Final Thesis For Printing

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA
University Road, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City

GRADUATE SCHOOL
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

IN MUNTINLUPA CITY
A Thesis
Presented to the
Faculty of the Graduate School
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree in
Master in Business Administration
BENEDICTO MARIO C. PALACOL

2019
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APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled “Public Participation in Solid Waste Management in
Muntinlupa City” prepared and submitted by Benedicto Mario C. Palacol,
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Business
Administration, has been examined and is recommended for acceptance
and approval for oral defense.
Dr. Valentino G. Baac

ADVISER
Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master in
Business Administration by the Oral Examination Committee with a grade of
_____
Member Member
Chairman
Acceptance in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master
in Business Administration on ______
DR. BONIFACIO E. UMACLAP, DBA, PME

Dean, Graduate School
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I first of all acknowledge and appreciate God for this far that I have come. It
has been a tough time up to this level but at the same time interesting a
learning process.
I also appreciate the role played by my wife for the comments on my
research right through the whole process. You always looked for me, yet I
was supposed to be the one looking for you. Your kindness is rare and I pray
that God will always bless the works of your hands.
The help from my friends Flery, Kai and Mylene, who unconditionally offered
themselves as research assistants during data collection, is invaluable. You
are real friends who are very uncommon in this world. If it were not for you
insurmountable friendship and concern, this piece of work would have been
very difficult for me to put together given the circumstances.
Lastly, I thank you Dr Valentino G. Baac for the concern that you showed in
different ways. You have been there for me through the whole process like I
were your own son. I will never be able to repay you, but God will.
To all of you, God bless you abundantly.
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ABSTRACT
TITLE : “PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN MUNTINLUPA CITY”
RESEARCHER : BENEDICTO MARIO C. PALACOL
DEGREE : MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
SCHOOL : PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG
MUNTINLUPA
DATE : MAY 19, 2019
ADVISER : DR. VALENTINO G. BAAC
NO. OF PAGES : 84
BACKGROUND : Solid waste disposal and management is both an
urban and rural problem. Every person is a potential generator of waste and
thus a contributor to this problem. To generate waste is one thing, the type of
waste generated is another and yet also the way the generated waste is
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managed or disposed of is quite a different issue.
This study was carried out in Barangay Poblacion which is located
within Muntinlupa City. The main objective of this study was to explore the
level of public participation in solid waste management in Barangay
Poblacion, Muntinlupa City in light of the challenges and prospects for future
management.
This study used a quantitative methodology to research. It therefore
draws on the cross-sectional study design as explained by Bryman (2004)
and also on aspects of a phenomenological research design as discussed by
Blanche et al., (2006). The findings revealed that the majority proportion of
the public in Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City exhibited concern and an
amount of sensitivity about solid waste though sorting of solid waste is less
adopted.
The level of item reuse is similarly low in Barangay Poblacion,
Muntinlupa City and the people still think that they cannot do anything to
reduce the volume of solid waste they generate. There are challenges of
limited resources to manage the solid waste and illegal dumping in Barangay
Poblacion, Muntinlupa City.
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However, there are plans for formal disposal facilities, use of the legal
instrument and awareness-raising as a way to deal with the challenges.
Therefore, because the level of public participation in solid waste
management at present in Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City is low, the
best way to start dealing with the problem is for the Barangay Council
authorities to show the people that they are worth by involving them in the
initial planning process
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title ………………………………………………………………………………I
Approval … …………………………………………………………………….II
Acknowledgment ……………………….…………………………………….III
Abstract ………………………….………………………………………….…IV
Table of Contents ………………………….………………………………....VII
List of Table ………..………………………………………………………….
List of Figure …………….…………………………………….……………...
CHAPTER I ..…………………………….…………………….…………….….1
1.1 Background of the Study …………..……………………….….1
1.2 Statement of the problem …………..…………………...……..5
1.3 Objectives of the Study ………....…………………..…………...6
1.4 Theoretical Framework ………………………………..…….…7
1.5 Conceptual Framework …………………………………….….7
1.6 Scope and Limitation ………………………………………....11
1.7 Definition of Terms …………………………………………….12
Chapter II ……………………………………………………………………....17
2.1 Review of related literature and studies …..………………...17
2.2 Local Literature and Studies …………………….……………17
2.3 Foreign Literature and Studies ………………….…………....22
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2.4 Synthesis …………………………..…………………………27
Chapter III …………………………………………..….…………………….29
3.1 Research Methodology …………………………….………. 29
3.2 Research Design ……………………………..…….………. 29
3.3 Respondents of the Study ……………………….………… 30
3.4 Sampling Technique …………………………….…………..31
3.5 Data Collection ……………………………….…………..… 33
3.6 Research Instrument ………………………….….………... 33
3.7 Statistical Tools ………………………………………………34
Chapter IV ….……………………………….………………..……………...37
4.1 Introduction ……………………………………..…………....37
4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics …….……………....…37
4.3 Significance of Waste Containers, Shorting and Reuse …43
4.4 Collection of Waste ……….………………………………….45
4.5 Payment of Waste and Disposal..……………………..……48
4.6 Schedule of Pick-Up of Waste….……………..…………….50
4.7 Waste Outside and Amount of Waste Generate ..…..……52
4.8 Waste that can reuse and sort before despising it …..….55
4.9 Waste Items that should be sorted for recycling...…….…57
4.10 Waste Management …………….……………..…….……59
Chapter V ………………………………….....……………………………… 63
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5.1 Conclusion and Recommendations ………….…………..…63
5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………..….63
5.3 Recommendations …..…………………………..……………66
Reference ……………………………………………………………………..70
Appendix A Survey Questionnaire …………………………………………77
Appendix B Authorization Letter ……………………………………………83
Appendix D Curriculum Vitae ………………..………….…………………. 84
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LIST OF TABLE
TABLE 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of participants ……………38
TABLE 2 Sample gender proportion ……………………….……………….39
TABLE 3 Sample age proportion ………….……………………………….40
TABLE 4 Sample salary proportion ……….……………………………….41
TABLE 5 Sample Educational Attainment proportion ……………………42
TABLE 6 Significance of Waste Containers, Shorting and Reuse ……..44
TABLE 7 Collection of Waste………..……………………………………...46
TABLE 8 Payment of Waste and Disposal ………………………………..48
TABLE 9 Schedule of Pick-Up of Waste …………………………………..51
TABLE 10 Reception of SMS alert about disaster ….……………………66
TABLE 11 Waste Outside and Amount of Waste Generate…………….53
TABLE 12 Waste that can reuse and sort before despising it ..…….…..55
TABLE 13 Waste Items that should be sorted for recycling ……….……58
TABLE 14 Waste Management …………………………………..….….…60
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 Conceptual Framework …………………………………….………9
FIGURE 2 Sample gender proportion The Location ………………….….....40
FIGURE 3 Sample age proportion …..………………………………………..41
FIGURE 4 Sample salary proportion ……..…………………………………..42
FIGURE 5 Sample Educational Attainment proportion ….………………….43
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Republic Act 9003 defines Municipal Solid Wastes as generated
wastes out of the behaviors of the people inside the jurisdiction of local
government units such as industrial, commercial and household wastes.
Municipal Solid Wastes is the concern of this study.
Population and economic growth are the results of development or
modernization. To cater the increasing population, more establishments and
institutions are built to meet the demands of the people. The high consumption
of the people is simultaneous to economic development but lefts the
environmental development behind. Rapid increase of population,
urbanization, social and economic progress result to mass production of waste.
Therefore these developments may cause much environmental pollution and
waste which can affect the sound environment. The solid wastes have become
a major consequence of development, modernization and urbanization. The
solid waste affects the natural environment and is a serious threat as these
materials remain unless removed, burned or washed away (Anand, 2010).
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Impacts on problems concerning health and setting of the people will arise
without proper management and planning. According to Mustaq (2010),
eradicating risk of community health and protecting the locale are the
significant endeavors of Solid Waste Management (SWM). Solid waste is a
waste a person considers to dispose. Managing waste is one of the most
expensive public service the government offers. Collecting, transporting,
treating and disposing waste that doesn‟t harm the environment came to be a
problem because of the increasing of waste production levels as the outcome
of urbanization and growth in economic. The countries that face the worst
scenarios of managing wastes are the ones developing because their revenue
to enforce is limited (Mustaq, 2010).
In the Philippines, developing and implementing SWM is an obligation
vested under LGUs such as provinces, cities, municipalities and barangay
(World Bank, 2001). Philippines as a developing country has a growing number
of advancing cities which constitutes to its global competitiveness. Different
establishments, amount of inhabitants and source of income generate solid
wastes. The annual waste generation of the Philippines in 2012 was 106 million
tones which is expected to double in 2025 (DOST, 2012). Local government
units (LGUs) are responsible for managing solid wastes. The Philippines has
71 provinces, 116 cities, 1,502 municipalities, and 41,392 barangays.
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The status of Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a critical to set what
should be done by the government and private sectors for better results and
better policy making. Solid waste management contributes to the progress in
economic, social and public health of one‟s community and country. Solid
waste management keeps business to take place, attracting investors to trust
the country and community in the success of their ventures. It keeps the
community clean and the people disciplined. SWM avoids chaos between
individuals with regards to each other‟s‟ waste disposal.
The health of the citizens should be prioritized. The most important
resource the country has is human resource, without people working, the
country cannot generate income. The children whose health is most delicate
at a young age can also be affected with solid waste management. With this,
the researchers found the need and urge to study solid waste management.
Zero-waste advocacies are all the rage these days in social media.
Various organizations and businesses are now starting to work together to
promote the reduction of plastic wastes.
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In the city of Muntinlupa, locals have taken into themselves the
responsibility of educating the youth and the residents about responsible waste
management. They formed a volunteer-led organization called Likha
Initiative to call for zero-waste policies and awareness in Muntinlupa
City. Debbie Bartolo, the 24 year-old local who founded Likha Initiative, fills us
in:
Likha Para sa Munting Lupa: Building Zero Waste City is a volunteer-
led initiative that advocates for zero-waste policies in Muntinlupa City. We also
support local initiatives that work against waste and pollution. We do this by
conducting workshops and mentorship programs, establishing connections
with potential partners, and forming communities that advocate for a zero-
waste lifestyle.
Upon coming back to Muntinlupa after working in Visayas, a
tremendous pile of garbage from a junkshop welcomed my sight. It was in the
pathway my niece and nephew usually take on their way to school. For some,
it might not usually happen that they get buried in garbage, but for the likes of
a hardworking senior citizen like Nanay Zendy and an esteemed local like
Encar Delgado, this is their daily dose of reality. The birth of Likha Initiative is
about them and the next generation. It’s about making sure that the fight
against human and environmental injustice keeps on rolling.
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The Local Government Unit plays a big role in implementing Solid
Waste Management. This paper provides the status of compliance of both the
residents and the Barangay Poblacion LGU on the ordinances and laws on
Solid Waste Management.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study was to respond to the following research questions:
1. What role does the public play in solid waste management in Barangay
