsoil; investigation of soil samples; particle size distribution
DIN 18124 Part 1 Preliminary Standard Subsoil; investigation of soil samples; determination of particle density using
the capillary pycnometer
DIN 18125 Part 1 Preliminary Standard Subsoil; investigation of soil samples; determination of soil density; labora-
tory methods
DIN 18125 Part 2 Preliminary Standard Subsoil; investigation of soil samples; determination of soil density; field
methods
DIN 18134 (at present circulating as draft) Subsoil; determination of soils; plate loading test
DIN 18136 Preliminary Standard Subsoil; investigation of soil samples; determination of uniaxial compression strength
DIN 18137 Part 1 Preliminary Standard Subsoil; investigation of soil samples; determination of shear strength, con-
cepts and basic test conditions
DIN 18196 Earthworks; soil classification for construction purposes and methods of identifying soil groups
DIN 18300 Contract procedure for building works; Part C: General technical specifications for building works;
'earthworks
DIN 19630 Gas and water distribution installations; pipe laying codes for gas and water pipe networks
Recommendations of the "Bank retainment" Advisory Committee of the Hafenbautechnische Gesellschaft e. V. and of
the Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Erd- und Grundbau e. V. 1)
Recommendations of the "Tunnel construction" Working Group of the Deutsche Gesellschaft rur Erd- und Grund-
baue.V.2)
Recommendations of the "Excavations" Working Group of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Erd- und Grundbau e.V. 2)
Additional technical provisions for earthworks in road construction (ZTVE - StB 75), issued by the Federal Ministry of
Transport
Memorandum for the infilling of pipe trenches, 1970 issue, published by the Forschungsgesellschaft fUr den Strassen-
wesen e. V., Koln
Memorandum for soil compaction in road construction, 1972 issue, published by the Forschungsgesellschaft rur das
Strassenwesen e.V., KOln
1) Obtainable through Verlag W. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin/Mtinchen/Dtisseldorf
2) Obtainable through Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Erd- und Grundbau e.V., Kronprinzenstrasse 35a, 4300 Essen
Page 6 DIN 1055 Part 2
Explanations
Re 1 Scope
Re 1.1
DIN 1055 Part 2 does not distinguish between perma-
nent structures and structures for temporary use. It
therefore applies not only to structures, but also to
excavations and to pipe trenches. Tunnels, galleries and
pipelines constructed underground are also not expressly
excluded from the scope. However, the particulars in
the Standard are not sufficient to permit assessment of
the stability in the soil mechanics sense of underground
structures and pipelines. Moreover, the Standard does
not apply to base friction, shear failure, sliding, slope
failure and earth resistance unless reference is made to
it in the Standards dealing with these subjects.
Re 1.2
A difficult case, in which the Standard recommends the
co-operation of an expert experienced in foundation
engineering and soil mechanics, may exist for example
a) if there is doubt regarding the correct classification
of the type of soil encountered,
b) if it is not clear whether soil conditions exist which
justify making use of soil characteristics obtained
from earlier soil investigations,
c) if soils are encountered which tend to slip or swell,
or which are prone to creep,
d) if rocky soils are encountered which may possibly
change their properties during or after exposure,
e) if unconsolidated conditions are likely in the soil,
f) if the stability or dimensioning of a structure are
influenced by forces due to currents,
g) if the relationship between the movement or defor-
mation of the structure and the value or distribution
of the earth pressure plays a significant part,
h) if temperature effects may have a decisive role,
i) if, as a departure from the usual assumption, the con-
sistency and cohesion of a cohesive soil are to be
taken into account in determining the static earth
pressure.
Re.3 Terms
Re 3.6 to 3.8
In undisturbed ground a static pressure corresponding
to the dead load and the elastic properties of the soil
acts on an imagined perpendicular or approximately
perpendicular plane, and on the basis of theoretical
considerations this static pressure can generally be
assumed to increase linearly with depth. If this plane
is able to deflect sideways, e.g. through one-sided
excavation, there is a transition from the elastic to the
plastic condition in which the shear strength of the soil
plays a decisive role. With increasing movement the
earth pressure decreases from the original static load Eo
to the limiting value of the active earth pressure as given
by the earth pressure load Ea. Of the infinite number
of slip planes which are conceivable in the plastic con-
dition, the one which is deemed to prevail according to
Coulomb's theory, is that which yields the largest theore-
tical total earth pressure load Ea.
