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m / 8.33 m
/
3
62.3
MG ) in psi / ft
lb / gal 19.24 3 lb /
ft 144
SG 0.433
(3.4)
Mud gradient (
MKS
mm
MG ) in kg / cm 2 / m = SG 0.1 (3.5)
Example 3.3: A mud engineer measured
the density of the drilling fl uid as 10 ppg
in
Densidad Mud del
gradient lodo
(
MG MKS
) in kg / cm / m = SG 0.1 (3.5)
Example 3.3: A mud engineer measured
the density of the drilling fl uid as 10 ppg
in the rig side area. Calculate the specifi
c gravity in gm / cm 3 , mud gradient in
psi / ft and kg / cm 2 / m . Solution:
Densidad Mud del
gradient lodo
(
MG MKS
) in kg / cm / m = SG 0.1 (3.5)
Example 3.3: A mud engineer measured
the density of the drilling fl uid as 10 ppg
in the rig side area. Calculate the specifi
c gravity in gm / cm 3 , mud gradient in
psi / ft and kg / cm 2 / m . kg / cm / m .
Solution: Solution:
Given data:
m
T e mud gradient (
FPS
m
lb m
/ gal
10 19.24 19.24
0.5197 psi /
ft
OR
MG FPS
Plastic fluids
TB
20 cm / s / 2
cm 2.5 dynes cm
2
= 2.5 25
cp Poices = 250 cp = 0.25 Pa.s
It is well known that Newton’s law of
viscosity is the most commonly used
model for
Viscosidad Marsh
Es una prueba rápida que da
indicación de la viscosidad del
lodo
Es útil como una prueba
comparativa y se mide en segundos
T is gives a volume inside of about
1.5 liters. To take the measurement,
the fi nger is
-in. mesh screen
in.
6 in.
12 in.
2 in.
Viscosidad Marsh
• Se mide el tiempo de llenado de 946
ml (un cuarto de galón)
• Medidas típicas para el lodo de 34 a
50 segundos
• Pitt (2000) introdujo una fórmula para
evaluar la viscosidad efectiva a partir de
la Viscosidad Marsh a e me. viscosity.
He developed esfuerzos Presión
temperatura For fi eld atmosférica a
use, de correlation de the corte 20
following obtained C
de allowing y
2000 this s-1,
as
equation
Here
eMM
25
(3.8)
e
t
= the eff ective viscosity, cp t M
M
25 1 .2 50 25
30 cp
ii) Rotational Viscometer: A viscometer is
an instrument used to measure the
viscosity
Viscosimetro Rotacional
Da una medida de la viscosidad
mas rigurosa y confiable
En estos viscosimetros el fluido
permanece estático y un objeto
cilíndrico rota o el objeto está
quieto y el fluido se mueve.
El arrastre generado por el
movimiento de la superficie es una
medida directa de la viscosidad
Normalmente . so Now, that se the the
mide apparent dial a reading 600 viscosity
rpm is equal at y any a to 300 N other the is
given appare speed rpm by: 300
N app
N
N
(3.9)
Here
N
300 600 45
22.5 cp
_300
300 27 app
300 26
27 26 cp cp
Viscosimetro Rotacional
La constante del instrumento se
calibra para que la pendiente sea
determinada por la resta de las
velocidades de 600 rpm y 300
rpm.
Esta pendiente es la viscosidad
plástica
plastic viscosity is normally computed using the
below relationship:
p
600 300 (3.10)
Here
B
Here
p 300
(3.11)
lb
yield point,
100 lb
f ft
2
Viscosimetro Figure 3.22
Viscosity Rotacional
measuring device, courtesy from KFUPM PETE
laboratory.
600
300
B
(3.12)
the dial defl ection for 600 rpm, the
apparent viscosity becomes:
Setting, rpm
Viscosimetro Rotacional
En la Ec. (3.9), usando la lectura de
600 rpm: using the dial defl ection for
600 rpm, the apparent viscosity
becomes:
300 600
1 app
600 2 600
(3.13)
. (3.13) forms the Eq. (3.12) as:
Usando la Ec. (3.13) en la Ec.
(3.12)
.13) forms the Eq. (3.12) as:
2 B app p
(3.15)
lb
(3.14)
can be defi ned using Figure 3.19 for
plastic or Bingham fl uids as:
4
Here
TB
4
yield point,
lb
f 100
ft
2
Viscosimetro Rotacional
useful in hydraulic calculations.
Example 3.7: Using the data of
Example 3.5, compute the plastic
viscosity yield point and true yield point
of the mud sample.
Solution:
Viscosimetro useful in hydraulic
calculations.
Rotacional
Example and true Example and yield
3.7: true Using point yield 3.7: Using
point of the the of the data the mud
data mud of of sample.
Example sample.
Example 3.5, 3.5, compute compute the plastic
the plastic viscosity viscosity yield point
yield point
Solution:
Solution:
Given data:
N
= plastic viscosity, cp
B=T
45 26 19
cp
T e yield point of the mud can be calculated by
using the Eq. (3.11) as:
B 300
p
26 19 7 lb /100
ft
T e true yield point of the mud can be calculated
by using the Eq. (3.15) as:
32T4B3
4 7 5.25 lb f
/100
ft
3.6.3 Gel Strength