Holt Science Biology Critical Thinking Worksheets Skills Worksheet Biology and Scientific Methods Work Alikes How Each Numbered Item Functions 1 Experiment 2 Genes 3 Minerals in Pond

Holt Science: Biology
Critical Thinking Worksheets

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Biology and Scientific Methods

Work-Alikes
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best describes
how each numbered item functions.
______ 1. experiment a. antacids

b. a balancing act
______ 2. genes
c. test
______ 3. minerals in pond rocks
d. instructions
______ 4. homeostasis
Cause and Effect

In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches
each cause or effect given below.
Cause Effect
5. source of energy to the a. metabolism

body b. amphibians’
disappearance
6. alarm among biologists
c. hypothesis formed
7. scientific investigation
d. changes in species
8. snow melt over time
e. acid released into
9. evolution ponds
Trade-offs
In the space provided, write the letter of the bad news item that best matches
each numbered good news item below.
Good News Bad News
______10. Power plants can utilize a. Interdependence can be disrupted

high-sulfur coal to burn. by pollution.
______11. Organisms are interdependent b. “Theory” is not the same as

in an environment. “scientific theory.”
______12. Many students know what c. Acid rain can result when
“theory” means. it is burned.
______13. Some mutations help an d. Some are harmful and can result
organism survive. in cancer.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Holt Science: Biology 1 Critical Thinking Worksheets
Name Class Date
Biology and Scientific Methods continued
Linkages
In the spaces provided, write the letters of the two terms or phrases that are
linked together by the term or phrase in the middle. The choices can be placed
in any order.
14. hypothesis a. acid snow

b. AIDS development
15. infection
c. observations
16. snow melt
d. acidic pond water
17. insect-resistant crops e. information for other
scientists
18. publication
f. reduced need for
insecticides
g. HIV exposure
h. experimentation
i. prediction
j. transplanting beneficial
Analogies genes into plants
An analogy is a relationship between two pairs of terms or phrases written as
a : b :: c : d. The symbol : is read as “is to,” and the symbol :: is read as “as.”
In the space provided, write the letter of the pair of terms or phrases that best
completes the analogy shown.
______19. reproduction : living things ::

a. change : observation c. homeostasis : weather
b. cells : membranes d. hardness : rocks
______20. amphibians’ disappearance : acidic ponds ::

a. pH : high mineral concentration
b. frog : absorption
c. acid rain : high-sulfur coal burning
d. warm weather : snow melt
______21. low pH : high pH ::

a. melting : liquid c. acidic : basic
b. freezing : ice d. neutral : acidic
______22. theory : tested hypothesis ::

a. rejection : prediction
b. evidence : rejection
c. prediction : hypothesis
d. disagree : agree

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Biochemistry
Look-Alikes
how each numbered item looks.
______ 1. water molecule a. chain of beads, in clumps
______ 2. lipid b. head and ears of a cartoon mouse
______ 3. protein c. mountain
______ 4. energy-releasing graph d. a long, capital letter E
______ 5. energy-absorbing graph e. jigsaw puzzle pieces
______ 6. enzymes f. valley
Work-Alikes
______ 7. positive and negative ions a. glue
______ 8. adhesion b. meterstick
______ 9. covalent bond c. letters of the alphabet
______10. pH scale d. magnets
______11. starch and glycogen e. savings account
______12. amino acids f. carpooling

Name Class Date
Biochemistry continued
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
13. cohesion of water a. temperature

changes
14. chemical reaction occurs
b. boulder rolls
at a faster rate
downhill
15. provide activation c. catalyst lowers
energy activation energy
16. carbohydrates d. energy stored
broken down in ATP
e. water forms drops
17. enzyme activity affected
Linkages
linked together by the term or phrase in the middle. The choices can be placed in
any order.
18. ionic or covalent bonds a. polar molecule ()

b. compounds
19. hydrogen bond
c. H2O O2
20. disaccharides
d. polysaccharides
21. energy e. ATP
f. H2O2
22. bioluminescent click beetles
g. different elements
23. catalase
h. monosaccharides
i. polar molecule ()
j. carbohydrates
k. light energy
l. chemical energy

Name Class Date
Biochemistry continued
Analogies
______24. molecules : hydrogen bonds ::

a. electrons : atoms
b. covalent : ionic bonds
c. energy : atomic bonds
d. atoms : ionic or covalent bonds
______25. cohesion : adhesion ::

a. evaporation : boiling
b. molecules : water
c. heat : cold
d. water : capillary action
______26. olive oil : unsaturated fat ::

a. butterfly : flower
b. animal fats : saturated fats
c. vegetable oil : saturated fats
d. grease : unsaturated fats
______ 27. enzymes : activation energy ::

a. spaghetti : carbohydrates
b. energy : heat
c. boulder : hill
d. low activation energy : time
______28. substrate : active site ::

a. boat : dock
b. enzyme : active site
c. enzyme: activation energy
d. product : reactants

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Cell Structure and Function

Look-Alikes
______ 1. cell membrane a. hot dog with a maze inside
______ 2. mitochondrion b. water balloon
______ 3. proteins in cell membrane c. sandwich
______ 4. Golgi apparatus d. stack of pancakes
______ 5. central vacuole e. icebergs
Work-Alikes
______ 6. cilia a. welcoming committee
______ 7. cell membrane b. boat oars
______ 8. ribosome c. gate keepers
______ 9. receptor proteins d. protein factories
______10. transport proteins e. security guard
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
11. cell theory a. ribosomes present

12. prokaryote invaders b. cytoplasm is signaled
c. observations of Schleiden,
13. phosphorus and two fatty
Schwann, and Virchow
acids make up molecule
d. held in place in cell
14. cell proteins have polar membrane
and nonpolar regions
e. polar and nonpolar
15. particle makes contact regions of cell membrane
with a receptor f. mitochondria and
16. rough ER chloroplasts have their
own DNA
Name Class Date
Cell Structure and Function continued
Linkages
in any order.
17. millimeter a. protein produced in ER

b. micrometer
18. lightly stained parts
let electrons through c. water
d. plant cell rigidity
19. central vacuole
e. specimen is stained with metal ions
20. Golgi apparatus f. new vesicles are formed
g. centimeter
h. electrons strike fluorescent
screen, forming an image
Analogies
______21. Hooke : cork cells ::

a. Schleiden : animals
b. van Leeuwenhoek : single-celled organisms
c. Virchow : plants
d. Washington : dollar
______22. prokaryote : nucleus ::

a. plant cell : chloroplasts
b. bacteria : ribosomes
c. cell : cell membrane
d. animal cell : cell wall
______23. marker : cell surface protein ::

a. receptor : arm
b. protein : membrane
c. truck : motor vehicle
d. cell surface : protein

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Cell Transport
Look-Alikes
______ 1. random-motion-of- a. a crowd of people filling a room

molecule model b. a long tube
______ 2. diffusion c. millions of table tennis balls
bouncing into one another
______ 3. ion channel
Work-Alikes
______ 4. carrier protein a. language interpreter
______ 5. sodium-potassium pump b. immigrants
______ 6. endocytosis c. train leaving the station
______ 7. exocytosis d. football player carrying the ball
______ 8. receptor protein e. bailing water out of a sinking boat
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______ 9. Very small, nonpolar molecules a. Most polar molecules are

can diffuse across a cell membrane. repelled from crossing the
membrane.
______10. Diffusing down a concentration
gradient is easy. b. It diffuses back in.
______11. Receptor proteins receive messages c. Illegal drugs can block

carried by signal molecules. them.
______12. The sodium-potassium pump moves d. Diffusing up a concentra-

sodium out of the cell. tion gradient is difficult.