Poblacion, Muntinlupa City?
2. What role can the public play for better solid waste management in
Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City?
3. What are the challenges of involving the public in solid waste
management in Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City?
4. What mechanisms are in place to improve public participation in solid
waste management in Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City?
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of this study is to explore the level of public
participation in solid waste management in Muntinlupa City, in light of
the challenges and prospects for future management. In doing so, the
current level of public participation is examined and what more the
public can contribute in solid waste management, in the future.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
• To establish the role that the public plays in solid waste
management in Muntinlupa City and the different ways through
which this participation is manifested.
• To find out what more the public think they can do apart from
what they are currently doing, for better solid waste management
in the future.
• To explore the challenges faced by the Muntinlupa City Council
authorities in involving the public in solid waste management.
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• To establish people’s views on what may stand in the way of
public participation in solid waste management in Muntinlupa
City.
• To establish whether there are any plans in place by the
Barangay Council, to improve public participation for better solid
waste management in Muntinlupa City.
• To identify what the public thinks should be done by Muntinlupa
City to ensure that the public play their part in solid waste
management for better practices.
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This study is anchored on the Green Politics (Naess, 1989) ideology
and Rational-Choice Theory (Becker, 1976). Green Politics or ecologism is an
ideology in global politics that concerns the continuity and sustainability of
nature, conservation of ecol ogy and the balance between the growth of
economic progress to the environmental development through social justice
and grassroots democracy. Green Politics resulted to the formation of NGO‟s
like Greenpeace and other „ecological warriors‟ campaigning for the issues of
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pollution and environmental movements. Moreover, Green Politics addresses
three major problems; Resource, Sink and Ethical. Sink Problems, to which
this study is concerned attempts to address the issues done by waste
generation through pollution reduction, increased recycling and develop new
technologies that are less likely to give off pollution (Heywood, 2011).
Rational-Choice Theory is an approach to interpret the decision-making
and behavior of people (Kesselman et al., 2013). According to Sodaro, 2004
Rational Choice Theory believes that the behavior of human beings is
motivated by self-interest seeking to increase gains and reduce costs.
Therefore, actions and decisions made by every person is a product of thinking
what can give him more favor or benefit.
Waste management did not pose a threat and problem not until
urbanization, increase in population and decrease of land mass occur.
Through Green Politics, the world fronts serious environmental issues that if
neglected will definitely be at the human races‟ disadvantage. Upon realizing
these, under the Rational-Choice Theory, the disasters that go with improper
waste management, actions and different measures were taken by institutions
particularly the government.
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The lawmakers of the Philippines authored and passed Ecological Solid
Waste Management (ECOSWAM) also known as Republic Act 9003. (An act
providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the
necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts
prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefor, and for other
purposes.)
ECOSWAM presented a complete pursuit to the dilemmas of SWM. It
provides the plan of the government “to adopt a systematic, comprehensive
and ecological solid waste management program that will ensure the
protection of public health and environment” (RA 9003, Art. 1, Sec. 2). The act
led the creation of Solid Waste Management and Board National Solid Waste
Management Commission in every Local Government Unit (LGU) making
LGUs accountable in implementing services of ECOSWAM (Corinthia &
Tucsan, 2008). It mandates the SWM of the provincial/city, municipality and
barangay level to implement, require reduction, segregation, recycling and
recovery of waste. Local government units are also ordered to collect, transfer,
treat and dispose solid wastes. This law was enacted by the Philippine
Government and was signed into law by former president Gloria M. Arroyo
during her administration. This law is in accordance to
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Figure 1. A schema on the Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Section 15 of Article II in the Philippine Constitution that the „State shall
protect and promote the people‟s right to health and instill health
consciousness‟. Moreover, Section 16 states that „the State shall protect and
advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord
with the rhythm and harmony of nature‟.
With Green Politics and Rational-Choice Theory, as the theories, and
RA 9003 (ECOSWAM), as the legal basis, solid waste management is
produced. The Local Government Unit/LGU is responsible for enacting and
securing the proper solid waste management. The National Government in
vested local autonomy to LGU‟s to make them effective partners in achieving
national goals includes LGU‟s to facilitate solid waste management.
Household, Institutional and Commercial Generators or can be generally
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coined as the generators of Municipal Solid Waste which are the primary
stakeholders to the waste lessening. Municipal Solid Waste Generators must
attain and maintain good solid waste management.
SWM in barangay level can be investigated through the ordinances and
its implementation made by the City-LGU, practices and compliance of
residents in the barangay towards SWM and the awareness and satisfaction
they have on SWM. These three variables are vital to achieve the effective and
efficient execution of SWM.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The researcher decided to limit first the study within the selected
barangay of Muntinlupa City especially in high risk zones near in the Laguna
Lake (Barangay Poblacion, Putatan, Tunasan, Bayanan, Alabang, Cupang,
Buli and Sucat). The largest barangay of Muntinlupa will be the respondents of
researcher which is the Barangay Poblacion. Based on Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA) year 2015 data, the total population of Barangay Poblacion is
115,387. Therefore, the researcher decided to have a total of 300 participants
in this study which computed based on Slovin’s Formula with 5% margin of
error. The Researcher have schedule time frame from January – April to finish
the study.
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The Study focused to explore the level of public participation in solid
waste management in Muntinlupa City, in light of the challenges and prospects
for future management. In doing so, the current level of public participation is
examined and what more the public can contribute in solid waste management,
in the future
DEFINITION OF TERMS
MUNICIPAL WASTE: Cointreau-Levine and Coad (2000:4) take municipal
waste to refer “to wastes from domestic, commercial, institutional, municipal
and industrial sources, but excluding excreta, except when it is mixed with solid
waste”. It is however necessary to note that in developing countries, many a
times, it becomes difficult or even impractical to put a line between excreta and
solid waste. In many instances, solid waste mixes with excreta to the extent of
being potentially hazardous to human health.
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION: According to the Oxford English Dictionary,
participation is “the action or fact of partaking, having or forming a part of”.
Participation as a concept came to the lime light as a result of rising advocacy
for the end of the top-down strategies to development action, in favour of
greater inclusion of the subjects of the development programs. Oakley and
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Marsden (1984) agree that participation is a process and not just a solid
product; however, they are also quick to note that it is very difficult to establish
a universal definition for participation. This indicates that different scholars,
authors and organizations define and understand participation differently. Their
definitions and understanding is often guided by the orientation and intent of
the individual or organization defining participation, given the circumstances.
Although participation is widely known to be a free process, in some instances
it practically requires that people are dragged into getting involved in
operations that are of no interest to them, but they are coerced in the name of
participation. Oakley and Marsden (1984), look at participation as a concept
that is closely linked to rural development. They also explain that very often,
participation is seen as some kind of ingredient that can be added to the recipe
for rural development so that the results from the development project are
(Oakley and Marsden, 1984:17). The conception that participation is an
important ingredient in development presents a temptation to force
participation at any cost. However, it is perhaps helpful to note that there is
what Oakley and Marsden refer to as authentic participation, which is
described as a result of a bottom-up process of development. The concept of
participation requires clear interpretation and careful comprehension before it
is adopted for any given purpose.
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Oakley and Marsden (1984) try to explain the different interpretations of the
concept of participation by use of four “terms”, that is; collaboration-input-
sponsorship, community development, organization, and empowering. These
terms are used to explain the different orientations in the participation
discourse, and the different terms represent different intentions or purposes for
which participation is adopted by the implementers.
According to Oakley and Marsden (1984), participation can be looked at as a
means as much as it can be looked at as an end in itself. Participation can be
perceived as a means if it is adopted as a method of achieving success in a
development program. It can also be an end in itself if it is seen as “a process
the outcome of which is meaningful participation” (Oakley and Marsden,
1984:27). In contemporary practice of participation, the former perception is
more prominent. Participation is adopted as a catalyst to success of a
beneficial undertaking in a community.
(Barnes, 2005), advises that there is no need to look for a model of participation
that is a one-sizefits-all; thus this study takes on the perspective of participation
as a means.
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REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003: An act providing for an ecological solid waste
management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and
incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties,
appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes.
SOLID WASTE: Solid waste, also known as garbage is not very different from
municipal waste. This study takes on the definition by the State of the
Environment Report for Uganda (NEMA, 2007:275) that defines solid waste as
“organic and inorganic waste materials produced by households, commercial,
institutional and industrial activities that have lost value in the sight of the initial
user”. I found it prudent to adopt a definition and meaning of solid waste that
is in the context of the area of study.
(SOLID) WASTE MANAGEMENT: Waste management refers to the
“collection, transportation, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials”
(Mugambwa, 2009). It ought to be appreciated that waste management
practices differ for developed and developing countries, for urban and rural
areas, and for residential and industrial producers. The volumes and types of
waste in these different sources of waste justify the difference in the waste
management practices. It therefore implies that the methods appropriate in one
setting may be incompatible within another setting. It is imperative to take into
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consideration the context of the waste source, to arrive at an appropriate
method.
WASTE: UNEP defined wastes as substances or objects, which are disposed
of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the
provisions of national law. Waste also refers to “an item, material or substance
you as an individual consider useless at a given time and place” (Mugambwa,
2009:1). Waste is a dynamic concept which can be defined in different ways
(Pongrácz, 2009:93). Pongrácz introduces an innovative description of waste
in what she refers to as “object-oriented modelling language, PSSP. PSSP
stands for purpose, structure, state and performance, which are object
attributes” (Pongrácz, 2009:93). In most cases, the definition of waste depends
on the type or category of waste under consideration. Some of the dominant
types of waste include; municipal waste, solid waste, hazardous waste and,
electronic waste. I will define municipal and solid waste, which are relevant to
this study.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
LOCAL LITERATURE AND STUDIES
According to Vernise L Tantuco:
“Seventeen years after its enactment, LGUs struggle to

