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Medición de las

Propiedades del Lodo


• API (American Petroleum Institute) recomienda
prácticas de medición de propiedades del lodo
• Estas mediciones se realizan como rutinas para
el ingeniero de lodos con el propósito de
identificar cambios en sus propiedades
• Las pruebas a realizar son:
• Densidad
• Viscosidad
• Gel Strength
• pH
• Pruebas de Filtración
• Contenido de arena
• Retorta (contenido de sólidos y líquidos)
• Alcalinidad
• Dureza del agua
• Análisis de agua
• Análisis químicos
• Concentración de cloro
• Capacidad de intercambio catiónico de las
arcillas
• Propiedades eléctricas

Densidad del lodo
• Necesario para determinar la presión
hidrostática ejercida por la columna del
lodo
• Se determina pesando un volumen
específico del lodo y dividiendo su peso
por el volumen
• tors Se for usa mud una density
balanza can estándar
be written as
Specifi c Gravity (SG) =
gm cm lb gal lb ft
(3.3)
Mud gradient (
FPS
/
3

m / 8.33 m
/
3

62.3
MG ) in psi / ft
lb / gal 19.24 3 lb /
ft 144
SG 0.433
(3.4)
Mud gradient (
MKS
mm

MG ) in kg / cm 2 / m = SG 0.1 (3.5)
Example 3.3: A mud engineer measured
the density of the drilling fl uid as 10 ppg
in
Densidad Mud del
gradient lodo
(
MG MKS

) in kg / cm / m = SG 0.1 (3.5)
Example 3.3: A mud engineer measured
the density of the drilling fl uid as 10 ppg
in the rig side area. Calculate the specifi
c gravity in gm / cm 3 , mud gradient in
psi / ft and kg / cm 2 / m . Solution:
Densidad Mud del
gradient lodo
(
MG MKS

) in kg / cm / m = SG 0.1 (3.5)
Example 3.3: A mud engineer measured
the density of the drilling fl uid as 10 ppg
in the rig side area. Calculate the specifi
c gravity in gm / cm 3 , mud gradient in
psi / ft and kg / cm 2 / m . kg / cm / m .
Solution: Solution:
Given data:
m

= mud density = 10 ppg


Required data: SG = specifi c gravity, gm / cm 3 MG MG FPS
MKS

= mud gradient, psi / ft = mud gradient, kg / cm 2 / m


T e specifi c gravity of the mud in gm / cm 3 can be calculated
by using the Eq. (3.3) as:
SG = lb 8.33 / gal
10 8.33
1.2 gm /
cm
3

T e mud gradient (
FPS
m

MG ) in psi / ft can be calculated using Eq. (3.4) as:


MG FPS

lb m
/ gal
10 19.24 19.24
0.5197 psi /
ft
OR
MG FPS

SG 0.433 1.2 0.433 0.5196 psi /


ft
T e mud gradient (
MG MKS

) in kg / cm 2 / m can be calculated using Eq. (3.5) as:


MG MKS
= SG 0.1 = 1.2 0.1 = 0.12 kg / cm 2 / m
Viscosidad del lodo
Es la medida de la resistencia de
un líquido a fluir
Se define como la relación del
esfuerzo de corte y la tasa de
corte
Algunas veces se le denomina
viscosidad dinámica
FUNDAMENTALS OF
SUSTAINABLE DRILLING
ENGINEERING
.18 A typical mud balance.
Moving Plate
FV
L
V
fixed Plate
V=0
Viscosidad FUNDAMENTALS OF
del SUSTAINABLE lodo
DRILLING ENGINEERING
FV
L
V
Mathematically viscosity can be expressed
V=0 as: .18 A typical mud balance.
Shearing stress s
F/
A rate of
shearing strain dv /
dl
(3.6)
Here,
A = cross-sectional area l = layer thickness F
= force v = velocity
= dynamic viscosity of the fl uid between the
plate
s

= shear stress = shear rate dv dl


= velocity gradient along l-direction
T e dimensions of dynamic viscosity are
obtained using the Eq. (3.6), which is
Moving Plate
fixed Plate
Viscosidad del lodo
Figure 3.18 A typical mud balance.
Figure 3.19 Flow behavior of fl uids.
, Bingham yield point
B