Name Class Date
Cell Transport continued
Linkages
in any order.
13. diffusion a. hypotonic

b. high concentrations of ions
14. osmosis
c. high concentration of water
15. sodium potassium pump
d. signal molecule
16. isotonic e. hypertonic
f. low concentration of water
17. carrier protein
g. ions released
18. receptor proteins
h. phosphate group binds to
pump
i. second messenger
j. low concentration of ions
k. changes shape
l. facilitated diffusion
Analogies
______19. active transport : ATP ::

a. carbon : fuel
b. passive transport : sodium
c. facilitated diffusion : concentration
d. campfire : wood
______20. exocytosis : vesicles out ::

a. endocytosis : exocytosis
b. endocytosis : vesicles in
c. exocytosis : ATP
d. vesicles : ATP
______21. people : from newspapers ::

a. second messenger : from enzymes
b. signal molecules : from receptor proteins
c. signal molecules : from enzymes
d. receptor proteins : from signal molecules

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Work-Alikes
______ 1. glycolysis a. an energy relay race

b. an electron trampoline
______ 2. Calvin cycle
c. a sugar-producing merry-go-round
______ 3. thylakoid
d. a knife cutting a candy bar in half
______ 4. electron transport chain e. an emergency energy system
______ 5. lactic acid fermentation
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
6. electron moves through a. complete oxidation of

electron transport chain glucose
b. carotenoids
7. coenzyme is joined to a
two-carbon group c. acetyl-CoA formed
d. oxygen is given off
8. 38 ATPs
e. lactic acid production
9. those molecules give f. energy released pumps
energy to build H to make ATP
organic compounds
g. light reactions make
10. muscle cells lack ATP and NADPH
adequate oxygen
11. plants absorb more

light energy
12. water molecules in

plants split up

Name Class Date
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration continued
Linkages
in any order.
13. photosynthesis a. electron transport chain

b. Stage 3
14. Stage 2
c. Krebs cycle
15. ATP and NADPH formed
d. acetyl-CoA formation
16. acetyl-CoA formation e. radiant energy
f. Stage 1
17. Krebs cycle
g. glycolysis
h. cellular respiration
i. Calvin cycle
j. light reactions
Analogies
______18. chlorophyll pigments : green ::

a. light : pigments
b. pigments : light
c. carotenoids : yellow and orange
d. chlorophylls : blue
______19. CO2 fixation : Calvin cycle ::

a. O2 production : Calvin cycle
b. O2 production : Krebs cycle
c. NADH and FADH2 production : Krebs cycle
d. O2 production : cellular respiration
______20. lactic acid : human muscles ::

a. human muscles : lactic acid c. oxygen : lactic acid
b. pyruvic acid : CO2 d. ethyl alcohol : yeasts
______21. ATP : cellular respiration ::

a. water : photosynthesis c. CO2 : photosynthesis
b. sugar : photosynthesis d. O2 : cellular respiration

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Chromosomes and Mitosis

Look-Alikes
______ 1. super coil a. a large, thick spring

b. cars of a train
______ 2. chromosome
c. a jump rope with an X on it
______ 3. metaphase
d. an X
______ 4. genes in a chromosome e. a long line of X’s jumping rope
______ 5. spindle
Work-Alikes
______ 6. karyotype a. twins

b. traffic light
______ 7. homologous chromosomes
c. scenes of a play
______ 8. stages of mitosis d. chessboard with only the
______ 9. haploid cell white pieces
e. a family picture
______10. cell cycle
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
11. start of mitosis a. plant cell separates

b. trisomy 21
12. mitosis
c. Y chromosome
13. development of male
d. nuclear membrane
14. Down syndrome dissolves
e. one nucleus becomes
15. cell plate forms two nuclei
16. changes in chromosome f. mutations
structure

Name Class Date
Chromosomes and Mitosis continued
Linkages
any order.
17. mitosis a. mitosis checkpoint

b. interphase
18. synthesis (S) phase
c. gene mutation
19. anaphase
d. second growth (G2) phase
20. DNA synthesis (G2)
e. cancer
checkpoint
f. cytokinesis
21. protein may not g. cell growth (G1) checkpoint
function
h. telophase
i. first growth (G1) phase
j. metaphase
Analogies
a : b :: c : d. The symbol : is read as “is to,” and the symbol :: is read as “as.” In
the space provided, write the letter of the pair of terms or phrases that best
______22. chromosome : DNA and protein ::

a. gene : centromere c. spindle fiber : microtubule
b. chromatid : gamete d. centromere : chromatid
______23. homologous pair : chromosomes ::

a. chromatid : chromosomes c. chromosome: chromatids
b. egg : gametes d. gamete : zygotes
______24. prophase : telophase ::

a. prophase : metaphase c. anaphase : telophase
b. metaphase : anaphase d. telophase : metaphase
______25. metaphase : meet ::

a. anaphase : separate c. telophase : double
b. prophase : double d. telophase : lineup

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis

Work-Alikes
______ 1. anaphase I a. bees returning to the hive
______ 2. crossing-over b. a meeting
______ 3. metaphase I c. shuffling a deck of cards
______ 4. meiosis II d. raindrops joining together
______ 5. telophase I e. other half of a baseball inning
______ 6. prophase I f. changing dance partners
______ 7. independent assortment g. pulling apart string cheese
______ 8. random fertilization h. breaking a container and

water spills
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
9. first cell of new individual a. gametes

b. eggs and sperm
10. meiosis I and II
join
11. gametes join by fusion. c. all cells of
organisms are
12. repair of damaged
haploid cells
DNA
d. possible
explanation
of evolution
of sexual
reproduction

Name Class Date
Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis continued
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______13. Agricultural breeding increases a. Organisms must use

the sizes of domesticated animals. energy to produce
gametes and find mates.
______14. The ovum produced by oogenesis
b. The ability to obtain
is very large.
larger animals slows
______15. Asexual reproduction allows down.
organisms to reproduce quickly. c. They may be at a disad-
vantage in a changing
______16. Sexual reproduction makes
environment.
different combinations of genes
quickly. d. Two polar bodies
produced die.
Linkages
in any order.
17. meiosis II a. budding in hydra

b. four chromatids line
18. independent assortment
up in prophase I
19. crossing-over c. gametes
20. individuals split off d. meiosis I
e. asexual reproduction
f. recombination of
genes in gametes
g. unpaired chromo-
somes in gametes
h. pairs of chromo-
somes in organisms

Name Class Date
Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis continued
Analogies
In the space provided, write the letter of the pair of terms or phrases that
best completes the analogy shown.
______21. chromatids : crossing-over ::

a. gametes : chromosomes
b. metaphase : anaphase
c. hook : fishing rod
d. tires : changing flat tire
______22. asexual reproduction : clone ::

a. spermatogenesis : ovum
b. fission : budding
c. meiosis : gamete
d. fragmentation : budding
______23. haploid life cycle : fusion ::

a. diploid life cycle : fusion
b. diploid life cycle : fertilization
c. fertilization : gametes
d. gametes : fertilization
______24. sporophyte : spore ::

a. sexual reproduction : clone
b. spore : sporophyte
c. gamete : spore
d. gametophyte : gamete

