Cells

Structure and Function

ทนพ. สุวิทย์ คล่องทะเล

วท.บ. (เทคนิคการแพทย์) เกียรตินิยม

มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล
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Campbell et al, Biology; 2009.
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 Sizes of Living Things

http://amazedatbio.wordpress.com/2012/09/17/life-is-cellular/

Minimum resolution of a LM 2 microns, the size of a small bacterium

LM can magnify effectively to 1,000 times the size of the actual specimen.
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 Properties of life
 Reproduction :
o sexual : genetic variation, fertilization
o asexual : genetically identical, e.g. sporulation, budding,
regeneration, binary fission
 Metabolism : anabolism Vs. catabolism
 Growth and Development
 Response to environment
 Homeostasis : regulated via organ system
 Organization : Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
o acellular
o unicellular : bacteria, yeast
o multicellular : plant, animal
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 Cell Theory
 All organisms are composed of cells
 All cells come only from preexisting cells (Rudolf Virchow)
 Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of organisms
 Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA

Robert Hooke (1665) Antony van Matthias Jacob Theodor Schwann

Leeuwenhoek (1673) Schleiden (1838) (1839) 5
plant animal
 Light microscope

Campbell et al, Biology; 2009.

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 Electron microscope
 To resolve smaller structures we use EM, which focuses a beam
of electrons through the specimen (TEM) or onto its surface
(SEM)
 TEM are used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells.
 A TEM aims an electron beam through a thin section of the
specimen.
o The image is focused and magnified by electromagnets.
o To enhance contrast, the thin sections are stained with
atoms of heavy metals.
 SEM are useful for studying surface structures.
 The SEM has great depth of field, resulting in an image that
seems three-dimensional.
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Campbell et al, Biology; 2009.
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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
 All cells
o surrounded by a plasma membrane.
o have cytosol, containing the organelles.
o contain chromosomes
o have ribosomes
 A major difference
o eukaryotic cell: chromosomes are contained in the
nucleus (within a membranous nuclear envelope)
o prokaryotic cell: the DNA is concentrated in the
nucleoid

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 A major difference...
 Cytoplasm
o All the material within the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic
cell is cytoplasm.
o Within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is a variety of
membrane-bounded organelles of specialized form and
function.
 Eukaryotic cells are generally much bigger than prokaryotic
cells.
o smallest bacteria, mycoplasmas, are 0.1 to 1.0 micron. (most
bacteria: 1-10 microns)
o Eukaryotic cells are typically 10-100 microns in diameter
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Not present in
bacteria
nucleus, membrane
bounded organelle,
cytoskeleton,
centriole

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 Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells
“complex” organisms, including all “Simple” organisms, including
plants, protists, fungi and animals bacteria and cyanobacteria
Contain nucleus and membrane bound Lack nucleus and other
organelles membrane-encased organelles.
Several chromosome Single chromosome (DNA + non-
histone protein)
Can specialize for certain functions, Usually exist as single, virtually
multicellular organs and organisms identical cells
Cellular respiration occur in Cellular respiration occur in
mitochondria mesosome (extended membrane)
Ribosome: 40s, 60S Ribosome: 30S, 50S
Photosynthesis occur in chloroplast Photosynthesis occur in
chlorophyll located region
Cell Wall present in Plants & Fungi only Cell Wall
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) e.g. Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anabaena, Spirulina 12
 Cells
 Cell coat: Cell wall, Cell membrane
 Protoplasm
o Nucleus : nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm (chromatin fiber,
nucleolus)
o Cytoplasm
• cytosol
• organelle
– no membrane bounded: ribosome, centriole,
cytoskeleton
– single membrane bounded: ER, Golgi complex,
lysosome, peroxisome, vacuole
– double membrane bounded: mitochondria, chloroplast

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Animal Cell Anatomy

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http://traddude.blogspot.com/2008/06/cells-compendium-1.html
 Plant Cell Anatomy

http://minhalogia.blogspot.com/2013_03_ 15
01_archive.html
 Plasma membrane
 Fluid mosaic model
o Phospholipid bilayer acts
more like a fluid than a
liquid
 Contains integral and
peripheral proteins
 Semi permeable membrane
 Like a city border they
surround the cell and are able
to regulate entrance and exit

Campbell et al, Biology; 2009.

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 Phospholipid bilayer

http://online.morainevalley.edu/WebSupported/BIO111-
http://alevelnotes.com/content_images/i38_phospholipid.gif Gibbons/membra29.jpg

 polar heads face outward towards the watery environments both inside and
outside the cell
 non polar tails face inward away from the watery environment 17
 recognition of cell

control fluidity of
membrane 18
Campbell et al, Biology; 2009.
 Function of membrane protein

Campbell et al, Biology; 2009.

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 Function of membrane protein

Chandar et al, Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology; 2010.
 Enzyme
 Mediate the passage of ions and most biological molecule
 Selective traffic of molecule
 Control the interactions between cells of multicellular organisms
 Serve as sensor (e.g. receptors, signal transductions)
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 Transport through membrane
 Passive transport: need no energy, downhill
o simple diffusion
o facilitated diffusion: channel protein, carrier protein
 Active transport: need energy, uphill
o primary active : direct hydrolysis of ATP
o secondary active : symporters, antiporters
 Vesicle transport
o endocytosis: receptor mediated, phagocytosis,
pinocytosis
o exocytosis

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 External environment
Gas Hydrophobic Small polar Large polar Charged
molecules molecules molecules molecules
Na+
CO2 H2 O
H+ Cl-
O2 Ethanol
Benzene Ions
Glucose Amino acid Ca2+

Cytoplasm 22
 Diffusion

Campbell et al, biology; 2011. 23

Osmosis

Campbell et al, biology; 2011. 24

 Passive
transport

Chandar et al, Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Cell and

Molecular Biology; 2010.

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 Active transport

Na+-glucose transporter Na+-Ca2+antiporter in

in intestinal epithelial cell cardiac muscle 26
Chandar et al, Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology; 2010.
 Vesicle Transport

http://www.shayda.us/WebCT/AP1/AP1_Ex2_Materials/GA_Pag2.jpg 27
 Phagocytosis of microbes

Abbas et al, Cellular and Molecular Immunology; 2012.

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Russell et al, Biology the dynamic science; 2008. 29