Between the two limiting cases of "static pressure" and
"active earth pressure", intermediate values are possible,
depending on the wall movement actually occurring. If
the movement of the wall is too small because of its
type and manner of construction, or if the movement
is deliberately impeded by appropriate measures, there
will arise an earth pressure which exceeds the active
earth pressure but is less than the static pressure. This
effect can be traced back, like the static earth pressure,
to a partial mobilisation of the shear resistance in the
ruling sliding surface. In practice the procedure which
has become established in such cases is either to adopt
an earth pressure value between the active earth pressure
and the static pressure or to multiply the calculated
active earth pressure by a suitably chosen factor. It is
from the second approach that the designation
"increased active earth pressure" and "increased earth
pressure" derives. The distribution of the increased
earth pressure over the height of the wall is governed,
in similar fashion to the distribution of the active earth
pressure, by the deformation and movement possibilities
of the wall. In this connection reference should also be
made to the recommendations of the Working Group
on "Excavations" [2].
Re 4 Determination of soil characteristics
Re4.2
Since the stipulation that the soil characteristics needed
for the design loads should be determined by soil
mechanics investigations is made only "in principle",
the tendency in the individual case will be to make it
dependent also on the dimensions of the structure and
the vulnerability of its design whether the soil charac-
teristics- unless obtainable anyway according to
Section 4.3 from earlier soil investigations - are estab·
lished by soil mechanics investigations or derived from
the Tables of the Standard. Thus, DIN 4124, January
1972 issue, stipulates soil mechanics investigations only
for excavation depths of 5 m and more in the case of
building excavations and trenches.
If the soil characteristics necessary for the design loads
are determined on the basis of soil mechanics investiga-
tions, it will be necessary for the values determined in
the tests to be given appropriate positive or negative
allowances. The positive or negative allowances depend
mainly
a) on the way the specimens to be investigated were
selected,
b) on whether the test apparatus used is known by
experience to yield results erring on the safe or the
unsafe side,
c) on the spread exhibited by the test results,
d) on how the inhomogeneity of the soil is to be
assessed,
e) on the purpose for which the soil characteristics are
used, or on the calculation methods applied.
With regard to the choice of positive and negative
allowances, the Recommendation E 96 (safety factors
when using the EAU) of the Advisory Committee
"Bank retainment" 11] can be regarded as the basis for
figures which are on the safe side.
Re4.4
The soil characteristics quoted in the Tables and
increased or decreased as necessary according to the
particulars in Sections 5 and 6 are calculation values
within the meaning of Section 4.2. Thus, the angles
of friction indicated are always at the lower limit of
probability whilst the earth pressure loads calculated
with them are at the upper limit. The specific weights
stated are at the upper limit of probability if a higher
design load increases the actual safety, e.g. when veri-
fying the stability of supporting structures, and at the
lower limit if a low design load leads to greater safety,
e.g. when verifying the safety against uplift. Apart from
this, the stating of the angle of internal friction to a

figure of 0.5 0 is not intended to give a false impression
of accuracy but only to simplify use of the existing
collections of Tables.
Section 5.2 contains information on how to proceed if
the values in the Tables are to be used for non-cohesive
soils although no experience or investigations are
available regarding the compaction. Corresponding
information is provided in Section 6.2 for cases where
neither the degree of plasticity nor the prevailing state
are known for cohesive soils. Since they are on the safe
side, these particulars are not in contradiction with the
requirement in Section 4.4 according to which the
prospective soils must be sufficiently identified in regard
to their nature and properties to enable them to be
classified in the soil groups of the Tables. It remains
a minimum requirement that differentiation according
to the following aspects must be possible:
a) Is the soil cohesive or non-cohesive?
b) Is the type of soil concerned mentioned in the
Tables?
c) If the soil is non-cohesive does it consist of sand,
gravel or mixed-grained material and is the grading
curve steep or flat?
d) If the soil is cohesive does it consist of organic or
inorganic material and is peat present?