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Genetics
Work-Alikes
______ 1. true-breeding a. a musician who continues to play the

same song
______ 2. self-fertilization
b. different versions of the same story
______ 3. cross-pollination c. feeding food to someone else
______ 4. probability d. predicting the outcome of a coin toss

e. feeding food to yourself
______ 5. alleles
f. a baseball player’s batting average
______ 6. ratio
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
7. heterozygous condition a. a defective hemoglobin

b. garden pea plant for
8. small, matures quickly,
heredity studies
produces many offspring
c. mutated genes
9. P generation cross
d. alleles of a particular
10. genetic disorder gene are different
e. wavy-haired child
11. test cross
f. genotype of dominant
12. incomplete dominance individual determined
g. F1 generation
13. sickle cell anemia
h. pigment gene does
14. white fur in winter not work in cold
temperatures

Name Class Date
Genetics continued
Linkages
any order. Some choices may be used more than once.
15. use of mathematics a. heterozygous condition

b. recessive allele
16. F1
c. separation during meiosis
17. law of independent
d. P
assortment
e. Mendel’s experimentation
18. multiply two separate
probabilities f. two alleles for different traits
g. blending of traits
19. X chromosome
h. unknown probability of a
20. incomplete genetic cross
dominance
i. sex-linked trait
j. science of genetics
k. known probability of genetic cross
l. F2
Analogies
______21. RR : homozygous dominant ::

a. Rr : heterozygous c. Yy : homozygous recessive
b. rr : heterozygous d. yy : heterozygous
______22. phenotype : physical appearance ::

a. genotype : value c. genotype : cover
b. genotype : set of alleles d. genotype : sex linkage
______23. law of segregation : alleles for the same trait ::

a. codominance : one trait expressed
b. self-fertilization : cross-pollination
c. allele pairs : law of segregation
d. law of independent assortment : alleles for different traits
______24. sex-linked traits : on X chromosomes ::

a. autosomes : on X chromosomes
b. autosomes : on X-linked traits
c. autosomal traits : on X chromosomes
d. inherited disorders : in carriers

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
DNA
Look-Alikes
______ 1. bacteriophage a. a twisted ladder
______ 2. bacteria capsule b. a stick drawing of a house
______ 3. replication fork c. a coated pill
______ 4. deoxyribose sugar d. a weird spaceship
______ 5. DNA molecule e. the letter Y
Work-Alikes
______ 6. bacterial transformation a. equal amounts in a recipe

b. something that causes rope
______ 7. DNA polymerase
to fray
______ 8. ratio of adenine to thymine c. hypodermic needle
and cytosine to guanine injection
______ 9. helicases d. a computer spell-check
program
______10. bacteriophage infecting bacteria e. an animal that moves into
a den or burrow of another
animal
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
11. phages with radioactive a. adenine bonds only

phosphorus infected to thymine
bacteria b. DNA became
32
P-labeled
12. vaccine
c. cytosine bonds only
13. A : T ratio is equal to guanine
14. C : G ratio is equal d. protection against
future infection
Name Class Date
DNA continued
Linkages
in any order.
15. transformation a. Watson and Crick

b. Avery (1944)
16. transformation not stopped by
protein-destroying enzymes c. DNA double-helix structure
discovered
17. five-carbon sugar molecule
d. nitrogen base
18. X-ray diffraction e. two or three nucleotide
chains
19. tin-and-wire DNA model
f. harmless bacteria becomes
20. DNA nucleotides bond to harmful
exposed bases g. Wilkins and Franklin
h. DNA is responsible for
transformation
i. DNA replication
j. harmless R and heat-killed
S bacteria are injected into
mice
k. DNA unwinds
l. phosphate group
Analogies
______21. A : T ::
a. T : C c. C : T
b. C : G d. T : G
______22. adenine : purine ::

a. guanine : pyrimidine c. pyrimidine : purine
b. cytosine : purine d. thymine : pyrimidine

Name Class Date
DNA continued
______23. Wilkins and Franklin : X-ray diffraction photos ::

a. Chargaff : a twisted ladder
b. Mendel : nucleotides
c. Watson and Crick : a tin-and-wire model
d. Hershey and Chase : replication forks
______24. S : bacteriophage protein coats ::

a. S : bacteriophage DNA
b. bacteriophage DNA : S
c. protein coat : P
d. P : bacteriophage DNA
______25. Bacteriophage DNA : inside host cell ::

a. host cell : inside bacteriophage DNA
b. bacteriophage DNA : outside host cell
c. bacteriophage protein coat : outside host cell
d. bacteriophage protein : inside host cell

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression

Work-Alikes
______ 1. mRNA a. electrical switch

b. computer disk with data
______ 2. transcription
c. e-mail
______ 3. operator
d. interpreter translating from
______ 4. RNA polymerase one language to another
e. substitute teacher
______ 5. point mutation
f. train on a track
______ 6. translation
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
7. anticodons bond to a. all life-forms have

codons the same evolution-
ary ancestors
8. codons are the same in
b. genetic flexibility
all organisms
c. amino acids are
9. translation begins brought together to
form proteins
10. lac operon turned on
d. mRNA leaves the
11. introns in DNA nucleus and enters
the cytoplasm
12. thousands of proteins
e. few thousand exons
in human cells
f. presence of lactose

Name Class Date
Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression continued
Linkages
any order.
13. RNA transcription a. operon switched off

b. mRNA sequence
14. rRNA
c. repressor
15. ribosome d. mRNA
e. amino acid sequence
16. translation
f. RNA translation
17. binds to operator g. P site
18. repressor of lac operon h. DNA replication
changes shape i. lactose
j. operon switched on
k. A site
l. tRNA
Analogies
______19. DNA : thymine ::

a. thymine : RNA c. DNA : ribose
b. DNA : uracil d. RNA : uracil
______20. mRNA : transcription ::

a. DNA : transcription c. protein : translation
b. rRNA : translation d. DNA : translation
______21. both DNA strands : replication ::

a. both DNA strands : transcription c. one DNA strand : transcription
b. one DNA strand : replication d. one DNA strand : translation
______22. transcription in prokaryotic cells : cytoplasm ::

a. uracil : DNA
b. ribose : RNA
c. transcription in eukaryotes : cytoplasm
d. transcription in eukaryotes : nucleus
______23. DNA promoter sequence : transcription ::

a. brake : car c. stop sign : traffic
b. bread : peanut butter d. track starter’s pistol : track event
Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Gene Technology
Work-Alikes
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best
describes how each numbered item functions.
______ 1. cloning a. delivery service

b. photocopying
______ 2. vector
c. removing a piece from
______ 3. Human Genome Project a doughnut
______ 4. cutting DNA plasmid d. making a map
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
5. separation of DNA a. DNA ligase is added

fragments b. it can be used to
6. restriction enzymes
determine its sequence
of nucleotides
7. DNA fragment bonds to c. gel electrophoresis
DNA vector
d. genetic engineering
8. recombinant DNA e. DNA fragments with
single-stranded
9. gene of interest is isolated “sticky ends”
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______10. Recombinant DNA from some a. The use of glyphosate may lead to
pathogens produces harmless glyphosate-resistant weeds.
vaccines. b. Some traditional vaccines can cause
the same disease in patients.
______11. Factor VIII is produced by
genetic engineering. c. Diabetes patients cannot make
adequate amounts of this hormone.
______12. Glyphosate-resistant crops have d. Hemophiliacs require blood factors
been genetically engineered. for blood clotting.
______13. Insulin can be genetically engineered.
Name Class Date
Gene Technology continued
Linkages
in any order.
14. production of recombinant a. cells with resistance gene