implement our solid waste management law; Data shows that
local government units are struggling to implement the
“Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000” or RA 9003
which was signed into law in 2001; Despite strong environmental
activism among Filipinos, the Philippines still suffers from a trash
problem; According to Greenpeace Philippines Campaigner
Abigail Aguilar, the Philippines has a good solid waste
management law, but a lot more can be done in terms of
implementation. RA 9003 or the “Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000” has provisions for solid waste
reduction and avoidance through recycling, composting, and
other methods before disposal in the appropriate
facilities.”(Published 3:59 PM, September 14, 2018, Updated
3:19 PM, September 17,
2018,(https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/210292-
reason-philippines-cannot-solve-trash-problem)
According to Rambo Talabong:
“The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)

has ordered 108 local government units (LGUs) to explain why
they do not have solid waste management plans as provided
under the law.
DILG spokesman and Assistant Secretary Jonathan Malaya said
it was the "first time" for the DILG to hold as many LGUs
accountable for garbage mismanagement.
Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000 requires LGUs to have waste
management plans.
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Section 16 of RA 9003 states: "The province, city or municipality,

through its local solid waste management boards, shall prepare
its respective 10-year solid waste management plans consistent
with the national solid waste management framework."
The plan should outline the LGUs system of "re-use, recycling
and composting" of all the wastes generated in its
jurisdiction.(Published 11:01 AM, February 07, 2019,Updated
11:01 AM, February 07, 2019 )
In a recent article/statement by ARCHITECT FELINO A. PALAFOX, JR. about

waste management: Saving the Philippine islands, tourism and the
environment:
“The Philippine economy is suffering from a linear (take, make,

use and dispose) economy. This is one of the major reasons for
environmental degradation, along with corruption and lack of
political will. And in due time, with a do-nothing scenario, we may
no longer enjoy the paradise of the Philippine islands. Nature
tourism is one of the most critical economic drivers of the
Philippines, but it is left vulnerable to unsustainable
environmental use.
Apart from the encouragement of the strict enforcement of the
law such as following the correct setbacks, zoning ordinances,
sewage treatment facilities, and solid waste management, let me
share various solutions to combat pollution:
1. According to a report of the Senate Economic Planning Office,

the Philippines in 2016 was generating at least 40,000 metric
tons of waste a day. And waste-to-energy companies need at
least 16,000 tons of trash annually to generate 1MW of energy.
With the amount of trash that the Philippines is generating,
waste-to-energy companies can provide electricity to a handful
of areas in the country that are experiencing energy demand
challenges.
2. Locate more bottled water and beverage companies near

clean river and ground water sources. For these companies,
clean water is the major resource of their business. They invest
in keeping water clean. In other parts of the world, beverage
companies practically subsidize economic and ecological
protection of watersheds, the city’s parks and open spaces. In
Dublin, Ireland, the Guinness Brewery has been leasing the
water rights and water use of Dublin River since 1759. Guinness
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is practically subsidizing the protection of the Dublin River.

(Anecdotal research tells us that Guinness Brewery has a
thousand-year lease on the land they occupy and water rights on
Dublin River.)
3. Plastic bottles should be limited or not allowed in beach and

forest tourism areas. Beach resorts can make available several
nearby water fountains, and hikers should be required to use
reusable water bottles.
4. All supermarkets and wet markets should stop using plastic

bags and impose the use of eco-bags.
5. Promote rain water harvesting and water recycling. Big

establishments can be encouraged to use recycled water in their
public toilets, and in doing so can merit tax incentives.
6. Give tax incentives in planting and growing trees. This has

been done in Singapore; tree planting and growing trees for five
years are tax- deductible.
7. Engaging the community: In developing an area, it is important

to include the local community to forge a healthy relationship
between the people and the tourism activities. We have often
noticed in most communities, towns, and cities, despite being
progressive, the local community has little or no participation in
this urban growth. One of the reasons for the apathy of the locals
towards the environment is their non-involvement in the
environmental and tourism activities.
Community-based ecotourism can even be a driver in job

creation and poverty alleviation. We can observe such
approaches applied in more progressive environment-friendly
cities and countries. The locals are trained as tourist guides, and
since they are most familiar with the place, they are in a much
better position to connect tourists with the environment. This
generates jobs and at the same time, provide manpower in
protecting, conserving, and enhancing the environment. Locals
are also given livelihood opportunities like making handicrafts
and other souvenir items, contributing to the local economy.
8. Offer substantial monetary rewards for reporting violations of

environmental laws and regulations.
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9. Let us not refer to specific areas such as garbage dumpsites.

It degrades the entire community. The government instead can
be proactive and develop waste collection areas as plastic and
metal recycling center, waste to energy centers, material
recovery facilities, and organic soil center, among others. This is
all possible as long as proper solid waste management is
practiced in
every household, community, town, city, province, island, and the
whole country. Waste to energy does not consume and damage
land resources.
In an article titled Current Situation of Solid Waste Management in the

Philippines Dated 2018-08-24
“Similar to most of the other Asia-Pacific countries, the

Philippines is now facing an increasingly severe situation
of municipal solid waste processing and management.
According to the statement of the World Bank, 25% of the solid
waste in the country is generated in Manila major metropolitan
area. The reasons can be attributed to the booming of multiple
consumption forms including food packaging. The increasing
uses of disposable staffs have also worsened this situation.
Some of the packagings contain hazardous materials which can
pose danger to the surrounding environment, therefore, only a
good and effective management of those solid waste could help
this country out of this large potential danger.
Waste Components in Muntinlupa

Muntinlupa
Population 366,674
Waste Production Per capita
0.6
(Kg)
Overall Density (Kg/m³) 172
Water 29
Paper 10.2
Glass 3.1
Metal 3.9
Plastic 28.1
Kitchen Garbage 29.1
Other Organic Materials 20.4
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Non-organic Materials 5
Hazardous Materials 0.2
According to the statistics, kitchen garbage and organic waste cover about
50% of the total amount of waste in the city. The recyclables cover 42%-49%,
thereinto, plastic 21-28%. the other non-organic and special materials cover
2%-6% and 0.2%-1.4% respectively. As a result, there are actually huge
potential recycling values in those wastes.
Classification of garbage – further processing of garbage-Beston

Sorting Machine
(MARCH 08, 2018 (https://bestonsortingmachine.com/current-
situation-of-solid-waste-management-in-the-philippines/
According to Froilan Grate, executive director of the Philippines branch of the

Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, an absence of garbage collection
services in secondary cities and many of the country’s smaller islands is largely
to blame for the overwhelming amount of marine plastic coming from the
country.
A large proportion of plastic waste in the Philippines today is made

up of thin plastic-and-aluminum-laminated sachets which are used
by multinational companies to sell their products.
As in other developing countries, the explosion in plastic waste in

the Philippines began in the 1970s, when consumer-goods
companies began selling products in single-use, throwaway
packaging.
Before such sachets were introduced, Filipinos followed “tingi”

culture. Shoppers took their own reusable containers to their
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neighborhood sari-sari convenience store when they bought small

servings of vinegar, soy sauce and other condiments.
The laminated sachets are used for everything ranging from

shampoo, toothpaste, creams and soaps to crackers, nuts and other
foodstuffs. Although goods in sachets are cheap and convenient in
a country where more than a quarter of the population live below the
poverty line, they are a
huge environmental nuisance.