These distinctions can be made by means of simple field
tests according to DIN 18196, June 1970 issue, Sec-
tion 6.2. The soil characteristics indicated in the Tables
are based on the soil conditions usually encountered.
In particular cases, e.g. in the case of soils which are
typical of a locality, they may deviate from the actual
soil characteristics. '
Re 4.5
Assuming a sufficient number of soil samples, soil
mechanics investigations will generally yield more
favourable soil values than indicated in the Tables. For
this reason detailed investigations will usually only be
dispensed with for structures which are small or of minor
importance and for components dimensioned primarily
from the structural viewpoint.
Re 4.6
Cohesive soil produced by excavation or drilling
operations can be banked comparatively steeply when
the consistency ranges from soft to firm. The same
applies to moist non-cohesive soil. This angle of slope
is unsuitable as an index of the shear strength of the
soil. The angle of slope only corresponds approximately
to the angle of friction in the case of completely dry
non-cohesive soils and non-cohesive soils which are
placed under water with the necessary precautions
observed.
Re 5 Soil characteristics for non-cohesive soils
(calculation values)
Re5.2
According to the wording of the Standard the only
occasion - apart from the determining of a super-
imposed load which is on the safe side - when medium-
dense compactness may be assumed is when this is
justified on the basis of known conditions. The two
cases mainly involved for this purpose are as follows:
a) In the case of natural soil it may be possible to refer
to experience acquired in the neighbourhood, or to
the geological classification.
b) In the case of ground to be filled in, it can be assumed
that the relevant compaction rules, e.g. DIN 4033 for
pipe trench construction, DIN 18300 for earthworks
DIN 1055 Part 2 Page 7
and the "Supplementary Technical Regulations and
Codes for Earthworks for Road Construction" will
be observed.
If, in the case of ground to be made up, a degree of
compaction higher than that of medium-dense is taken
as the basis, the special investigations called for in the
Standard will also be deemed to be satisfied by proof
of the Proctor density obtained.
Re 5.3
Angular weathering products from friable rock. e.g. from
clay slate, sandstone, limestone, etc. may only be classi-
fied in the group of angular particle shapes if they exhibit
adequate strength, that is to say if they do not fracture
under the prospective loading.
Re 5.4
With regard to the loading of a structure, the unit weights
stated in Table 1 are at the upper limit of probability.
If the safety of a structure against uplift is to be demon-
strated, it will be necessary to assume values which are
at the lower limit of probability.
Re 6 Soil characteristics for cohesive soils
and organic soils (calculation values)
Re 6.1
The shear strengths indicated in Table 2. are at the lower
limit of probability, whilst the unit weights are at the
upper limit.
The cohesion stated in Table 2 may only be assumed for
natural cohesive soils. Although it is likely that during
the process of compacting an artificially filled cohesive
soil the cohesion destroyed during detachment of the
soil will be partly restored, this depends nevertheless
to a large extent on the particle distribution, the water
content, the lime content and on other factors. This is
why the Standard cannot make any pronouncement on
the re-establishment of cohesion by compaction. This
must be determined if necessary by laboratory or field
tests. Particularly where major construction projects are
involved, this is likely to be expedient for economic
reasons also.
Re 6.2
The determination of the degree of plasticity and the
condition is expressly not confined to laboratory tests.
On the contrary, it is permissible to have these soil
characteristics established in field tests, that is to say
usually by the foreman driller. Hence, according to
DIN 18196, June 1970 issue, the following tests apply
for this purpose:
a) the dry strength test,
b) the shaking test,
c) the kneading test.