DNA survive
b. DNA directs production of
15. resistance gene in bacteria in
large quantities of protein
some recombinant DNA
c. sheep mammary cells fused to
16. bacteria-produced growth eggs without nuclei
hormone
d. DNA cut into pieces
17. milk containing human e. growth hormone genes
proteins f. proteins extracted from milk
18. embryos formed and implanted g. increased milk production
into surrogate mother h. transgenic animal
i. tetracycline added to culture
of recombined DNA
j. cloned sheep
Analogies
______19. vector : DNA fragment ::

a. DNA fingerprint : human fingerprint
b. anticoagulant : gene
c. RFLP : clone
d. plasmid : gene
______20. restriction enzyme : cutting DNA ::

a. cleaving DNA : identifying DNA
b. cloning DNA : radioactively labeling DNA
c. screening bacterial cell : cloning DNA
d. gel electrophoresis : separating DNA

Name Class Date
Gene Technology continued
______21. cow growth hormone gene : bacteria ::

a. weedkiller-resistance gene : crops
b. glyphosate gene : cows
c. nitrogen-fixing gene : hogs
d. pest-resistance gene : insects
______22. plasmid : vector ::

a. Eco R1 : frog ribosomal RNA gene
b. factor VIII : blood-clotting protein
c. cloning : screening
d. PCR : probe

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
History of Life
Work-Alikes
______ 1. radiometric dating a. great shield
______ 2. RNA b. team of workers
______ 3. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, c. oxygen tank

and nucleic acids
d. entire aquarium of fish die
______ 4. cyanobacteria
e. building blocks
______ 5. multicellular organism
f. catalyst
______ 6. mass extinction
g. ticking of a clock
______ 7. ozone
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
8. chemical reactions a. they evolved

proceeded faster partnerships called
mycorrihizae
9. bacteria entered large
b. development of
cells
amphibian lung
10. evolution of wings c. insects could patrol
the landscape
11. oxygen obtained from
the air d. bubbles formed
e. they evolved into
12. fungi absorb the mitochondria and
minerals used by the chloroplasts
plant roots that the
f. its surface is
fungi live on
protected from
13. Earth has a protective ultraviolet radiation
layer of ozone gas

Name Class Date
History of Life continued
Linkages
in any order. Some choices may be used more than once.
14. radiometric dating a. lungs and enhanced circulation

b. proteins formed
15. catalysis
c. development of limbs
16. tropical rain forests d. continental drift
17. vertebrates on land e. initial RNA molecules
f. destruction of rain forests
18. eggs laid on land
g. marsupials found in Australia
19. current positions of and South America
continents h. age of rock estimated
i. human activity
j. development of watertight eggs
k. half-life
Analogies l. terrestrial reptiles
completes each analogy shown.
______20. simple organic molecules : ocean bubbles ::

a. oceans : bubbles
b. cells : microspheres
c. microspheres : short chains of amino acids
d. microspheres : oil mixed with water
______21. bubble model : primordial soup model ::
a. skate board : automobile c. hummingbird : eagle
b. runner : walker d. turtle : cheetah
______22. bacteria : prokaryotic ::
a. protists : eukaryotes c. cyanobacteria : eukaryotes
b. eukaryotes : prokaryotes d. eubacteria : eukaryotes
______23. eukaryotic cells : archaebacteria ::
a. bacteria : arthropods c. plants : insects
b. jawed fishes : jawless fishes d. fish : mammals
______24. ozone : ultraviolet radiation ::
a. carbon dioxide : oxygen c. methane : microspheres
b. nitrogen : protons d. umbrella : rain
Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Evolution, Natural Selection, and Speciation

Work-Alikes
______ 1. natural selection a. running short sprints with long rest

periods in between
______ 2. punctuated equilibrium
b. short trees might not be as likely to
______ 3. fossil be hit by lightning in a rainstorm
c. naturalist’s field expedition
______ 4. HMS Beagle voyage
d. a clue in a detective story
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
5. individuals best suited a. changes in species are

to survive have the kept through natural
most offspring selection
b. their traits will be passed
6. common ancestry
on to future generations
indicated
c. unable to breed with
7. antibiotic-resistant one another
bacteria predominate
d. changes in amino acid
8. two populations of sequence in a protein
same species become e. same species become
different different in different
environments
9. environment directs
f. members of same
change
species reproduce at
10. subspecies different times
g. homologous structures
11. reproductive isolation
h. mutant bacteria favored
12. nucleotide substitution to survive antibiotic
treatment

Name Class Date
Evolution, Natural Selection, and Speciation continued
Linkages
13. South American species must a. ages can be determined

have migrated to the Galápagos b. amino acid sequences analyzed
Islands
c. plants and animals of South
14. orderly patterns of fossils America and Galápagos Islands
are seen resemble one another
d. vertebrate embryos develop a
15. there are few differences
tail, buds, and pouches
in sequences
e. in humans, the tail disappears
16. structures develop at f. South American species changed
different rates
g. shared common ancestry more
recently
h. radiometric dating arranges fossils
Analogies
______ 17. amino acid differences : divergence of species ::

a. atoms : years
b. potassium : uranium
c. rocks : half-life
d. radioactive decay : age of rock
______18. gradualism : punctuated equilibrium ::

a. running : walking
b. reading : writing
c. crawling : flying
d. understanding : confusing
______19. divergence : speciation ::

a. common ancestors : mating
b. reproduction : isolation
c. barriers : reproductive isolation
d. prevention of mating : reproduction

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Classification of Organisms
Work-Alikes
______ 1. scientific name a. chocolate milk

b. a person’s last name and
______ 2. eight levels of classification
first name
______ 3. hybrid c. family tree
______ 4. cladogram d. a child’s toy block set in
which small blocks fit into
successively larger blocks
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
5. Linnaeus devised a. analogous

binomial nomenclature characters
b. evolutionary
6. unique set of
systematics
characteristics
in a particular set c. polynomials were
of organisms unwieldy and
awkward
7. convergent evolution
d. our knowledge of
8. scientists have named these organisms is
only 500,000 of 6 billion limited
species in the tropics e. cladistics
9. subjective analysis
of evolutionary
relationships

Name Class Date
Classification of Organisms continued
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______10. The biological species concept a. It does not take into account
works for most members of the the strength of a character.
animal kingdom. b. Sometimes reproductive
barriers are not complete.
______11. Reproductive isolation occurs
when a barrier keeps organisms c. It fails to describe species
from breeding. that reproduce asexually.
______12. A cladogram is very objective.
Linkages
related by the term or phrase in the middle. The choices can be placed in any
order. Some choices may be used more than once.
13. phylum a. kingdom
14. family b. Apis mellifera
15. genera (genus) c. derived characters
16. Apidae d. fertile hybrids
17. interbreeding e. wolves and dogs
18. cladogram f. genus
g. Hymenoptera
h. species
i. evolutionary relationships
among groups of organisms
j. class
k. order
l. family

Name Class Date
Classification of Organisms continued
Analogies
______19. native language : common name ::

a. British : scientific name
b. Latin : scientific name
c. English : common name
d. Latin : common name
______20. two : scientific name ::

a. three : kingdom
b. eight : biological classification
c. two : family
d. three : scientific name

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
The Kingdoms of Life

Work-Alikes
______ 1. introns a. club meetings

b. blank pages in a book
______ 2. aggregations
c. woven rugs
______ 3. multicellular organism
d. family members living
______ 4. mushrooms together
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
5. mosses lack vascular a. development of a

tissue chicken egg
b. similarities in groups
6. six kingdoms
of organisms
7. entire genes are c. they are relatively small
transcribed
d. recycling of carbon,
8. heterotrophic bacteria nitrogen, and
phosphorus
9. differentiation e. bacteria have no introns
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______10. Some bacteria are used a. They are the only animals
by humans to process foods. without tissues.
b. They do not produce
______11. A colonial organism is a group of
flowers.
cells that are permanently associated.
c. Some cause disease.
______12. Sponges have specialized cells.
d. They do not communicate
______13. Gymnosperms reproduce by with one another.
making seeds.