Plastic fluids
TB

Transition from plug to laminar flow Plug flow


, true yield point
Newtonian fluids
Rate shear or velocity
Viscosidad del lodo shear at which the
measurements were taken.
Example 3.4: A moving plate with a
velocity of 20 cm/s having a
cross-sectional area of 10 cm2 is
placed 2 cm above a fi xed plate. A
force of 250 dynes is required to move
the upper plate. Calculate the viscosity
of the fl uid.
Solution:
Viscosidad shear at which the
measurements del lodo
were taken.
Example 3.4: A moving plate with a
velocity of 20 cm/s having a
cross-sectional area of 10 upper 10
upper cm cm2 plate. plate. is is placed
placed Calculate Calculate 2 2 cm cm
above the above the viscosity viscosity
a a fi xed fi xed of plate. of plate. the
the fl A uid.
fl A force uid.
force of of 250 250 dynes dynes is
required is required to move to move
the
the
Solution: Solution:
Given data: v = velocity = 20 cm/s A =
cross-sectional area = 10 cm2 l = layer
thickness = 2 cm F = force = 250 dynes
Required data:
= dynamic viscosity of the fl uid between
the plate, cp
Th e viscosity of the fl uid can be
calculated using Eq. (3.6) as:
F/
A dv / dl 250 dyne / 10
cm
2

20 cm / s / 2
cm 2.5 dynes cm
2

= 2.5 25
cp Poices = 250 cp = 0.25 Pa.s
It is well known that Newton’s law of
viscosity is the most commonly used
model for
Viscosidad Marsh
Es una prueba rápida que da
indicación de la viscosidad del
lodo
Es útil como una prueba
comparativa y se mide en segundos
T is gives a volume inside of about
1.5 liters. To take the measurement,
the fi nger is
-in. mesh screen

Figure 3.20 Viscosity measuring device:


Marsh Funnel and mud measuring cup.
1/
8

Copper tube drilled 3/


16

in.
6 in.
12 in.
2 in.
Viscosidad Marsh
• Se mide el tiempo de llenado de 946
ml (un cuarto de galón)
• Medidas típicas para el lodo de 34 a
50 segundos
• Pitt (2000) introdujo una fórmula para
evaluar la viscosidad efectiva a partir de
la Viscosidad Marsh a e me. viscosity.
He developed esfuerzos Presión
temperatura For fi eld atmosférica a
use, de correlation de the corte 20
following obtained C
de allowing y
2000 this s-1,
as
equation
Here
eMM

25
(3.8)
e

t
= the eff ective viscosity, cp t M
M

= the Marsh Funnel (quart) time, s = density of


mud, g/cm3
Example 3.5: A Marsh Funnel is used to
measure the dens
Viscosidad
• Viscosidad efectiva: Es la medida de
de la viscosidad a unas condiciones
específicas de velocidad de corte,
presión y temperatura
• Viscosidad Aparente: Es la medida a
300 rpm
• Viscosidad Plástica: Es la diferencia
de las lecturas del viscosímetro de 600
y 300 rpm
Viscosidad M
= density of Marsh
mud, g/cm
Example 3.5: A Marsh Funnel is used to
measure the density of the drilling fl uid
which is 1.2 g/cm3 in 50 seconds.
Calculate the eff ective viscosity using
Marsh Funnel equation.
Solution:
Viscosidad M
= density of Marsh
mud, g/cm
Example 3.5: A Marsh Funnel is used to
measure the density of the drilling fl uid
which is 1.2 g/cm3 in 50 seconds.
Calculate the eff ective viscosity using
Marsh Funnel equation.
Solution: is 1.2 g/cm3 in 50 seconds.
Calculate the eff ective viscosity using
Marsh Funnel equation.
Solution:
Given data:
M

= mud density = 1.2 g/cm3 = time = 50


sec
Required data:
e

= eff ective viscosity, cp


Th e eff ective viscosity of the mud in cp
can be calculated by using the Eq. (3.8)
as:
eMtM

25 1 .2 50 25
30 cp
ii) Rotational Viscometer: A viscometer is
an instrument used to measure the
viscosity
Viscosimetro Rotacional
Da una medida de la viscosidad
mas rigurosa y confiable
En estos viscosimetros el fluido
permanece estático y un objeto
cilíndrico rota o el objeto está
quieto y el fluido se mueve.
El arrastre generado por el
movimiento de la superficie es una
medida directa de la viscosidad
Normalmente . so Now, that se the the
mide apparent dial a reading 600 viscosity
rpm is equal at y any a to 300 N other the is
given appare speed rpm by: 300
N app
N
N
(3.9)
Here
N