The kneading test in itself would be sufficient for deter-
mining the degree of plasticity, but the overall picture
is made more complete by comparison with the result
of the dry strength test and the shaking test. The follow-
ing conclusions apply:
a) Types of soil with pronounced plastic behaviour
exhibit very high dry strength and no reaction from
the shaking test,
b) Types of soil of moderate plasticity usually exhibit
medium to high dry strength and either a slow or
non-existent reaction in the shaking test,
c) Types of soil of slight plasticity usually exhibit low
to medium dry strength. The result of the shaking
test extends from lack of reaction to rapid reaction.
Page 8 DIN 1055 Part 2
In a similarly straightforward manner as the degree of
plasticity, the condition of a cohesive soil can also be
determined. DIN 4022 Part 1, November 1969 issue,
states the following in this connection:
a) a soil is soft if it can be kneaded readily,
b) a soil is stiff if it is difficult to knead, but can be
rolled out in the hand to strands 3 mm thick which
neither break nor crumble,
c) a soil is semi-firm which, despite crumbling and
breaking when an attempt is made to roll it out into
3 mm thick strands, yet remains moist enough to be
capable of being reformed into a lump.
If it has been omitted to carry out field tests or to
prepare suitable soil specimens for subsequent investiga-
tion, and if there is a lack of adequate experience relat-
ing to the respective soils, the least favourable assump-
tion should be made in each case as the basis for further
investigation:
1. If the degree of plasticity of an inorganic soil is not
known, the soil characteristics of rows 1 to 3 of
Table 2 are to be taken as the basis if the safety
against uplift is to be demonstrated or if earth
pressure forces in the consolidated condition of the
soil are to be determined. On the other hand, the
soil characteristics of rows 7 to 9 of Table 2 are
definitive if earth pressure forces in the unconsoli-
dated condition of the soil or superimposed loads
are to be determined.
2. If the condition is unknown, a soft consistency shou Id
be assumed in the case of earth pressure and uplift
and a semi-firm consistency in the case of super-
imposed loads. ' tive wall friction angle.
Re 6.3
Broad spectrum soils with comparatively low clay con-
tent exhibit an exceptionally low voids content because
the smaller particles readily fill up the gaps between
the larger sized particles.
Re6.4
The reduction indicated is necessary because the water
content of a soil which is water-saturated or under uplift
may be greater in a particular case, and hence the unit
weight of the soil may be smaller than was assumed in
determining the tabulated values. In the case of soils
which are not water-saturated. the unit weight decreases
beyond this because some of the voids are filled with air.
Re 7 Restrictions on the use of the calculation values
The restrictions and comments in Section 7 apply not
only to use of the tabulated values, but also to the
application of soil characteristics determined by means
of soil mechanics investigations.
Re 7.1
The primary consideration with regard to change of
condition is that a soil may change from a semi-firm
to a stiff condition, from a stiff condition to a soft
condition or from a soft to a pasty condition through
external influences. There is no objection as such to
a development in the reverse direction, since this is
usually associated with an improvement in shear strength.
Only with a transition from a semi-firm to a firm or
hard condition is it likely that adverse consequences
will arise, since there is a risk in this case that shrinkage
cracks will form on the surface of the ground and that
these will fill with water when it rains so that not only
will a hydrostatic pressure be built up, but also the
ground may be softened.
Re 7.2
When there is a very irregular strata pattern and when
the strata are comparatively thin it will depend on the
importance of the structure concerned whether the.
soil characteristics of the least favourable type of SOli
are adopted or whether more accurate investigations
are carried out. A more accurate investigation may be
based, for example, on a number of feasible soil profiles
taking account of the possible thickness and position
of the individual strata. The worst case is then the
criterion for the design load unless the different strata
can be accurately localized.
Re7.3
Regarding the question as to the cases in which the
shear strength of the soil mass as a whole can be
reduced, it is not possible to give any general rules. The
decisive factor in all cases is the geological background.
Usually however local experience is available. If neces-
sary an expert should be called in.