Name Class Date
The Kingdoms of Life continued
Linkages
in any order.
14. thermophiles a. tissues

b. halophiles
15. basidiomycetes
c. complex multicellular organisms
16. organs
d. primary decomposers in the biosphere
17. absorption of organic e. methanogens
molecules f. muscle
18. rapid and complex body g. organ systems
movements h. zygomycetes
19. multicellular i. secretion of digestive enzymes by fungi

algae j. unicellular protists
k. ascomycetes
l. animals can avoid predators and look
for food and mates
Analogies
______20. bacteria : peptidoglycan ::

a. bacteria : introns
b. archaebacteria : introns
c. bacteria : deep-sea, hot-water bacteria
d. archaebacteria : bacteria that live on your skin
______21. amoeba : pseudopodia ::

a. ciliate : cilia c. diatom: cilia
b. ciliate : flagella d. diatom : flagella
______22. vascular plants : gymnosperms ::

a. seeds : plants
b. gymnosperms : angiosperms
c. mosses : gymnosperms
d. nonvascular plants : mosses
______23. organisms : six kingdoms ::

a. fungi : three phyla c. archaebacteria : two basic kinds
b. plants : six basic kinds d. animals : three categories
Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Populations
Work-Alikes
______ 1. model a. math formula
______ 2. K-strategist b. survival specialist

c. “king-of-the-hill” game
______ 3. Hardy-Weinberg principle
d. simulator
______ 4. polygenic trait e. weight limit for a bridge
______ 5. carrying capacity f. soup with many different

ingredients
______ 6. normal distribution
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
7. individuals homozygous a. nonrandom mating

for harmful recessive traits b. genetically uniform
population
8. individuals are in
randomly spaced c. mosquitoes die in fall
populations or winter
d. population
9. accumulation of wastes
approaching
10. exponential growth carrying capacity
is limited e. density-dependent
factors
11. density-independent
f. genetic drift
factors
g. individuals are
12. inbreeding self-determined as
to their location
13. fire or landslide
effect on population h. natural selection can
act
14. allele common
enough to produce
homozygous offspring

Name Class Date
Populations continued
Linkages
any order.
15. population a. population size

b. one extreme from phenotypic range
16. population density is eliminated
17. exponential curve c. logistic model
d. stable environments
18. K-strategists
e. distribution becomes narrower
19. directional selection f. slow-growing
20. stabilizing selection g. extremes from both ends of
phenotypic range are eliminated
h. demography
i. alleles for this become less common
j. pairs of individuals have multiple
offspring over lifetime
k. stage I (birth rate – death rate)
l. dispersion
Analogies
______21. clumped dispersions : cluster ::

a. geese flying in formation : circle
b. geese flying in formation : V-shape
c. soldiers in line : cluster
d. seats in a row : triangle
______22. r : rate of growth ::

a. p : recessive allele
b. K : carrying capacity
c. q : dominant allele frequency
d. A : recessive allele
______23. weed growth : tree growth ::

a. carrying capacity : birth rate
b. logistic growth curve : exponential growth curve
c. K-strategist population : exponential growth
d. r-strategist population : K-strategist population

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Ecosystems
Work-Alikes
______ 1. all of Earth’s organisms a. heat produced by an internal

combustion engine
______ 2. biodiversity
b. ammonia factory
______ 3. energy lost at trophic levels c. salad bar
______ 4. ammonification d. jigsaw puzzle pieces
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
5. removal of every a. ecosystems lose

organism from an energy at each
ecosystem trophic level
b. minerals, organic
6. nutrients released back
compounds, water,
into the environment
and sunlight remain
7. the number of trophic c. organic molecules
levels in an ecosystem
d. decomposers
is limited
8. photosynthesis

Name Class Date
Ecosystems continued
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______ 9. Succession brings in new a. 100 kg of consumed beef

species of plants. required to build 1 kg of
human tissue.
______10. 10 kg of grain eaten builds
b. Most organisms cannot use
1 kg of human tissue.
it in the form of a gas.
______11. Water, carbon, nitrogen, and c. Many of the old ones die
phosphorus pass from due to the replacement.
nonliving things to living
d. There are less of these
organisms.
compounds in living reser-
______12. The atmosphere is 79 percent voirs than in nonliving
nitrogen. reservoirs.
Linkages
in any order.
13. raccoons, foxes, rabbits, a. worms, spiders, snakes,

chipmunks toads
b. producers
14. shrubs, grasses, small trees
c. pine trees
15. alder thicket
d. mosses, fireweed, cotton-
16. herbivores wood, willows, and Dryas
e. Sitka spruce and hemlock
17. cellulose-digesting trees
bacteria in stomachs
f. bears and white-tailed
deer
g. cellulose is digested
h. carnivores
i. algae, bacteria, and fungi
j. herbivores eat plant
material

Name Class Date
Ecosystems continued
Analogies
______18. food web : food chains ::

a. ecosystem : a community
b. bacterium : plants
c. plant : communities
d. protist : animals
______19. hawk : biotic factor ::

a. spider : abiotic factor
b. water : abiotic factor
c. weather : biotic factor
d. soil : biotic factor
______20. primary succession : areas of no plant growth ::

a. primary succession : hemlock forest
b. lichens : alders
c. alder forests : bare rock
d. secondary succession : forest clearing
______21. mosses and willows : alders ::

a. succession : pioneer species
b. mosses and willows : bare rock
c. bare rock : pioneer species
d. alders : bare rock
______22. plant : sunlight into chemical energy ::

a. animal : sunlight into chemical energy
b. plant : chemical energy into sunlight
c. chemical energy : sunlight into nitrogen
d. bacterium : ammonia into nitrates

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Communities
Work-Alikes
______ 1. mutualism a. cooperative neighbors

b. a store goes out of business because
______ 2. plant secondary compounds
of the success of another store
______ 3. niche c. chemical warfare
______ 4. competitive exclusion d. job
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
5. coevolution a. moisture-holding capacity

of air increases
6. clown fish have a safe
b. mild climate and plentiful
place to live
rain
7. increased biodiversity c. flowering plants and polli-
in an ecosystem nators have a long evolu-
tionary history together
8. air is warmed
d. greater productivity
9. temperate deciduous forest e. commensalism
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______10. Parasites do not usually kill their prey. a. Their soils are very infertile.
______11. Many plants are protected from b. Some animals can break
herbivores by defensive chemicals them down.
called secondary compounds. c. They spread their offspring
from the host.
______12. An ocean shallow-water zone is
d. It is a relatively small area.
inhabited by a large number of species.
______13. Tropical rain forests have high

primary productivity.
Name Class Date
Communities continued
Linkages
In the spaces provided, write the letters of the two terms or phrases that are linked
together by the term or phrase in the middle. The choices can be placed in any order.
14. cabbage butterflies a. cabbage butterflies feed on mustard

can break down mustard family plants
oils b. the number of different prey species dropped
c. taiga
15. niches did not overlap
d. P. caudatum and P. bursaria are
16. sea stars were removed introduced into the same culture tube
from an experimental e. profundal zone
plot f. littoral zone
17. savanna g. tropical rain forest
h. sea stars are fierce predators of marine
18. tundra animals
i. permanent ice
19. limnetic zone
j. both species survived
k. desert
l. the mustard plant family produces
mustard oils
Analogies
a : b :: c : d. The symbol : is read as “is to,” and the symbol :: is read as “as.” In the
space provided, write the letter of the pair of terms or phrases that best completes
the analogy shown.
______20. lions hunting zebras : predation ::
a. animals fighting over nesting areas : predation
b. lions fighting hyenas for food : competition
c. plants growing over each other : predation
d. organisms living inside other organisms : competition
______21. species richness : biodiversity ::
a. realized niche : fundamental niche
b. fundamental niche : realized niche
c. large supply of resource : short supply
d. large supply of resource : competition
______22. temperature and moisture decreases : latitude increases ::
a. temperature and moisture : mountain height decreases
b. latitude : latitude increases
c. temperature and moisture : latitude decreases
d. temperature and moisture decreases : altitude increases
______23. prairie : temperate grassland ::
a. tundra : prairie c. desert : savanna
b. savanna : desert d. northern coniferous forest : taiga
Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Environmental Issues
Work-Alikes
______ 1. acid rain a. chain reaction