https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health/article/2168819/philippines-
plastic-pollution-why-so-much-waste-ends-oceans
FOREIGN LITERATURE AND STUDIES
According to World Health Organization (2011) the solid waste
management In technicalnote, the term ‘solid waste’ is used to include all non-
liquid wastes generated by human activityand a range of solid waste material
resulting from the disaster, such as general domestic garbagesuch as food
waste, ash and packaging materials; human feces disposed of in
garbage;emergency waste such as plastic water bottles and packaging from
other emergency supplies;rubble resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry
deposited by the natural disaster; and allentrees and rocks obstructing
transport and communications. Other specialist wastes, such asmedical waste
from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also need to be dealt
withurgently, but they are not covered by this technical note
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Healey (2010) stated that Australia may be a large country, but they live
in a throw-away society that is rapidly filling it with their waste. Their insatiable
desire to constantly upgrade disposable technology and consume over-
packaged products has continued unabated for decades.At the same time
however, there has been a trend away from both burning waste in incinerators
and burying it in landfills. Waste management policies now seek to minimize
waste disposal by reducing its generation and by reusing and recycling. This
book reveals the extent of the growingwaste problem and examines the waste
and recycling practices of households, and includes manytips on how to
reduce, reuse and recycle. Topics include green waste, plastics, glass, paper,
metaland electronic waste
Solid waste management has become one of a major concern in
environmental issues (Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2008). This is particularly true to
urban areas where population is rapidly growing and amount of waste
generated is increasing like never before (Kathiravale & Mohd Yunus, 2008).
Current earth’s population is 6.8 billion and it is estimated that almost half of
this population lives in urban areas (Population Division of the Department of
Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, 2009). Waste
generation increase proportionally to this population number and income,
creating the needs of effective management (Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2008).
Urbanization and industrialization leads to new lifestyles and behavior which
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also affects waste composition from mainly organic to synthetic material that
last longer such as plastics and other packaging material (Idris et al., 2004). E-
waste that barely existed before was generated as much as 20-50 metric tons
a year (UNEP, 2006)
The management of waste become complex and the facilities provided
cannot cope with the increasing demand and needs. Therefore, best approach
need to be implemented immediately while considering environmental, social
and economic aspects (Aye & Widjaya, 2006). The drivers of sustainable waste
management were clarified by Agamuthu et al. (2009), which include human,
economic, institutional and environment aspect. The study suggests that each
driving group should be considered in local context as managing solid waste
for a particular society may differ from the others.
For example, waste managers in Africa need to tackle some issues
including, lack of data, insignificant financial resources, vast different of
amount and waste types between urban and rural area, lack of technical and
human resources, low level of awareness and cultural aversion towards waste
(Couth & Trois, 2010). On the other hand, problems faced among Asian
countries differ with two distinct groups; developed and developing countries.
While some of the countries are having specific national policy on solid waste
management, some others experience problems such as increasing urban
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population, scarcity of land, services coverage area, inadequate resources and
technology, and so on (Shekdar, 2009).
The differences in managing solid waste not only vary between
countries but also among areas in the same country. For instance, while
Istanbul are having big improvement in their solid waste management with the
establishment of transfer stations, sanitary landfills and methane recovery
system, it does not reduce the problem in the Black Sea coast in Turkey. This
is caused by the complex topography, weak administrative structures and the
low local’s income (Berkun et al., 2005).
Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) system was then
introduced in 1995 to improve earlier system that neglect unique
characteristics of a given society, economy and environment (van de Klundert,
1999). For example, European countries had applied various system
assessment tools and engineering models to create sustainable communities,
manage resources efficiently, tapping innovation potential of the economy,
ensuring prosperity, environmental protection and social cohesion in their
SWM system (Pires et al., 2011). Asian countries had also given attention in
building the national legal frameworks, managing institutional, technology,
operational and financial aspects, and creating public awareness and
participation (Shekdar, 2009)
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The waste management system should be dynamic and continuous
based on new insights and experiences (van de Klundert, 1999). For example,
continuous assessment of current policy and regulatory framework of New
Zealand indicated the lack of policies coordination, hazardous waste
management, consistency, incentives and markets for recycled material, and
cleaner production effort (Boyle, 2000). Thus, the improvement in policy is
needed while it will also benefit the country. As an example, based from EU25
group, it was found that the generation of waste is increasing and is expected
to continue for many years ahead. After the implementation of the new EU’s
policy in waste recovery and incineration, the amount of waste landfilled has
been decreasing slowly (Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2008).
However, based from the data from developed countries, the actual
amount of waste been landfilled is actually decreasing as more waste are
incinerated, composted or recycled. Looking at the positive angle, Lomborg
(1998) believed that area needed is sufficient to cater the total amount of waste
generated by the world, but the problem is the location since nobody wants to
stay near landfills. He also reported that air from incinerators and groundwater
near landfills today are cleaner and safer. Therefore, solid waste generation
can be considered more of a political or social issue than others (Lomborg,
1998).
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A lot of literature has discussed current practices, challenges and future
solutions on waste management such as those for India (Hazra & Goel, 2009),
Portugal (Magrinho et al., 2006), Canada (Wagner & Arnold, 2008) and
Malaysia (Agamuthu et al., 2009). These studies allow comparison to adopt
the best practice wherever applicable
Information on waste generation is important to determine the most
suitable waste disposal options. Improper waste disposal may cause pollution.
The main purpose in implementing best practice for solid waste management
is to prevent pollution. Pollution is a threat to human and other living organism
(Morra et al., 2009; Liu & Morton, 1998). It may also damage the ecosystem
and disrupt the natural cycle and climate on earth (Raga et al., 2001). There
are many disposal options available to suit the nature of waste and a country’s
preference and interest.
SYNTHESIS
Based on the articles, journals, and studies provided, it is safe to
assume that many reports indicates that there are many sources of which our
waste comes from. It may be from our own homes, due to our businesses and
even due to our negligence as a citizen. There are many waste management
problems in different parts of the Muntinlupa City, particularly in Brgy
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Poblacion, which is subject to many controversies and studies. Studies show
that there were many different approaches and techniques used by different
corporations and people on how to deal with such waste; some may be helpful
and some were not. Local government officials are also responsible in thinking
of such different approaches due to the fact that they are the ones who have
jurisdiction in said issue and causes of action.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents how the study will conduct. It will include and explains
every component involved in conducting this research from research design,
respondents of the study, sampling technique, data gathering procedure,
research instrument and statistical tools will be use of the researcher.
RESEARCH DESIGN
(Adi Bhat 2019)Research design is defined as a framework of methods and
techniques chosen by a researcher to combine various components of
research in a reasonably logical manner so that the research problem is
efficiently handled. It provides insights about “how” to conduct research using
a methodology.
This study is a quantitative research which fall on descriptive research design
since it is describe using numeric and quantifiable data that will provides further
understanding the level of public participation in solid waste management in
Muntinlupa City, in light of the challenges and prospects for future
management. In doing so, the current level of public participation is examined
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and what more the public can contribute in solid waste management, in the
future. This research will identify the role that the public plays in solid waste
management in Muntinlupa City and the different ways through which this
participation is manifested.
(Valentino Baac 2015)Descriptive research design provides further insight into
the research problem by describing the variables of interest – the who, the
what, the where, and the how – of the research. It is used for profiling, defining,
segmenting, estimating, predicting, and examining associative relationships.
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
A population is defined as a group of individuals, with at least one common
characteristic which distinguishes that group from other individuals (Best &
Kahn, 2006). The total population of Muntinlupa City as of 2015 census is
504,509 with 9 barangays (Source: PSA.gov.ph).
The proponent decides to limit first the respondents of the study within the
selected barangay of Muntinlupa City. The respondents of this study will be the
people of Barangay Poblacion which have an 115,387 total number of
population and this Barangay is the largest Barangay of the Muntinlupa City
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(Source: https://www.muntinlupacity.gov.ph/the-city/barangays/brgy-
poblacion/).
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire
population is known as sampling (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber 1998:250; Polit &
Hungler 1999:95).
The proponent will use Slovin’s formula with a 5% margin of error to identify
the sample size as respondents of the study. Based on (Ghozali 2006), Slovin’s
formula is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N)
and a margin of error (e). It is computed as
Given:
N = Total Household Population of Barangay Poblacion 20,600
e = Margin of error is 5%
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
20,600
𝑛=
1 + (20,600)(0.05)2
20,600
𝑛=
1 + (20,600)(0.0025)
20,600
𝑛=
1 + 51.5
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20,600
𝑛=
52.5
𝑛 = 392.38 𝑜𝑟 392 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
Since sample size already determine, the researcher will decide to use a
systematic random sampling technique in order to avoid the bias on selecting
the respondents. (Adi Bhat 2019) Systematic sampling is a probability
sampling method where the elements are chosen from a target population by
selecting a random starting point and selecting other members after a fixed
‘sampling interval’. Sampling interval is calculated by dividing the entire
population size by the desired sample size. It is computed as:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 =
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒
20,600
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 = = 52.55 𝑜𝑟 53
392
The sample size of the researcher is 392 respondents and the sampling
interval is 289 meaning the researcher will start to survey in the 1st person and
the next person that will answer the survey questionnaire is the 54 th person of
the barangay Poblacion and so forth until the researcher reach the 392 total
respondents.
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DATA COLLECTION
This study will use primary and secondary in collecting data. Primary data will
collect through survey questionnaires and interview face-to-face that the
researcher aims to identify respondent’s emotions, feelings, and opinions
regarding the research subject. While secondary data will take and collect data
from the review of related literature and studies that the researcher mentions
in previous chapter.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Research instrument refer to devices used to collect data such as
questionnaires, tests, structured interview schedules and checklists (Seaman
1991:42). Polit and Hungler (1997:466) define a questionnaire as “a method of
gathering information from respondents about attitudes, knowledge, beliefs
and feelings”.
The researcher will construct a survey questionnaire for the data gathering
process to get quantitative data. The researcher will use a multiple-choice type
of survey questionnaire and distribute to the respondents of barangay
Poblacion Muntinlupa City. It is this questionnaire that helped to collect
quantitative data for this study.
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STATISTICAL TOOLS
Statistical and Mathematical Tools will use the researcher to analyze and
interpret the data which includes descriptive statistics.
1. Percentage
Percentage will use to describe how a part relates to its whole and is
approximated by getting the ratio of the group and the total number of
elements in the group and is being calculated by below formula:

𝑛
𝑃= × 100
𝑁
Where:
n – Number of response
N – Total number of respondents
2. Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Central Tendency will provide a summary measure that
attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value that
represents the middle or centre of its distribution. There are three main
measures of central tendency that the researcher will use and these are
the mean, the median and the mode.
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Mean - The mean of a data set is also known as the average value. The
researcher will calculate the mean by adding the values and dividing by
the total number of values. Below is the formula:
Where:
x – All the values
n – Total number of values
Median - The median of a data set is the value that is at the middle of a
data set arranged from smallest to largest. In a data set with an even
number of observations, the median is calculated by dividing the sum of
the two middle values by two.
Mode - The mode is the most common observation of a data set, or the
value in the data set that occurs most frequently.
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3. Frequency Distribution
The frequency distribution will use by the researcher as a tabular
representation of a survey data set. It will help the researcher to
organize and summarize the survey data in a tabular format, interpret
the data and detect outliers in the survey data set.
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CHAPTER IV
INTRODUCTION
This chapter summarizes the study findings according to its objectives.
Respondents/participants’ sociodemographic characteristics are summarized.
The following is the sequence of the study findings is to explore the level of
public participation in solid waste management in Muntinlupa City, in light of
the challenges and prospects for future management. In doing so, the current
level of public participation is examined and what more the public can
contribute in solid waste management, in the future.
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
This section presents the socio-demographic characteristics of the
study participants. These characteristics include the participants’ gender, age
group, salary rage and education level. These findings are summarized in
Table 4.1.
The study collected data from 392 participants, including 142 (36.2%)
male and 250 (63.8%) female households (Table 4.2). With regards to their
age, 18 – 25 (26%); 26 – 35 (39.8%); 36 – 45 (14%); 45 – 55 (16.8%) and 56
above (3.3%) (Table 4.3); and most participants were 26-35 years old (39.8%).
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For their Salary; Php1 – 10,000 (9.9%); Php10,001 – 20,000 (39.8%);
Php20,001 – 30,000 (35.2%); Php30,001 – 40,000 (8.7%); and Php40,001
above (6.4%) (Table 4.4); Concerning the participants’ education level, 267
(68.1%) had attained tertiary education level; 99 (25.3%) had attained
secondary level; 24 (6.1%) had attained vocational level; while there were only
two (0.5%) with primary education level (Table 4.5). sample size of the
researcher is 392 respondents and the sampling interval is 53 meaning the
researcher will start to survey in the 1st household and the next household that
will answer the survey questionnaire is the 54 th household of the Barangay
Poblacion, Muntinlupa City and so forth until the researcher reach the 392 total
respondents.
Table 4.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of participants
Socio-demographic Frequency Percent Cumulative

Percent
Gender Male 142 36.2 36.2
Female 250 63.8 100
Total 392 100
Age 18 – 25 102 26 26
26 – 35 156 39.8 65.8
36 – 45 55 14 79.8
46 – 55 66 16.8 96.7
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56 above 13 3.3 100
Total 392 100
Salary Php1 – 10,000 39 9.9 9.9
Php10,001 – 156 39.8 49.7

20,000
Php20,001 – 138 35.2 84.9

30,000
Php30,001 – 34 8.7 93.6

40,000
Php40,001 – 25 6.4 100

above
Total 392 100
Educational Primary 2 0.5 0.5

Attainment
Secondary 99 25.3 25.8
Vocational 24 6.1 31.9
Tertiary 267 68.1 100
Total 392 100
Table 4.2 shows the sample gender proportion.
Frequency Percent Cumulative

Percent
Gender Male 142 36.2 36.2
Female 250 63.8 100
Total 392 100
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Figure 4.1 shows the sample gender proportion.
Gender
36.2
Male
Female
63.8
Table 4.3 shows the sample age proportion.

Percent
Age 18 – 25 102 26 26
26 – 35 156 39.8 65.8
36 – 45 55 14 79.8
46 – 55 66 16.8 96.7
56 above 13 3.3 100
Total 392 100
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Figure 4.2 shows the sample age proportion.
Age
3.3
16.8 26
14
39.8
18 - 25 26 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 56 above
Table 4.4 shows the sample salary proportion.

Percent
Salary Php1 – 10,000 39 9.9 9.9
Php10,001 – 20,000 156 39.8 49.7
Php20,001 – 30,000 138 35.2 84.9
Php30,001 – 40,000 34 8.7 93.6
Php40,001 – above 25 6.4 100
Total 392 100
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Figure 4.3 shows the sample salary proportion.
Salary
6.4 9.9
8.7
39.8
35.2
Php1 – 10,000 Php10,001 – 20,000 Php20,001 – 30,000

Php30,001 – 40,000 Php40,001 – above
Table 4.5 shows the sample Educational Attainment proportion.

Percent
Educational Primary 2 0.5 0.5

Attainment
Secondary 99 25.3 25.8
Vocational 24 6.1 31.9
Tertiary 267 68.1 100
Total 392 100
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Figure 4 shows the sample Educational Attainment proportion.
Educational Attainment 0.5
25.3
6.1
68.1
Primary Secondary Vocational Tertiary
SIGNIFICANCE OF WASTE CONTAINERS, SHORTING AND REUSE
Table 4.6 indicates that of 392 (100%) of the respondents Male and
Female, 392 (100%) have waste containers in their home/shop/stall but they
don’t know how to short their waste and they don’t know also if there are item
from their waste that can reuse.
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Table 4.6 Significance of Waste Containers, Shorting and Reuse
Are
Do you there
Do you sort
have any any
the waste
waste items
generated
containers from
Total in your Total Total
in your your
home/shop/
home/shop waste
stall
/stall that you
reuse
YES NO NO
Gender Male Count 142 142 142 142 142 142
% of Total 36.2% 36.2% 36.2% 36.2% 36.2% 36.2%
Female Count 250 250 250 250 250 250
% of Total 63.8% 63.8% 63.8% 63.8% 63.8% 63.8%
Total Count 392 392 392 392 392 392
% of Total 100.0% 100.0 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0

% %
Age 18 - 25 Count 102 102 102 102 102 102
% of Total 26.0% 26.0% 26.0% 26.0% 26.0% 26.0%
26 - 35 Count 156 156 156 156 156 156
% of Total 39.8% 39.8% 39.8% 39.8% 39.8% 39.8%
36 - 45 Count 55 55 55 55 55 55
% of Total 14.0% 14.0% 14.0% 14.0% 14.0% 14.0%
46 - 55 Count 66 66 66 66 66 66
% of Total 16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8%
56 above Count 13 13 13 13 13 13
% of Total 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3%
Total Count 392 392 392 392 392 392
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% of Total 100.0% 100.0 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0

% %
Salary Php1 – Count 39 39 39 39 39 39

10,000
% of Total 9.9% 9.9% 9.9% 9.9% 9.9% 9.9%
Php10,00 Count 156 156 156 156 156 156

1–
20,000 % of Total 39.8% 39.8% 39.8% 39.8% 39.8% 39.8%
Php20,00 Count 138 138 138 138 138 138

1–
30,000 % of Total 35.2% 35.2% 35.2% 35.2% 35.2% 35.2%
Php30,00 Count 34 34 34 34 34 34
1–
40,000 % of Total 8.7% 8.7% 8.7% 8.7% 8.7% 8.7%
Php40,00 Count 25 25 25 25 25 25
1 – above
% of Total 6.4% 6.4% 6.4% 6.4% 6.4% 6.4%
Total Count 392 392 392 392 392 392
% of Total 100.0% 100.0 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0

% %
COLLECTION OF WASTE
Female they know that “LEONEL” Garbage Collector is the who takes their
garbage once a week. Leonel Waste Management Corporation (Leonel) was
registered in 1993 with the objective of providing effective, thorough, and
continuous waste collection services to clients. Leonel fleet of equipment
composed of garbage compactors, dump trucks, roll-on roll-of trucks, sweeper
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trucks, water trucks, and heavy equipment, as well as our workforce, is more
than enough to adequately meet any new assignment.
Leonel has been aggressively looking for opportunities to join the
renewable energy industry - in line with our commitment to contribute to the
environment. Leonel's long-term objective is not only to contribute to
cleanliness and beautification, but also to advance efforts in addressing the
issues of solid waste by turning this into an opportunity through innovation and
collaborations with the renewable energy sector.
Table 4.7 Collection of Waste
Who takes the

waste from
your
home/shop/stall Total
for disposal
Private waste
collector
Gender Male Count 142 142
% of Total 36.2% 36.2%
Female Count 250 250
% of Total 63.8% 63.8%
Total Count 392 392
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% of Total 100.0% 100.0%
Age 18 – 25 Count 102 102
% of Total 26.0% 26.0%
26 – 35 Count 156 156
% of Total 39.8% 39.8%
36 – 45 Count 55 55
% of Total 14.0% 14.0%
46 – 55 Count 66 66
% of Total 16.8% 16.8%
56 above Count 13 13
% of Total 3.3% 3.3%
Total Count 392 392
% of Total 100.0% 100.0%
Salary Php1 – 10,000 Count 39 39
% of Total 9.9% 9.9%
Php10,001 – Count 156 156