Re 8 Wall friction angle
Re 8.1
The possibility of movement between wall and soil in
particular exerts major influence on the value and
direction of the wall friction angle. Using the sign
definition of Fig. 1 it is possible to distinguish three
cases in principle:
1. If the wall is able to pass the prevailing vertical com-
ponent of earth pressure into the foundation ground
without appreciable settlement this satisfies an
essential precondition for the occurrence of a posi-
2. If the wall is not able to pass vertical forces into the
foundation ground, e.g. because the depth to which
it penetrates into the foundation ground is too
shallow or the ground lacks load-bearing capacity,
then no wall friction can arise.
3. If the wall is loaded so heavily by vertical compo-
nents that the forces arising cannot be passed at all,
or only partially, into the foundation ground in the
base area, then the wall is suspended from the soil
and the wall friction is negative.
Re 8.2 and 8.3
Thedenoting of the wall friction angle as max. oa = 32 .qJ •
derives from the custom of determining the active earth
pressure by means of plane sliding surfaces. If, as an
exception, curved sliding surfaces are taken as the basis,
it is entirely justifiable, on referring to Section 1.2, to
assume a higher wall friction angle also, provided that
its value can be substantiated by tests or in some other
way. The assumption oa = 0 will normally be confined
to cases where sealing membranes of felt, plastics or
metal are bonded to the wall. A thin coating to protect
the concrete against aggressive constituents of the soil
or of the groundwater is generally not to be regarded
as a plastic layer.
Figure 1. Sign definition for the wall friction angle

Re8A
The adhesion assumption is not confined to rough walls
or coarse-particle cohesive soils. It is on flat surfaces in
particular that soft, cohesive soils are specially adherent.
Re 9 Notes on choice of earth pressure assumption
Although the title and sub-title of the Standard do not
contain any reference to the earth pressure, the Sec-
tion entitled Scope nevertheless makes it clear that the
soil characteristics are to be regarded primarily in con-
nection with questions of earth pressure. It is therefore
indispensable to deal with earth pressure problems, at
least as regards the fundamentals, especially as a
Standard dealing specifically with earth pressure does
not yet exist. The Standard does however confine
itself to basic comments on determining the earth
pressure force to be assumed, without going into
details. In actual fact the matter is extremely complex.
For example, the value and distribution of the earth
pressure load sustained by the wall of a structure
exposed to earth pressure depend inter alia on the
following factors:
a) on the type of lining for the excavation (e.g. rigid
wall, elastic wall, slope),
b) on the time at which the excavation lining is removed
(e .g. during infilling, after infilling, not at all),
c) on the width of the working space (e.g. sloped
excavation, narrow gap, no working space at all),
d) on t.he properties of the infill material (e.g. non-
cohesive, cohesive, degree of plasticity, condition),
e) on the compaction of the soil placed (e.g. no com-
paction, moderate 'compaction, very intensive com-
paction),
f) on the yield of the structu re (e.g. through displace-
ment, canting, elastic deformation, shrinkage),
g) on temperature effect.s (e.g. expansion in summer,
contraction in winter).
With regard to excavation enclosures, see the recom-
mendations of t.he Working Group "Excavations" 121.
Re 9.1
The assumption of active earth pressure is generally
justified when apartially yielding retaining structure
is in direct contact with natural soil and it.s freedom
of movement is not restricted by any special measures.
These preconditions are usually met in the case of the
walls of excavations, and furthermore in the case of
sheet.-piled walls, pile walls and diaphragm walls which,
as permanent structures and regardless of any adjacent
development, are fixed in the ground according to
Fig. 2a, or back-anchored according to Fig. 2b, or tied
into a structure as a structural element according to
Fig. 2c. Even in cases in which the structure imme-
diately adjoins the excavation lining, as in Fig. 2d, the
assumption of active earth pressure may be justified if
the excavation wall itself has been dimensioned for the
active earth pressure. On the other hand, in the case
of structures built in an open excavation with working
clearance the preconditions for the occurrence of active
earth pressure are not always provided. Only when the
compaction earth pressure arising during backfilling is
reduced again by building operations taking place at
the same time or later, or by sliding movements, cant-
ing movements or contraction processes in the structure
itself is it justified to base the design of the structure
for the ultimate condition on the active earth pressure.