______ 2. carbon dioxide buildup in the atmosphere b. boomerang
c. underground water
______ 3. aquifer
channel
______ 4. human population growth d. greenhouse
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
5. increased global a. global increase in efforts

temperatures to reduce pollution
6. increased UV radiation b. 1,600 km of Alaska polluted
and thousands of marine
7. sulfur dioxide, carbon animals killed in 1989
dioxide, and soot
c. increased atmospheric
emissions cut by 30%
carbon dioxide for last
in 10 years
50 years
8. oil tanker loaded with d. skin cancer, cataracts,
oil above water line and cancer of the retina
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______ 9. Humans rely on Earth for all

a. The smoke produces acid rain.
food and materials.
b. Developing countries
______10. Laws were passed in 1972 to ban continue to use it.
the use of DDT in the United States.
c. It is an artificial price hike
______11. Gasoline has been taxed to reduce imposed by the government.
pollution. d. There may be none left for
______12. The global rate of population future generations.
growth is declining. e. The world population will
increase to 8.5 billion by 2025.
______13. Much energy is obtained by burning coal.
Name Class Date
Environmental Issues continued
Linkages
any order.
14. sulfuric acid a. acid rain

produced b. your knowledge of environmental problems
15. ozone is changed to c. sulfur from smoke joins with water vapor
oxygen d. topsoil accumulates as decayed remains
of plants and animals
16. carbon dioxide build-up
in the atmosphere e. your contribution to the solution of
environmental problems
17. overgrazing and poor f. greenhouse effect
land management
g. CFCs are released into atmosphere
18. your participation in h. burning fossil fuels releases carbon
the solution dioxide
i. one-fourth of topsoil lost since 1950
j. ozone layer holes over South Pole
Analogies
______19. ozone hole : CFCs released into atmosphere ::

a. acid rain : carbon dioxide
b. sulfur : ozone
c. increased UV light : presence of ozone hole
d. decreased ozone : sulfur
______20. assessment : risk analysis ::

a. risk analysis : assessment c. political action : assessment
b. public education : risk analysis d. public education : political action
______21. oil spillage at sea : major losses of marine animals ::

a. loss of topsoil in the United States : rain forest destruction
b. aquifer pollution : loss of marine animals
c. poor disposal of chemical wastes : ground-water pollution
d. rain forests cut for timber : poor disposal of chemical wastes
______22. milk : replaceable ::

a. lumber : nonreplaceable c. original topsoil : replaceable
b. ground water : replaceable d. species of plant or animal :
nonreplaceable
Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Viruses and Bacteria

Work-Alikes
______ 1. virus envelope a. security guards get sick and die

b. door key
______ 2. bacteriophage
c. a rumor being spread among people
______ 3. HIV infection d. a hypodermic needle
______ 4. influenza
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
5. viruses do not grow, do a. lysogenic cycle

not have homeostasis, b. specificity of viruses
and do not metabolize
c. resistant bacteria
6. host cell not destroyed survive and reproduce
d. they are not alive
7. escape of fragments of
host cell genes
8. resistance to antibiotics
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______ 9. Those infected with HIV do a. They are not truly

not develop AIDS for years. multicellular.
b. They feel healthy while
______10. Some bacteria adhere to each
spreading the virus to
other to form strands.
others.
______11. Bacteria perform several different c. A species of Staphylococcus
kinds of anaerobic and aerobic causes food poisoning.
respiration.
d. Eukaryotes are mostly
______12. Streptomyces bacteria produce limited to aerobic
an antibiotic. metabolism.
Name Class Date
Viruses and Bacteria continued
Linkages
any order.
13. bacteria trapped a. cell destruction in the lytic cycle

in filter b. hepatitis B
14. replication c. viruses pass through
d. unidentified bacteria
15. Epstein-Barr virus
e. viral infection
16. Gram staining f. Fleming observes Penicillium
17. soybeans, beans, and growing on a culture
peanuts g. soil replenished with nitrogen
compounds
18. fungus secretes substance
h. Rhizobium bacteria
that kills bacteria
i. isolation of substance and naming
it penicillin
j. sap from infected tobacco plants
k. human papilloma virus
l. Gram-negative or Gram-positive
identification
Analogies
______19. virus : bacterium ::

a. lamp : light bulb c. desk : doorknob
b. pumpkin : strawberry d. sidewalk : street
______20. DNA or RNA : viruses ::

a. capsids : viral envelopes c. white blood cells : HIV
b. RNA : DNA d. TMV : bacterial cell
______21. photosynthetic bacteria : sulfur compounds ::

a. chemoautotrophic bacteria : sulfur compounds
b. chemoautotrophic bacteria : organic material
c. heterotrophic bacteria : organic material
d. photosynthetic bacteria : ammonia

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Protists
Look-Alikes
______ 1. amoeba a. glassy, geometric shapes

b. human footprint
______ 2. Paramecium
c. eyelashes
______ 3. small ciliates d. oval submarines
______ 4. diatoms e. oozing slime
______ 5. cilia
Work-Alikes
______ 6. zygospore of unicellular protist a. seed with hard outer

covering
______ 7. diatomaceous earth
b. boat oars
______ 8. Anopheles mosquito c. inoculating needle
______ 9. cilia d. abrasive
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
10. protists lack specialized a. amoebic dysentery
features b. environmental stress
on protists
11. meiosis and sexual
reproduction c. spinning motion through
water
12. Entamoeba histolytica
d. Phytophthora infestans
13. dinoflagellates’ two e. euglenoid with flexible
grooves with flagella pellicle
f. they cannot be classified
14. it can change shape
as animal, plants, or
15. 400,000 deaths in Irish fungi
potato famine from
1845–1847
Name Class Date
Protists continued
Linkages
16. cell divides by mitosis to a. resting spore

produce zoospores b. Spirogyra filaments lay side by
side
17. conjugation
c. mosquito bite
18. zygote
d. hay and grass digested
19. commensal protists e. resistance to drought
f. cattle
20. photosynthetic
protists g. oxygen produced
h. merozoites infect red blood cells
21. Plasmodium sporozoites
infect liver i. oceans
j. sporozoan male gamete fertilizes
female gamete
k. zoospores break out of cell
l. Chlamydomonas begins asexual
Analogies reproduction
______22. Chlamydomonas : sexually when under stress ::

a. protist : by an embryo
b. Chlamydomonas : asexually when not under stress
c. Chlamydomonas : sexually when not under stress
d. protist : by complex reproductive structures
______23. foram : plastic ball with holes ::

a. euglenoid : triangle c. alga : fan blade
b. ciliate : brick d. diatom : box with a lid
______24. euglenoids : two flagella ::

a. amoebas : flagella c. diatoms : nuclei
b. Foraminefera : flagella d. most ciliates : two nuclei
______25. Ulva sporophyte generation : spores ::

a. spores : gametes c. spores : sporophyte generation
b. gametes : spores d. gametophyte generation :
gametes
Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Fungi
Work-Alikes
______ 1. zygosporangia a. pollution indicator
______ 2. Amanita species b. food poisoning

c. thick walls
______ 3. alga and fungus in lichens
d. partners
______ 4. no lichens in industrial areas
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
5. many fungi decompose a. pines, oaks, beeches,
leaves, branches, dead and willows benefit
animals, and waste b. lichens’ ability to live
6. large, expansive in harshest habitats
mycelium of fungus c. high surface area-to-
7. algal photosynthesis and volume relationship
tough fungal construction d. recycling of nutrients
8. possible role in invasion e. mycorrhizae in fossils
of land plants of earliest land plants
9. non-penetrating rootlike structures
mycorrhizae
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______10. Yeasts have played an important role a. C. albicans is a species that

in brewing and baking. causes thrush in humans.
b. Others in this group cause
______11. The deuteromycetes are a fourth
ringworm and athlete’s foot.
phylum with no sexual stages.
c. Most members of this group
______12. Deuteromycetes fungi are sources have been reclassified into
of the antibiotic penicillin. the Ascomycetes.

