24/10/2017

PARTS OF SPEECH

Independent Dependent

• Nouns • Prepositions
• Verbs • Conjunctions
• Pronouns • Interjections
PARTS OF SPEECH
• Adjectives • Particles
• Adverbs • Determiners
• Numbers (articles)
M AR I J A Đ O R Đ E VI Ć ,
M . A.

NOUNS NOUNS

• Proper – Walt Disney, Mario, Australia … • COUNTABLE • UNCOUNTABLE

• Common – chair, man, mountain … chair, dog, flower, jeans, news, rice,
• Mass – sugar, flour, oil, wood … cat, pillow …. perfume …
• Collective – bunch, audience, flock, team …
• Compound – tablecloth, sunlight, pigtail …
• Abstract – love, wealth, happiness …
Can be SINGULAR or Can be SINGULAR or
PLURAL PLURAL

VERBS MODAL VERBS

AUXILIARY LEXICAL Modals Semi - modals

• To BE A verb with full meaning • CAN • to BE ABLE TO
which expresses action,
• To DO state, or other predicate • COULD • OUGHT TO
• To HAVE meaning • SHOULD • HAVE TO
• MUST
ACTION: run,swim,
jump,watch, read, go… • MAY
• MIGHT
STATE: understand, keep,
love, enjoy, own, belong…

1
 24/10/2017

MODAL VERBS MODAL VERBS

• PRESENT modals
• PERFECT modals

She should see a doctor.

He could have called me earlier.
Juan must write faster.
Joanna may have overslept.
My mother could be writing a report.
My aunt must have been making apple pie, the house
smells wonderful.
MODAL + PRESENT INFINITIVE
or MODAL VERB + PERFECT INFINITIVE
MODAL + PROGRESSIVE INFINITIVE or
MODAL VERB + PERFECT PROGRESSIVE INFINITIVE

PRONOUNS
mine, yours, his, hers, ours,
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Possessive The white car is mine
theirs

myself, yourself, himself, herself,

He injured himself playing Subject case Object case
Reflexive itself, oneself, ourselves,
football
yourselves, themselves
• I • ME
Personal I, we, you, they … They really hate dogs. • YOU • YOU
Relative that, which, who, whose, The book that you gave me was • HE • HIM
whom, where, when really boring
• SHE • HER
Demonstrative this, that, these, those This is a new car • IT • IT
who, what, why, where, when, • WE • US
Interrogative What did he say to you?
whatever
• YOU • YOU
Indefinite anything, anybody, anyone,
something, somebody, • THEY • THEM
There's something in my shoe
someone, nothing, nobody,
none, no one

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE OR
ADJECTIVES
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN?

Descriptive Possessive Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns

• She has a yellow • This is my book. • MY • MINE

dress. • She took his • YOUR • YOURS
• He likes fast cars. umbrella. • HIS • HIS
• My brother is tall. • It’s their right to • HER • HERS
choose. • ITS • ITS
• OUR • OURS
• THEIR • THEIRS

2
 24/10/2017

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE OR
ADVERBS
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN?
NB An adjective is always followed by a noun, • HINT: In most cases, if a word ends in –LY, it’s an
whereas a pronoun stands alone. adverb.
The same goes for possessive forms.

• That is MY book. (“my” is a possessive Adverbs of

adjective, because it is followed by the
noun “book”)
** That book is MINE. (“mine” is a possessive
pronoun, because it isn’t followed by another
part of speech)
• TIME (already, lately, still, tomorrow …)
• PLACE ( nearby, upstairs, here, there …)
• MANNER (badly, adorably, loudly…)
• FREQUENCY (often, usually, sometimes, never…)
• DEGREE (very, quite, almost … )

ADVERBS OF DEGREE ADVERB OR ADJECTIVE?

Adverb of degree Modifying Example • Adjectives are parts of speech which always go
EXTREMELY adjective The water was extremely before a NOUN. They describe a NOUN.
cold.

QUITE adjective The movie is quite

interesting. She is a beautiful girl.
JUST verb He was just leaving.

ALMOST verb She has almost finished. • Adverbs are parts of speech which go with VERBS,
VERY adverb She is running very fast. ADJECTIVES and other adverbs. Adverbs are always
TOO adverb You are walking too
placed AFTER a verb and BEFORE an adjective.
slowly.

ENOUGH adverb You are running fast She writes beautifully.

enough.
She is beautifully dressed.

NUMBERS DEPENDENT PARTS OF SPEECH

• PREPOSITIONS – in, on, out, with, through …

CARDINAL
• A Cardinal Number is
a number that says
how many of
something there are,
such as one, two,
three, four, five.
ORDINAL
• An Ordinal Number is
a number that tells the
position of something in
a list, such as 1st, 2nd,
3rd, 4th, 5th etc
• CONJUNCTIONS – also, and, but, as well, though…
• INTERJECTIONS – Ah! Oh! Um… Huh? Oi! Hey!
• PARTICLES – maybe, really, to (in “to buy”, “to
cook”…)
• ARTICLES – A/AN (the indefinite article), THE (the
definite article), zero article

3
 24/10/2017

EXERCISES EXERCISES

Recognize the parts of speech in the following sentences:

• How much cloth will it take to make the
curtains?
• Whenever the door slams, the
lamp rocks back and forth. • Feathers are so light that they seem to float.

• The garden wall is made of rocks • I am the only one who can help you.

• Parents should limit the amount of television • Wow! That must be a very hot fire.
their children watch.

EXERCISES

• He seemed sorry since he almost

immediately apologized to us.

• Mom wanted the answer, but we had had

no reply from our daughter or son.
THANK YOU!
• - Hey! - They might have become rich!