Xyla Zue Louisse Ll.

Gorres MTh 9:00 to 2:30 pm

BS Psychology – 1

1. A company researcher wants to test a new formula for a sports drink that has been
designed to improve running performance. Instead of the regular “carbohydrate-only”
drink that the company produces, this new sports drink contains a “carbohydrate-protein”
formula. The researcher would like to know whether this new carbohydrate sports drink
leads to a difference in running performance compared to the carbohydrate-only sports
drink. Therefore, the dependent variable was “running performance” and the independent
variable was “formula”, which consisted of two related groups: “carbohydrate-protein”
and “carbohydrate-only”.
To carry out the experiment, the researcher recruited 18 middle distance runners. All of
these participants performed two trials in which they had to run as far as possible for 2
hours on a treadmill. In one of the trials, all 18 participants drank from a bottle containing
the carbohydrate-only formula. In the other trial, the same 18 participants drank from a
bottle containing the carbohydrate-protein formula. Whilst all participants completed
both trials, the order in which they underwent the trials differed, which is
counterbalancing (i.e., 9 out of 18 participants completed the trial with the carbohydrate-
only drink first, and then the trial with the carbohydrate-protein drink second, whilst the
other 9 participants started with the carbohydrate-protein trial and then undertook the
carbohydrate-only trial). At the end of the two trials, the distance each participant ran (in
km) was recorded.
A paired t-test was used to determine whether there was a statistically significant
difference in distance run between the two trials (i.e., when using the carbohydrate-
protein drink compared to the carbohydrate-only drink.)
Carb 10.58 10.89 10.17 11.61 9.72 10.80 11.79 10.98 11.66
Carb-Protein 10.53 11.16 10.31 11.79 9.81 10.98 12.01 11.12 11.70

1. What is the null hypothesis? 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝑑 = 0

2. What is the alternative hypothesis? 𝐻1 : 𝜇𝑑 ≠ 0
3. What is the test statistic to be used?
𝑑̅−𝑑0
𝑡=𝑠 where: 𝑣 =𝑛−1
𝑑 /√ 𝑛
=9−1 =8
4. What is the appropriate critical region?
𝑡 < −𝑡𝛼/2,𝑣 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 𝑡𝛼/2,𝑣
𝑡 < −𝑡0.05/2,8 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 𝑡0.05/2,8
𝑡 < −2.306 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 2.306
5. What is the actual value of the test statistic?
𝑑̅−𝑑0
𝑡=𝑠
𝑑 /√ 𝑛
0.13−0
= 0.10/√9
𝑡 = 3.90
6. What is the statistical decision?
𝑡 < −2.306 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 2.306
−3.90 < −2.306 𝑜𝑟 − 3.90 > 2.306
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒, 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻0
7. What is the statistical conclusion?
Therefore, we do have sufficient evidence to conclude that there was a
statistically significant difference in between the two trials.
2. Very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) treatment
Table gives B (before) and A (after) treatment data for obese female patients in a weight-
loss program.

Table of Weight Loss Data for Example 7.4.1

Weights (kg) of Obese Women Before and After 12-week VLCD treatment
B 117.3 111.4 98.6 104.3 105.4 100.4 81.7 89.5 78.2
A 83.3 85.9 75.8 82.9 82.3 77.7 62.7 69.0 63.9

We calculate di= A-B for each pair of data resulting in negative values meaning that the
participants lost weight.
We wish to know if we may conclude, at the 95% confidence level, that the treatment is
effective in causing weight reduction in these people.

1. What is the null hypothesis? 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝑑 = 0

2. What is the alternative hypothesis? 𝐻1 : 𝜇𝑑 ≠ 0

3. What is the test statistic to be used?

𝑑̅−𝑑0
𝑡=𝑠 where: 𝑣 =𝑛−1
𝑑 /√ 𝑛
=9−1 =8
4. What is the appropriate critical region?
𝑡 < −𝑡𝛼/2,𝑣 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 𝑡𝛼/2,𝑣
𝑡 < −𝑡0.05/2,8 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 𝑡0.05/2,8
𝑡 < −2.306 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 2.306
5. What is the actual value of the test statistic?
𝑑̅−𝑑0
𝑡=𝑠
𝑑 /√ 𝑛
22.59−0
= 5.32/√9
𝑡 = 12. 738 𝑜𝑟 12.74
6. What is the statistical decision?
𝑡 < −2.306 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 2.306
−12.74 < −2.306 𝑜𝑟 − 12.74 > 2.306
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒, 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻0
7. What is the statistical conclusion?
Therefore, we do have sufficient evidence to conclude that the treatment is
effective in causing weight reduction in these people, at 95% confidence level.