20,000
% of Total 39.8% 39.8%
Php20,001 – Count 138 138

30,000
% of Total 35.2% 35.2%
Php30,001 – Count 34 34
40,000
% of Total 8.7% 8.7%
Count 25 25
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Php40,001 – % of Total 6.4% 6.4%

above
Total Count 392 392
% of Total 100.0% 100.0%
PAYMENT OF WASTE AND DISPOSAL
Female they do not pay the garbage collection and after they give their waste
to the garbage collector they do not know where is the waste taken for disposal.
Table 4.8 Payment of Waste and Disposal
Where
Do you pay for
is the
collection of
waste
waste from
taken
your Total Total
for
home/shop/stall
disposal
NO I do not
know
Gender Male Count 142 142 142 142
% of 36.2% 36.2% 36.2% 36.2%

Total
Female Count 250 250 250 250
% of 63.8% 63.8% 63.8% 63.8%

Total
Total Count 392 392 392 392
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% of 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Total
Age 18 – 25 Count 102 102 102 102
% of 26.0% 26.0% 26.0% 26.0%

Total
26 - 35 Count 156 156 156 156
% of 39.8% 39.8% 39.8% 39.8%

Total
36 - 45 Count 55 55 55 55
% of 14.0% 14.0% 14.0% 14.0%

Total
46 - 55 Count 66 66 66 66
% of 16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8%

Total
56 above Count 13 13 13 13
% of 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3%

Total
Total Count 392 392 392 392
% of 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Total
Salary Php1 – Count 39 39 39 39

10,000
% of 9.9% 9.9% 9.9% 9.9%
Total
Php10,001 Count 156 156 156 156

– 20,000
% of 39.8% 39.8% 39.8% 39.8%
Total
Count 138 138 138 138
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Php20,001 % of 35.2% 35.2% 35.2% 35.2%

– 30,000 Total
Php30,001 Count 34 34 34 34
– 40,000
% of 8.7% 8.7% 8.7% 8.7%
Total
Php40,001 Count 25 25 25 25
– above
% of 6.4% 6.4% 6.4% 6.4%
Total
Total Count 392 392 392 392
% of 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Total
SCHEDULE OF PICK-UP OF WASTE
Female in Barangay Poblacion, Muntilupa City the garbage collector pick-up
their waste morethan twice but not daily.
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Table 4.9 Schedule of Pick-Up of Waste
How many
times in a week
is waste taken
from your
home/shop/stall Total
for disposal
More than twice

but not daily
Gender Male Count 142 142
% of Total 36.2% 36.2%
Female Count 250 250
% of Total 63.8% 63.8%
Total Count 392 392
% of Total 100.0% 100.0%
Age 18 - 25 Count 102 102
% of Total 26.0% 26.0%
26 - 35 Count 156 156
% of Total 39.8% 39.8%
36 - 45 Count 55 55
% of Total 14.0% 14.0%
46 - 55 Count 66 66
% of Total 16.8% 16.8%
56 above Count 13 13
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% of Total 3.3% 3.3%
Total Count 392 392
% of Total 100.0% 100.0%
Salary Php1 – 10,000 Count 39 39
% of Total 9.9% 9.9%
Php10,001 – Count 156 156

20,000
% of Total 39.8% 39.8%
Php20,001 – Count 138 138

30,000
% of Total 35.2% 35.2%
Php30,001 – Count 34 34
40,000
% of Total 8.7% 8.7%
Php40,001 – Count 25 25
above
% of Total 6.4% 6.4%
Total Count 392 392
% of Total 100.0% 100.0%
WASTE OUTSIDE AND AMOUNT OF WASTE GENERATE
Female in Barangay Poblacion, Muntilupa City if they see the waste or garbage
they Pick it and put it in a nearby waste container also 43.6% of the
respondents think that they can reduce the amount of waste that they generate
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while 56.4% of the respondents said that they cannot reduce that amount of
waste that they generate.
Table 4.10 Waste Outside and Amount of Waste Generate
Do you think
What do you do you can reduce
about waste on the amount
you find of waste you
outside your generate in
home/shop/stall Total your Total
home/shop/stall
Pick it and put it

in a nearby YES NO
waste container
Gender Male Count 142 142 63 79 142
% of 36.2% 36.2% 16.1% 20.2% 36.2%

Total
Female Count 250 250 108 142 250
% of 63.8% 63.8% 27.6% 36.2% 63.8%

Total
Total Count 392 392 171 221 392
% of 100.0% 100.0% 43.6% 56.4% 100.0%

Total
Age 18 – 25 Count 102 102 70 32 102
% of 26.0% 26.0% 17.9% 8.2% 26.0%

Total
26 – 35 Count 156 156 78 78 156
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% of 39.8% 39.8% 19.9% 19.9% 39.8%

Total
36 - 45 Count 55 55 22 33 55
% of 14.0% 14.0% 5.6% 8.4% 14.0%

Total
46 - 55 Count 66 66 1 65 66
% of 16.8% 16.8% .3% 16.6% 16.8%

Total
56 above Count 13 13 0 13 13
% of 3.3% 3.3% 0.0% 3.3% 3.3%

Total
Total Count 392 392 171 221 392
% of 100.0% 100.0% 43.6% 56.4% 100.0%

Total
Salary Php1 – Count 39 39 24 15 39

10,000
% of 9.9% 9.9% 6.1% 3.8% 9.9%
Total
Php10,001 Count 156 156 56 100 156

– 20,000
% of 39.8% 39.8% 14.3% 25.5% 39.8%
Total
Php20,001 Count 138 138 69 69 138

– 30,000
% of 35.2% 35.2% 17.6% 17.6% 35.2%
Total
Php30,001 Count 34 34 11 23 34
– 40,000
% of 8.7% 8.7% 2.8% 5.9% 8.7%
Total
Count 25 25 11 14 25
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Php40,001 % of 6.4% 6.4% 2.8% 3.6% 6.4%

– above Total
Total Count 392 392 171 221 392
% of 100.0% 100.0% 43.6% 56.4% 100.0%

Total
WASTE THAT CAN REUSE AND SORT BEFORE DESPISING IT
Female in Barangay Poblacion, Muntilupa think that there are some of their
waste items can be reused but they don’t reuse it because according to them
they don’t know how to use it again in some other things.
Table 4.11 Waste that can reuse and sort before despising it
Do you
think
there
Do you
are
think it
some
helps to
waste
sort
items
Total waste Total
which
before
can be
disposing
reused
it of
but you
are not
reusing
yes Yes
Gender Male Count 142 142 142 142
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% of 36.2% 36.2% 36.2% 36.2%

Total
Female Count 250 250 250 250
% of 63.8% 63.8% 63.8% 63.8%

Total
Total Count 392 392 392 392
% of 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Total
Age 18 - 25 Count 102 102 102 102
% of 26.0% 26.0% 26.0% 26.0%

Total
26 - 35 Count 156 156 156 156
% of 39.8% 39.8% 39.8% 39.8%

Total
36 - 45 Count 55 55 55 55
% of 14.0% 14.0% 14.0% 14.0%

Total
46 - 55 Count 66 66 66 66
% of 16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8%

Total
56 above Count 13 13 13 13
% of 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3%

Total
Total Count 392 392 392 392
% of 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Total
Salary Count 39 39 39 39
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Php1 – % of 9.9% 9.9% 9.9% 9.9%

10,000 Total
Php10,001 Count 156 156 156 156

– 20,000
% of 39.8% 39.8% 39.8% 39.8%
Total
Php20,001 Count 138 138 138 138

– 30,000
% of 35.2% 35.2% 35.2% 35.2%
Total
Php30,001 Count 34 34 34 34
– 40,000
% of 8.7% 8.7% 8.7% 8.7%
Total
Php40,001 Count 25 25 25 25
– above
% of 6.4% 6.4% 6.4% 6.4%
Total
Total Count 392 392 392 392
% of 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Total
WASTE ITEMS THAT SHOULD BE SORTED FOR RECYCLING
Table 4.12 indicates that 42.9% are hard plastics that should be sorted
before recycling followed by papers 27.3%, metals 25.3% and lastly glass
4.1%.
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Table 4.12 Waste Items that should be sorted for recycling
Which waste items do you think Total

should be sorted for recycling
Hard Glass Paper Metals

plastics
Gender Male Count 83 6 22 31 142
% of Total 21.2% 1.5% 5.6% 7.9% 36.2%
Female Count 85 10 87 68 250
% of Total 21.7% 2.6% 22.2% 17.3% 63.8%
Total Count 168 16 109 99 392
% of Total 42.9% 4.1% 27.8% 25.3% 100.0%
Age 18 - 25 Count 68 16 5 13 102
% of Total 17.3% 4.1% 1.3% 3.3% 26.0%
26 - 35 Count 35 0 90 31 156
% of Total 8.9% 0.0% 23.0% 7.9% 39.8%
36 - 45 Count 0 0 14 41 55
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 3.6% 10.5% 14.0%
46 - 55 Count 52 0 0 14 66
% of Total 13.3% 0.0% 0.0% 3.6% 16.8%
56 above Count 13 0 0 0 13
% of Total 3.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.3%
Total Count 168 16 109 99 392
% of Total 42.9% 4.1% 27.8% 25.3% 100.0%
Salary Count 13 16 0 10 39
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Php1 – % of Total 3.3% 4.1% 0.0% 2.6% 9.9%