e reading from the dial at a speed N,


rpm N = torque reading from the dial at a speed
N, rpm
= rotor speed, rpm
app

= apparent viscosity at a speed N rpm, cp


Example 3.6: A mud sample in a rotational
viscometer gives a dial readin
Viscosimetro app
= apparent viscosity Rotacional
at a speed N rpm, cp
Example 3.6: A mud sample in a
rotational viscometer gives a dial
reading of 450 at 600 rpm and a dial
reading of 260 at 300 rpm. Compute
the apparent viscosity of the mud at
each rotor speed.
Solution:
Viscosimetro app
= apparent viscosity Rotacional
at a speed N rpm, cp
Example 3.6: A mud sample in a
rotational viscometer gives a dial
reading of 450 at 600 rpm and a dial
reading of 260 at 300 rpm. Compute
the apparent viscosity of the mud at
each at rotor each rotor speed.
speed.
Solution:
Solution:
Given data:
N

= torque reading from the dial = 450 for 600


rpm = 260 for 300 rpm N = rotor speed = 600
and 300 rpm
Required data:
app

= apparent viscosity at 600 rpm and 300 rpm,


cp
T e apparent viscosity of the mud in cp can be
calculated by using the Eq. (3.9) as:
300
N app N
app
_600

300 600 45
22.5 cp
_300

300 27 app
300 26
27 26 cp cp
Viscosimetro Rotacional
La constante del instrumento se
calibra para que la pendiente sea
determinada por la resta de las
velocidades de 600 rpm y 300
rpm.
Esta pendiente es la viscosidad
plástica
plastic viscosity is normally computed using the
below relationship:
p
600 300 (3.10)

Here
B

Here
p 300

600 be computed = = = torque reading from the


dial at a speed of 300 rpm, rpm torque reading
from the dial at a speed of 600 rpm, rpm plastic
viscosity, using the cp
following formula as: T e yield point can be
computed using the following formula as:
B 300 p

lb = the Bingham yield


point,
100
f ft
2

(3.11)
lb
yield point,
100 lb
f ft
2
Viscosimetro Figure 3.22
Viscosity Rotacional
measuring device, courtesy from KFUPM PETE
laboratory.
600
300
B

Figure 3.23 Measurement of plastic fl ow


properties with the Fann V-G meter.
De las nd Ec. From Eq. (3.10) Eq.
(3.11), (3.10) y yield Ec. and point
(3.11)
Eq. can (3.11), be calculated yield
point as:
can be calculated as:
600
Slope proportional
,noitce
to plastic viscosity
Slope
proportional e d l a i D
to apparent (600 rpm) viscosity
0 300 600
B2
p

(3.12)
the dial defl ection for 600 rpm, the
apparent viscosity becomes:
Setting, rpm
Viscosimetro Rotacional
En la Ec. (3.9), usando la lectura de
600 rpm: using the dial defl ection for
600 rpm, the apparent viscosity
becomes:
300 600
1 app

600 2 600
(3.13)
. (3.13) forms the Eq. (3.12) as:
Usando la Ec. (3.13) en la Ec.
(3.12)
.13) forms the Eq. (3.12) as:
2 B app p

El verdadero e defi ned yield using point


Figure definido 3.19 for plastic en la or
Bingham Figura 3.19 fl uids as:
es:
3 TB 4
B

(3.15)
lb
(3.14)
can be defi ned using Figure 3.19 for
plastic or Bingham fl uids as:
4
Here
TB

= true Bingham yield point,


100 lb
f ft
2

4
yield point,
lb
f 100
ft
2
Viscosimetro Rotacional
useful in hydraulic calculations.
Example 3.7: Using the data of
Example 3.5, compute the plastic
viscosity yield point and true yield point
of the mud sample.
Solution:
Viscosimetro useful in hydraulic
calculations.

Rotacional
Example and true Example and yield
3.7: true Using point yield 3.7: Using
point of the the of the data the mud
data mud of of sample.
Example sample.
Example 3.5, 3.5, compute compute the plastic
the plastic viscosity viscosity yield point
yield point
Solution:
Solution:
Given data:
N

= torque reading from the dial = 450 for 600 rpm


= 260 for 300 rpm N = rotor speed = 600 and 300
rpm
Required data:
p

= plastic viscosity, cp
B=T

Bingham yield point, = true yield point, lb f


/100 lb f
/100 ft
2 ft 2 T e plastic viscosity of the mud in cp can be
calculated by using the Eq. (3.10) as:
p
600 300

45 26 19
cp
T e yield point of the mud can be calculated by
using the Eq. (3.11) as:
B 300
p

26 19 7 lb /100
ft
T e true yield point of the mud can be calculated
by using the Eq. (3.15) as:
32T4B3

4 7 5.25 lb f
/100
ft
3.6.3 Gel Strength

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