Name Class Date
Fungi continued
Linkages
13. spindle fibers drag chromosomes a. fungi secrete digestive enzymes

to opposite sides b. fungi absorb decomposed
14. organic matter broken molecules
down c. zygomycetes and ascomycetes
15. spores are shed and carried spores are produced by asexual
by wind reproduction
16. hyphae from two mating types d. fusion makes reproductive
fuse structures and spores
e. mitosis begins in the fungal
nucleus
f. they may germinate and start
new mycelia
g. sexual reproduction in fungus
begins
h. nuclear envelope pinches in two
Analogies
______ 17. fungal enzyme : organic matter ::

a. soap : dirt c. backpack : book
b. blanket : wristwatch d. paper : pencil
______18. asexual reproduction : zygomycetes ::

a. thick-walled reproductive structures : ascomycetes
b. sac reproductive structure : basidiomycetes
c. sexual reproduction : ascomycetes
d. sexual reproduction : basidiomycetes
______19. basidiomycetes : club ::

a. ascomycetes : sac c. deuteromycetes : foot
b. zygomycetes : bowling pin d. ascomycetes : golf ball on a tee
______20. basidiomycetes : basidia

a. zygomycetes : asci c. deuteromycetes : basidia
b. ascomycetes : zygospores d. ascomycetes : asci

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Plant Structure and Classification

Work-Alikes
______ 1. vascular system a. doorways

b. postal mail
______ 2. plant cuticle
c. meat
______ 3. pollen grains
d. plastic wrap
______ 4. stomata e. plumbing
______ 5. tofu
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
6. thick walls of xylem tissue a. meristems

b. water rises great heights
7. plant growth
in vascular plants
8. relatively small in size c. identifies monocot or
dicot
9. the number of seed leaves
d. paper
10. cellulose has strength e. water-conducting cells
and flexibility of mosses only carry
water short distances
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______11. Some seeds can survive drought a. They are usually only
and cold winters. found in cool, dry regions.
b. Most seeds will not sprout
______12. Conifers have needle-like leaves
to limit water loss. until growing conditions are
favorable.
______13. Rice is an excellent source of c. The leaves of this plant are
energy-rich carbohydrates. extremely dangerous.
______14. The foxglove plant is used to make d. It is low in protein.
digitalis to treat heart ailments.
Name Class Date
Plant Structure and Classification continued
Linkages
in any order.
15. pollen grains stick to a. pollination

them b. nonvascular plants have eggs and
sperms on separate plants
16. seed dispersal by wind,
water, and animals c. seeds are produced by plants
d. sporophyte generation releases
17. gametophyte generation
spores to make gametophytes
releases gametes
e. sperms swim to fertilize eggs
18. film of water f. flowers attract insects, bats, and
birds
19. corn
g. competition between parents
20. Great Plains of United States and offspring is reduced
and Canada
h. rice
i. gametes fuse to form the
sporophyte generation
j. one of the world’s best
wheat-growing areas
k. wheat
l. temperate grassland biome
Analogies
______21. cuticle : conserve water ::

a. vascular system : grow
b. water : pollinate
c. guard cell : exchange gases
d. wax : anchor to soil
______22. first plants : osmosis ::

a. angiosperms : flowers
b. gymnosperms : cones
c. gymnosperms : leaves
d. vascular plants : conducting tissue

Name Class Date
Plant Structure and Classification continued
______23. xylem : water ::

a. protein from cells : phloem
b. vascular tissue : gases
c. stomata : guard cells
d. phloem : organic nutrients
______24. gametophyte generation : nonvascular plants ::

a. xylem and phloem : nonvascular plants
b. sporophyte generation : vascular plants
c. gametophyte generation : vascular plants
d. xylem : phloem
______25. ferns : seedless vascular plans ::

a. club mosses : seed plant
b. angiosperms : seedless vascular plant
c. angiosperms : seed plant
d. horsetails : seed plant

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Plant Reproduction
Work-Alikes
______ 1. seed coat a. a helicopter blade

b. a meal
______ 2. pine seed wing
c. an airplane runway
______ 3. endosperm
d. a roof
______ 4. flower markings e. gloves
______ 5. sepals
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
6. spore capsules open when a. haploid spores grow

spores are mature into haploid gameto-
phytes
7. fern diploid sporophytes
b. they are carried away
produce haploid spores
by wind or water
by meiosis
c. seed plants do not
8. develop within tissues release their spores
of gametophytes
d. seed plants have
9. they are the most specialized structures
successful of all plants within which seeds
develop
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______10. Wind-pollinated flowers do not a. The process can take up to

need insects for pollination. 2 years.
b. The plant has to make lots of
______11. Gymnosperm cones close after
pollen to ensure pollination.
pollination and protect their seeds
until the seeds are mature. c. They must be covered with a
film of water to reproduce.
______12. Seedless vascular plants thrive
in moist, shady places.
Name Class Date
Plant Reproduction continued
Linkages
in any order.
13. plant propagation resulting a. sporophyte generation produces

in new plants that are identical spores to make gametophytes
to the parent b. bulbs
14. gametes fuse to form c. gametes produced by gameto-
sporophyte phyte generation (egg and sperm)
d. sperm are produced by moss
15. film of water covers plant
antheridia
16. bats and moths feed on e. sperm swim and fertilize egg
their nectar f. pollination occurs
g. heavily-scented, white flowers
open only at night
h. pieces of tissue are placed on a
sterile medium
Analogies
______ 17. gametophytes : gametes ::

a. nonvascular : antheridia c. sporophytes : spores
b. gametes : water film d. liverworts : mosses
______18. angiosperm : flowers ::

a. gymnosperms : cones c. angiosperms : gymnosperms
b. triploid : haploid d. ovules : ovary
______19. dicot embryo : two cotyledons ::

a. corn : shoot hook
b. monocot embryo : one cotyledon
c. angiosperm : embryo
d. angiosperm : mature seed
______20. archegonium : eggs ::

a. gametophytes : spores c. sporangium : alternation
b. sporophytes : antheridium d. antheridium : sperm

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Plant Structure and Function

Work-Alikes
______ 1. dermal tissue a. skin

b. sponge
______ 2. stomata
c. plumbing
______ 3. root
d. doorways
______ 4. heartwood e. internal skeleton
______ 5. vascular tissue
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
6. water enters sieve tubes a. plants lose water

through transpiration
7. suction pulls water
b. increased absorptive
upward in xylem
surface area
8. stomata in herbaceous c. sugar concentration in
plant stem epidermis phloem increases
9. root hairs on a root d. gas exchange
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______10. Xylem cells can conduct water. a. It can no longer conduct

water.
______11. Heartwood provides support.
b. They cannot increase in
______12. Organic compounds move in all diameter.
directions in phloem. c. They must first lose most
of their organelles.
______13. Guard cells can increase in length.
d. They must first pass
through the cytoplasm
of phloem cells.