An building operation which may lead to a reduction
in stress in the compacted soil is, for example, the
drawing of sheeting piles or sheet-piled walls. In the
case of a structure which is built in a sloped excavation
DIN 1055 Part 2 Page 9
any reduction of the compaction earth pressure will
generally result only from movements or deformations
of the structure itself. As a rule such reduction is to be
expected:.
a) in the case of basement walls which are not sub-
stantially thicker than required for statics reasons
and behind which the infill material is not com-
pacted to a greater degree than that giving moderately
dense consolidation, also
b) in the case of gravity walls according to Fig. 2e and
angular retaining walls according to Fig. 2 f which
are based on loose rock.
This applies both to basement walls and to gravity walls
and angular retaining walls regardless of whether they
are built in sloped or lined excavations. The only dif-
ference is that when determining the critical earth
pressure load only the soil characteristics of the infill
material are the criterion in the case of sloped excava-
tions, whereas in the case of lined excavations the soil
characteristics of the natural ground also are involved,
depending on the width of the dearance base.
In cases where reduction of the compaction earth
pressure does not start already during the backfilling
stage, but instead is only initiated by a later building
operation, it is usual to allow smaller safety factors in
the statics analysis for the structural condition.
Re 9.2
The risk that the envisaged wall movement will not be
sufficient to mobilize the full shear strength and thus
to bring about the limiting condition of active earth
pressure exists above all in cohesive soils. Recommen-
dation EB 4 of the Working Group "Excavations" 121
therefore stipulates the assumption of a minimum earth
pressure by using the substitute coefficient K a = 0.15
or K a = 0.20 wherever the given soil characteristics
--- --c:::::)
a) Sheet-piled wall or in b) Back-anchored
situ concrete wall fixed sheet-piled wall or
in the ground in situ concrete wall
c) Sheet-piled wall d) Structure concreted
or in situ concrete wall against a wall
tied into a structure of the excavation
e) Gravity wall f) Angular retaining wall
Figure 2. Structures normally to be dimensioned for
active earth pressure
Page 10 DIN 1055 Part 2
yield theoretically a non-existent or only a very small
active earth pressure in the case of stiff to strongly
adhesive soil.
For the case where the movement of a wall is reduced
by suitable measures, e.g. in the case of excavations
alongside structures, the recommendations of the
Working Group "Excavations" [2] provide for the
assumption of an increased earth pressure (see Fig. 3).
This also applies if the construction and foundation
conditions in themselves would allow a reduction to
the active earth pressure, but the freedom of movement
of the structure is deliberately restricted, for example
by the choice of suitable wall thicknesses in the case
of an angular retaining wall according to Fig. 2 f and by
increasing the foundation area with the object of lower-
ing the edge compression. Such measures may be
expedient if movement of the retaining structure may
be associated with adverse consequences for the adjoin-
ing terrain.
... J walls stiffened by ribs;
"': - - - - -<::::::)
a) Underpinning wall b) Sheet-piled wall
or in situ concrete wall
Figure 3. Structures normally to be dimensioned for
increased earth pressure
Re 9.3
Although preservation of the earth's stress condition
of the undisturbed ground is possible only in rare cases,
the static earth pressure has attained some significance
as the theoretical upper limit of the loading imposed on
the structure from the soil, primarily for determining
the increased earth pressure. As the earth pressure load
caused by the site ground however the full static pressure
comes into the question only in exceptional cases.
For determining the static earth pressure on unyielding
walls in rising terrain the direction of the force can be
assumed to be parallel to the terrain surface provided
that the wall friction angles stated in Section 8.2 are not
exceeded in the case of rough or fairly rough surfaces.
In the limiting case <5 = {3 = C{J' the classical earth pressure
theory yields the following expression for an infinite
extension of the slope,
K o = cosC{J'
a) Tunnel structure in
~-
. 27
b) Abutment structure
sloped excavation
Figure 4. Structures normally to be dimensioned for static earth pressure
where 0 < {3 < C{J' linear interpolation in dependence on
the slope of the ground yields an approximate result [3].