10,000
Php10,001 Count 70 0 83 3 156

– 20,000
% of Total 17.9% 0.0% 21.2% .8% 39.8%
Php20,001 Count 49 0 10 79 138

– 30,000
% of Total 12.5% 0.0% 2.6% 20.2% 35.2%
Php30,001 Count 18 0 16 0 34
– 40,000
% of Total 4.6% 0.0% 4.1% 0.0% 8.7%
Php40,001 Count 18 0 0 7 25
– above
% of Total 4.6% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 6.4%
Total Count 168 16 109 99 392
% of Total 42.9% 4.1% 27.8% 25.3% 100.0%
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Female in Barangay Poblacion, Muntilupa all respondents are willing to pay for
collection of their waste and segregate it so that can be use it in some other
ways also there are willing to work together to lessen the waste of their
community for the future.
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Table 4.12 Waste Management
In
future,
are you
willing
Do you think it is Do you think it is
to pay
necessary for you necessary for you
for
to work together residents/traders/
collecti
with other market vendors to
on of
residents/traders/ work together with
the Total Total Total
market vendors the Barangay
waste
for better waste Council in
that
management managing waste
you
genera
te in
your
yes yes yes
Gend Male Cou 142 142 142 142 142 142

er nt
% of 36.2% 36.2 36.2% 36.2% 36.2% 36.2

Tota % %
l
Female Cou 250 250 250 250 250 250

nt
% of 63.8% 63.8 63.8% 63.8% 63.8% 63.8

Tota % %
l
Total Cou 392 392 392 392 392 392

nt
% of 100.0% 100.0 100.0% 100.0 100.0% 100.0

Tota % % %
l
Age 18 – 25 Cou 102 102 102 102 102 102

nt
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% of 26.0% 26.0 26.0% 26.0% 26.0% 26.0

Tota % %
l
26 – 35 Cou 156 156 156 156 156 156

nt
% of 39.8% 39.8 39.8% 39.8% 39.8% 39.8

Tota % %
l
36 – 45 Cou 55 55 55 55 55 55
nt
% of 14.0% 14.0 14.0% 14.0% 14.0% 14.0

Tota % %
l
46 – 55 Cou 66 66 66 66 66 66
nt
% of 16.8% 16.8 16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8

Tota % %
l
56 Cou 13 13 13 13 13 13
above nt
% of 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3%

Tota
l
Total Cou 392 392 392 392 392 392

nt
% of 100.0% 100.0 100.0% 100.0 100.0% 100.0

Tota % % %
l
Salar Php1 – Cou 39 39 39 39 39 39

y 10,000 nt
% of 9.9% 9.9% 9.9% 9.9% 9.9% 9.9%

Tota
l
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Php10,0 Cou 156 156 156 156 156 156

01 – nt
20,000
% of 39.8% 39.8 39.8% 39.8% 39.8% 39.8
Tota % %
l
Php20,0 Cou 138 138 138 138 138 138

01 – nt
30,000
% of 35.2% 35.2 35.2% 35.2% 35.2% 35.2
Tota % %
l
Php30,0 Cou 34 34 34 34 34 34
01 – nt
40,000
% of 8.7% 8.7% 8.7% 8.7% 8.7% 8.7%
Tota
l
Php40,0 Cou 25 25 25 25 25 25
01 – nt
above
% of 6.4% 6.4% 6.4% 6.4% 6.4% 6.4%
Tota
l
Total Cou 392 392 392 392 392 392

nt
% of 100.0% 100.0 100.0% 100.0 100.0% 100.0

Tota % % %
l
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the conclusive statements drawn from the
discussion of the findings and then some recommendations to Barangay
Poblacion, Muntinlupa City on the way forward with regard to public
participation in solid waste management.
CONCLUSION
The level of public participation in solid waste management at present
in Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City is low. There is no structure that allows
for a more synergistic relationship between the public and the Barangay
authorities. The Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City, being less than a
decade old is more preoccupied with infrastructural projects at the moment
leaving the solid waste management issue less attended to and with fewer
resources for the venture. This has consequently given room for people to
dispose of waste carelessly since the issue has not been practically adopted
as a priority in the Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City as yet. Everyone has
the discretion to decide what best suits them as far as solid waste management
is concerned.
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Waste reduction through waste reuse is a primary function of the public
at the stage of waste generation. In Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City,
there has not been effort towards waste reduction. The people do not possess
knowledge on the benefits to the environment and consequently sustainable
development when the volume of waste is reduced. There is no appreciation
of the fact that solid waste affects sustainable development. The required
circumstances for effective solid waste reduction are not prevalent in Barangay
Poblacion, Muntinlupa City given the low level of capital established among the
people. The characteristic capitalistic and individualistic life style makes it
harder for solid waste reduction to be collectively achieved. It leaves the
Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City with fewer alternatives for sustainable
solid waste management, albeit waste reduction can also still be provoked.
Knowledge about the importance and benefits of sorting waste is one
thing, and having knowledge on the recyclable waste material is another.
People do realize that it is a good thing to sort solid waste so that not all of it is
dumped together. The intention is to easy the management of the waste by
having some of the waste items recycled. The knowledge base about
recyclable items among the people of Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City is
minor and very low. The people know little about recyclable items and this in
itself forms a barrier to waste sorting. For one to embrace waste sorting, one
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needs to know which items to particularly sort-out, without this knowledge, it
becomes useless and unlikely so to happen.
From the attitudes of the people, it is very clear that not all is lost. The
future of sustainable solid waste management in the Barangay Poblacion,
Muntinlupa City is bright but only so if the potentials of the people to participate
are delicately and purposively tapped. There is willingness by the public to
participate
They are ready to play their role in solid waste management, but as they
unanimously agreed that they cannot manage on their own, they need the
technical guidance of the authorities. Collaboration is thus very important for
success of any project and solid waste management is not an exception. The
willingness among the people to work together with one another and with the
authorities for a common good is a starting point for a synergy which will move
from just mere complementarity through embeddedness to a co-productive
relationship which is the epitome of participation.
The time to act is now because if nothing is done immediately, the more
time passes, the more complicated the solid waste management problem will
get. The population is without doubt increasing day in day out and the impact
on the environment is also becoming enormous. The damage on the
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environment is already noticeable in the Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City
as a result of the careless waste disposal practices. The situation calls for an
immediate arrest as the only way to reverse the effects in future.
RECOMMENDATIONS
There are fertile prospects for public participation in solid waste
management in Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City. The best way to do is
by showing the people that they are worth by involving them in the initial
planning stages. The people’s ideas should be included in the initial
deliberations and discussions so that they can see themselves as part of the
decision-making structure. This is important because the people themselves
have been responsible for both the good and bad practices at present and
therefore for any change to be concrete there is need to involve the people
right from the start by way of consultations. This will also help in taking the
relationship between the public and the authorities to another level of mutual
understanding and interdependence. With this, the operations will most likely
be smooth and less costly both politically and financially.
Apart from involving the people is taking the initial decisions, the
Barangay Council should strategically plan for sensitization of the people.
Several solutions may be brought at table and agreed upon. But just like the
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findings show, the people feel that the first step should be to sensitize the
public about the whole issue of solid waste management. Although there is
agreement that sensitization should come prior to implementation of the solid
waste management program, in actual sense, effective and meaningful
sensitization is planned when the whole program package is complete. That is
when one can know what exactly to sensitize about and how. It is my
suggestion therefore that sensitization should not be done for the sake of it and
basing on mere thought but after a common agreement on the program of solid
waste management for purposes of being systematic and thorough.
The imminent bye-law by Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City on solid
waste management with a specific focus on waste collection fees structure is
one of those items that need to feature in the sensitization. This the Barangay
Council may be already planning but the concern should also be on the basis
for determination of the fees structure. This is a critical issue and the fact that
it will come in form of a law that will demand conformity; it requires utmost care
on the side of the law makers. To be able to come out with an acceptable fees
structure the Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City authority should do a well-
planned and empirically supported consultation or survey that will ensure
determination of a win-win financial legislation for solid waste collection and
management.
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The Barangay Council has been doing social networking with a few
good-willed individuals. This is a good thing and thus a good base on which to
launch a fully-fledged campaign on networking. The potential for scaling up this
venture should be explored and given attention because the Barangay council
administration will need the members of the public and vice versa. There are
people who posses or at least have access and control over useful resources
that can be used for better solid waste management. Therefore social
networking should be seriously considered as it will help in reaching cost
effective ways of dealing with solid waste in the area. Since there are potential
economic benefits that the Barangay Council is aware of that can be attained
from business in solid waste, a plan to give elementary training to interested
members of the public may be worthwhile with time. It will be a positive
investment for future solid waste management which is community led other
than led by the administration because in that way, it will be cheaper and yet
sustainable. Just like the Barangay Council officials revealed that they have
seen it successfully work in Muntinlupa City, I think it could even work better in
Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City which is near metropolitan with all the
necessary socio-economic advantages.
It is understandable that all local government units operate under
meagre financial resources and thus have to set their priorities right. In most
cases, solid waste management misses out in the strategic plans and
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consequently in the budget. The defense for this omission may be that waste
management is not an economically rewarding investment and therefore not
very much a priority. In the contemporary world today where the environment
is at stake and where sustainable development is the way to go, it is high time
that solid waste management was prioritized and budgeted for because it is
one of the problems that have far- reaching effects on the environment when
not mitigated before it gets overboard. It is therefore my suggestion that the
Barangay Council deliberately includes solid waste management as a priority
in the annual budgets.
I lastly implore the administration of Muntinlupa City to target towards
achieving communities of practice among the public segments. People are the
hosts of indigenous knowledge and they can come up with various innovations
in the management of solid waste in a sustainable way. The Barangay Council
may need to plan to cover the knowledge gaps of the people with an ultimate
aim of empowering, motivating and provoking them to constantly think of
effective and efficient ways of solid waste management. The people should be
helped to understand the different alternatives so that they can make their
choices in an informed way so that their waste management practices are not
harmful to others but rather sustainably acceptable both socially and
environmentally. In this way, sustainable development will have transformed
from mere rhetoric to practice.
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JOARDAR, D., SOURO, D (2000) Urban Residential Solid Waste
Management in India. Issues Related to Institutional Arrangements. Public
Works Management and Policy, 4, 319-330.
URL:http://pwm.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/4/4/319 Accessed 5th August, 2008
KARUGIRE, R., SAMWIRI (1980) A Political History of Uganda, Nairobi,
Heinemann
Educational Books. KANSA STATE UUNIVERSITY (n.d) Lessons in Solid
Waste Management. For Teachers Grades K-3. A School Enrichment
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Program. Household Hazardous Waste.
URL:http://www.kdheks.gov/kdsi/teachers/curr_k-3.pdf Accessed 24th April,
2008.
KIRA TOWN COUNCIL (2008) Kira Town Council Three year Development
Plan 2008/09- 2010/11. IN DEPARTMENT, P. (Ed.), Kira Town Council.
LEEDY, P., D & ORMROD, J., E (2005) Practical Research: Planning and
Design, New Jersey, Pearson Education International.
MACKANESS, C. (2005) Funky style in shades of green. Telegraph Weekend.
In BEKIN, C., CARRIGAN, M. & SZMIGIN, I. (2007) Beyond recycling:
'Commons-friendly' Waste reduction at new consumption communities.
Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 6, 271-286.
MAJERCAK, J. (2002) Success Story: Turning Garbage into Gold, Washington
D.C., United States Environmental Protection Agency. Solid Waste and
Emergency Response.
MATOVU, G. (2002) City Consultation on solid Waste Management and a
Strategic Plan. A Case of Wakiso District, Uganda. Kampala, Kampala City
Council.
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MUGAMBWA, E., KIZITO (2009) What is Waste Management?
URL:http://www.nemaug.orgindex.phpoption=com_content&view=article&id=
69:whatis-waste-management&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=59
Accessed 25th April, 2009 MUWONGE, P. (2008a) KCC gets stricter rules on
Garbage. The Sunrise. Kampala. MUWONGE, P. (2008b) Harsher ban for
Kaveera in pipeline. The Sunrise. Kampala.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (1999) State of the
Environment Report for Uganda 1998. Kampala, National Environment
Management
Authority
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (2005) State of the
Environment Report for Uganda 2004/2005. Kampala, National Environment
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTA MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (2007) State of
the
Environment Report for Uganda 2006/2007. Kampala, National Environment
P a g e | 75
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Management Authority.
OAKLEY, P. & MASDEN, D. (1984) Approaches to participation in Rural
Development,
Geneva, International Labor Organization.
OSTROM, W. (1996) Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy, and
Development. World Development, 24, 1073-1087.
PONGRÁCZ, E. (2009) Through Waste Prevention Towards Corporate
Sustainability: Analysis of the Concept of Waste and a Review of Attitudes
Towards Waste Prevention. Sustainable Development, 17, 92–101.
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Minimization as a Local Government Issue: Fact or Fiction? Sustainable
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Accessed 5th August, 2008. MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES (1995)
The National Environment Action Plan for Uganda. June 1995., Ministry of
Natural Resources, Kampala.
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APPENDIX A: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Date of survey:______________
Name (Optional): ____________________________________________
Address (Optional): ___________________________________________
Cellphone (Optional): _________________________________________
Instructions: Please check in appropriate answer
Section I: This section covers the information related to demographic data.
Gender Age
Male Female 18 – 25 26 – 35 36 – 45 46 – 55 56 above
Salary
Php1 – 10,000
Php10,001 – 20,000
Php20,001 – 30,000
Php30,001 – 40,000
Php40,001 – above
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Educational Attainment
Primary
Secondary
Vocational
Tertiary
Section II: Role played by Residents in Solid Waste Management
6. Do you have any waste containers in your home/shop/stall?
a) Yes
b) No
7. Do you sort the waste generated in your home/shop/stall?
a) Yes
b) No
8. Are there any items from your waste that you reuse?
a) Yes
b) No
Please
Specify…………………………………………………………………………..
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9. Who takes the waste from your home/shop/stall for disposal?
a) Myself
b) House keeper
c) Someone else in the home
d) Private waste collector
e) City council
10. Do you pay for collection of waste from your home/shop/stall?
a) Yes
b) No
11. If yes, in your view, is the fee affordable?
a) Yes
b) No
12. Where is the waste taken for disposal?
a) Land fill
b) Collecting center
c) A pit for burning
d) I do not know
e) Other (Please specify)………………………………
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13. How many times in a week is waste taken from your home/shop/stall for
disposal?
a) Once
b) Twice
c) More than twice but not daily
d) Daily
e) I do not know
14. What do you do about waste you find outside your home/shop/stall?
a) Pick it and put it in a nearby waste container
b) Move on
Section III: Role the residents can play in Solid Waste Management
15. Do you think you can reduce on the amount of waste you generate in your
home/shop/stall?
a) Yes
b) No
16. If yes, how?..................................................................................................
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17. Do you think there are some waste items which can be reused but you are
not reusing?
a) Yes
b) No
Please
Specify………………………………………………………………………
18. Do you think it helps to sort waste before disposing it of?
a) Yes
b) No
19. Which waste items do you think should be sorted for recycling?
a) Hard plastics
b) Polythene
c) Glass
d) Paper
e) Metals
f) I do not know
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20. In future, are you willing to pay for collection of the waste that you generate
in your home/shop/stall?
a) Yes
b) No
21. Do you think it is necessary for you to work together with other
residents/traders/market vendors for better waste management?
a) Yes
b) No
22. Do you think it is necessary for you residents/traders/market vendors to
work together with the Barangay Council in managing waste?
a) Yes
b) No
23. Do you think the residents/traders/market vendors are capable of
managing the waste they generate without help from the Barangay Council?
a) Yes
b) No
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GRADUATE SCHOOL
April 6, 2019
To Whom It May Concern
Good day!
Part of the requirements of the students of Master in Business Administration (MBA) for
the Methods of Research course at Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa is to write a
research paper regarding the businesses located in Muntinlupa City which I am currently
enrolled.
In view of this requirement, I am conducting a research study entitled “PUBLIC

PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MUNTINLUPA CITY”. The aim
of this study is to explore the level of public participation in solid waste management in
Muntinlupa City, in light of the challenges and prospects for future management. In doing
so, the current level of public participation is examined and what more the public can
contribute in solid waste management, in the future especially in Barangay Poblacion.
This study is one of the requirements for completing the study program. The current letter
serves to request for authorization to collect study data in Barangay Poblacion,
Muntinlupa City as the study targeted area.
Rest assured that all the information acquired will be treated with strict confidentiality.
Looking forward to your favorable consideration and acceptance of the current request.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I hope that you will grant this request.
Respectfully yours,
BENEDICTO MARIO C. PALACOL

MBA Student
Noted by: Noted by:
DR. VALENTINO G. BAAC DR. BONIFACIO E. UMACLAP, DBA, PME

Professor, Methods of Research Dean, Graduate School

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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA

University Road, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

BENEDICTO MARIO C. PALACOL

This thesis entitled “Public Participation in Solid Waste Management in

Muntinlupa City” prepared and submitted by Benedicto Mario C. Palacol,

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Business

Administration, has been examined and is recommended for acceptance

and approval for oral defense.

Dr. Valentino G. Baac

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master in

Business Administration by the Oral Examination Committee with a grade of

Acceptance in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master

in Business Administration on ______

DR. BONIFACIO E. UMACLAP, DBA, PME

I also appreciate the role played by my wife for the comments on my

that God will always bless the works of your hands.

themselves as research assistants during data collection, is invaluable. You

very difficult for me to put together given the circumstances.

To all of you, God bless you abundantly.

TITLE : “PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT IN MUNTINLUPA CITY”

RESEARCHER : BENEDICTO MARIO C. PALACOL

DEGREE : MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

SCHOOL : PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG

DATE : MAY 19, 2019

ADVISER : DR. VALENTINO G. BAAC

BACKGROUND : Solid waste disposal and management is both an

managed or disposed of is quite a different issue.

This study was carried out in Barangay Poblacion which is located

level of public participation in solid waste management in Barangay

This study used a quantitative methodology to research. It therefore

draws on the cross-sectional study design as explained by Bryman (2004)

and also on aspects of a phenomenological research design as discussed by

the public in Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City exhibited concern and an

The level of item reuse is similarly low in Barangay Poblacion,

Poblacion, Muntinlupa City.

instrument and awareness-raising as a way to deal with the challenges.

Therefore, because the level of public participation in solid waste

management at present in Barangay Poblacion, Muntinlupa City is low, the

initial planning process

Table of Contents ………………………….………………………………....VII

List of Table ………..………………………………………………………….

List of Figure …………….…………………………………….……………...

1.1 Background of the Study …………..……………………….….1

1.2 Statement of the problem …………..…………………...……..5

1.3 Objectives of the Study ………....…………………..…………...6

1.4 Theoretical Framework ………………………………..…….…7

1.5 Conceptual Framework …………………………………….….7

1.6 Scope and Limitation ………………………………………....11

1.7 Definition of Terms …………………………………………….12

2.1 Review of related literature and studies …..………………...17

2.2 Local Literature and Studies …………………….……………17

2.3 Foreign Literature and Studies ………………….…………....22

2.4 Synthesis …………………………..…………………………27

Chapter III …………………………………………..….…………………….29

3.1 Research Methodology …………………………….………. 29

3.2 Research Design ……………………………..…….………. 29

3.3 Respondents of the Study ……………………….………… 30

3.4 Sampling Technique …………………………….…………..31

3.5 Data Collection ……………………………….…………..… 33

3.6 Research Instrument ………………………….….………... 33