No investigation results are available for the case where,
on the basis of the prevailing conditions, the direction
of the force must be assumed to be flatter than the
slope of the terrain (<5 <{3).
The influence of<structure loads and superimposed loads
on the terrain surface can be determined by using the
theory of the elastic semi-infinite space. Approximation
methods in which the static earth pressure from such
loads is determined with the aid of the coefficient K o
usually give results on the safe side.
Re9.4
If soil is placed and compacted behind a rigid and non-
displaceable wall there will be created a compaction
earth pressure which is of the order of the static earth
pressure. The walls of the following structures, for
example, are to be regarded as rigid and non-displace-
able:
a) Thick-walled tunnel structures which are filled in
from both sides simultaneously (see Fig. 4a);
b) Box-shaped abutment structures in which the support
wall, the side walls and the base slab are solidly con-
nected together (see Fig. 4 b), also angular retaining
c) Solid retaining walls based on rock (see Fig. 4c).
In the case of box-shaped abutment structures and
angular retaining walls stiffened by ribs, however, the
assumption of static earth pressure applies only for the
dimensioning of the individual parts. For verifying the
stability of the structure as a whole it is normally the
active earth pressure which is the criterion.
In the case of structures which are built in a sloped
excavation or in an excavation with very wide clearance
space the static earth pressure should normally be
assumed in its full value down to the base of the struc-
ture. Only when the infilling is made in a narrow gap
(see Fig. 5) is it likely that there will be a silo effect
which will limit the magnitude of the earth pressure.
As shown by corresponding investigations, a compaction
earth pressure of
max e v = 40 kN/m 2 (4 Mp/m 2 )
is normally not exceeded in the case of foundation
depths down to 15 m and clearance space widths of
0.50 to 1 m 14).
Re 9.6
Whereas the earth pressure exerts an unfavourable
effect on the design of a structure wall insofar as this
must be made thicker or more heavily reinforced with
increasing earth pressure, the assumption of a too large
earth pressure may have a favourable influence on the
design of stiffening components, e.g. of structure floors,
insofar as the reinforcement is lessened through the
theoretical normal force. Since earth pressure deter-
minations usually are based on carefully selected soil
c) Retaining wall on rock
 DIN 1055 Part 2 Page 11

characteristics it is entirely possible that these normal

, forces will be over-estimated and hence the reinforce-

ment of the floors made too weak. In this case there-

] z fore a more accurate investigation must be based on the

maximum possible shear strength and the smallest pos-
sible unit weights. In practice however it is very common
to dispense with an accurate investigation and instead
to reduce the earth pressure which is the criterion for
- max e v - designing the wall to one-half when designing the floors.
If there is a risk that the ground will be temporarily
a) Excavation wall b) Loading of the removed so that the earth pressure for this reason will
and structure structure by the be entirely or partly removed, due consideration should
with clearance compaction be given to this factor in the stability analysis. If neces-
space filled earth pressure sary, the safety factors otherwise required can be
Figure 5. Compaction earth pressure on a structure appropriately reduced for a brief exceptional condition.
built in a lined excavation

Literature
[1] Recommendations of the Advisory Committee "Bank retainment", Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin/MUnchen/DUssel-
dorf 1971.
12] Weissenbach, A.: Recommendations of the Working Group" Excavations" of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Erd· und
Grundbau e.V.; Die Bautechnik (49) 1972, No 6, pages 192-204 and No 7, pages 229·239, also Die Bautechnik (51)
1974, No 7, pages 228-232, Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin/MUnchen/DUsseldorf.
13J Franke, E.: Static-pressure in cohesion-less soils; Die Bautechnik (51) 1974, No 1, pages 18·24, Verlag Ernst & Sohn,
Berlin/MUnchen/DUsseldorf.
14 J Petersen, G. and Schmidt, H.: Soil pressure measurements on tunnel structures of the Hamburg Fast Transit System.
Der Bauingenieur (49) 1974, No 8, pages 318-326, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/GottingeniHeidelberg.