Name Class Date
Plant Structure and Function continued
Linkages
in any order.
14. sink a. leaves making starch

b. root tips
15. type of vascular tissue
c. xylem
16. source
d. roots storing sugar
17. inside ground tissue in e. photosynthesis
leaves f. lack organelles or have
modified organelles
18. sieve tubes of phloem
g. developing fruits
h. phloem
i. conduct sugars and other
nutrients
j. chloroplasts
Analogies
a : b :: c : d. The symbol : is read as ‘is to,’ and the symbol :: is read as ‘as.’
______19. outside of epidermis : a waxy cuticle ::

a. ground tissue : a waxy substance
b. epidermis : thick-walled cells
c. ground tissue : xylem and phloem
d. inside of epidermis : single layer of flat cells
______20. dicots : taproot ::

a. orchids : prop roots c. corm : aerial roots
b. monocots : fibrous roots d. dicots : adventitious roots
______21. stomata : leaves ::

a. xylem : stomata c. cork : woody stems
b. phloem : roots d. vascular bundle : dermal tissue
______22. transpiration : suction ::

a. reduction in guard cell size : open stomata
b. cohesion of water : siphon
c. capillary action : tension-cohesion theory
d. increase in guard cell size : closed stomata

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Plant Growth, Development, and Responses

Work-Alikes
______ 1. nutrients a. messenger

b. sleep
______ 2. hormone
c. shield
______ 3. photoperiodism d. internal clock
______ 4. dormancy e. food
______ 5. shoot hook
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
6. primary growth a. masses of undifferentiated
7. annual rings cells form
8. plant tissues produce b. fruits ripen or loosen
ethylene c. tissues become longer
9. plant tissues cultured without becoming wider
d. one formed each year
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______10. New root cap cells are constantly a. Plants cannot move from
formed by the root apical meristem. unfavorable environments.
b. They die after producing
______11. Plants adjust the rate and pattern of
seeds.
their growth.
c. Root cap cells are
______12. Woody perennials store food in their constantly worn away.
roots for next season’s growth. d. Their leaves are dropped
______13. Biennials produce a flowering at the end of each year.
stalk in their second season.

Name Class Date
Plant Growth, Development, and Responses continued
Linkages
in any order.
14. apical dominance a. eliminated by removing stem tip

b. nitrogen
15. tissues in seeds swell
c. phosphorus
16. vascular cambium
d. auxin inhibits bud growth
17. mineral nutrient e. secondary xylem produced
f. seed coat breaks
g. water and oxygen penetrate
seed coat
h. secondary phloem produced
Analogies
______18. thigmotropism : response to touch ::

a. photoperiodism : annual rings
b. phototropism : growth toward light
c. flowering stimuli : tropism
d. short-day plant : long-day plant
______19. annuals : one growing season ::

a. perennials : many growing seasons
b. biennials : annuals
c. carrots : evergreens
d. annuals : root production
______20. long-day plant : short period of darkness ::

a. chrysanthemums : flash of light
b. day length : light duration
c. light spectrum: chlorophyll
d. short-day plant : long period of darkness

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Introduction to Animals
Work-Alikes
______ 1. multicellularity a. one-way street

b. team
______ 2. diploidy
c. reinforcement bars in concrete
______ 3. tissue
d. doubles of a trading card
______ 4. radial symmetry e. mirror image
f. apartments in apartment building
______ 5. bilateral symmetry
g. tire pump
______ 6. digestive tract
h. armor
______ 7. open circulatory system i. bicycle wheel spokes
j. electrical wire
______ 8. neuron
______ 9. exoskeleton
______10. endoskeleton
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
11. availability of prey a. evolutionary flexibility

b. long, segmented body
12. cephalization
c. gametes do not dry out
13. movement without
d. parthenogenesis
damaging organs
e. ability to sense danger
14. complex body f. body fragmenting
movement
g. size of home range
15. segmentation modifications h. coelom
16. asexual reproduction
17. bee drones
18. internal fertilization

Name Class Date
Introduction to Animals continued
Linkages
in any order.
19. food eaten a. coelomates

b. food digested
20. mesoderm
c. raccoons
21. pseudocoelomates
d. body cavity
22. bears e. endoderm
f. blood flows away from heart
23. segmentation
g. acoelomates
24. heart pumps
h. jointed appendages
i. heterotroph locates food
j. ectoderm
k. pandas
l. blood flows to heart
Analogies
______25. lungs : terrestrial animals ::

a. lungs : most aquatic animals
b. aquatic animals : gills
c. gills : most terrestrial animals
d. gills : some aquatic animals
______26. ammonia : fish ::

a. urea : mammals c. mammal : water
b. urea : fish d. ammonia : urea
______ 27. external fertilization : outside female’s body ::

a. internal fertilization : outside female’s body
b. internal fertilization : inside female’s body
c. external fertilization : inside female’s body
d. asexual reproduction : in gametes
______28. gastrovascular cavity : simple animals ::

a. two openings : simple animals
b. specialization : simple animals
c. gastrovascular cavity : more complex animals
d. digestive tract : more complex animals
Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Simple Invertebrates
Work-Alikes
______ 1. amoebocytes a. an electrified fence

b. delivery trucks
______ 2. spicules
c. spear guns
______ 3. sponge fragments
d. reinforcing bars
______ 4. jellyfish tentacle e. seeds
______ 5. nematocysts of cnidaria
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
6. choanocyte flagella a. Hydra attach to rocks

beat rapidly or water plants
b. asexual reproduction
7. some species of
marine hydrozoans c. they form the Portuguese
live in colonies man-of war
d. water drawn through
8. basal disk sponge pores
9. buds on hydrozoa polyps
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______10. Cnidarian medusae are free-floating. a. Their average length is

only 3–15 mm.
______11. Anthozoans live symbiotically with algae.
b. They cannot be free-
______12. Planarians are free-living. living.
c. Later many are attached
______13. Parasitic flatworms derive their food to rocks as polyps.
and habitat from a host.
d. They have no medusa
stage.

Name Class Date
Simple Invertebrates continued
Linkages
in any order.
14. gametes fuse and produce a. ectoderm outside
planulae b. prey is drawn to cnidocyte on tentacle
c. they settle on the ocean floor
15. nematocyst fires
d. human infected with Necator
16. mesoderm in the e. eggs are in human waste in the soil
middle f. blood fluke larvae in water (snails)
17. humans use water g. hydrozoan medusae release gametes
into the water
18. Ascaris larvae enter h. humans contract schistosomiasis
bloodstream i. human steps on soil containing hook-
worm larvae
19. they bore through skin of
feet j. endoderm inside
k. cnidocyte of cnidarian ready to
respond to prey
l. Ascaris larvae go to lungs
Analogies
______20. spongin : protein fibers ::

a. gemmule : spongin c. spicule : calcium carbonate
b. amoebocyte : spicules d. sponge skeleton : mesenchyme
______21. cnidarians : less than three body layers ::
a. hydrozoans : no body symmetry
b. sponges : bilateral symmetry
c. cnidarians : extracellular digestion
d. cnidarians : choanocytes
______22. flatworms : circulatory system ::
a. sponges : choanocytes c. cnidarians : nematocysts
b. cnidarians : mesoderm d. flatworms : mesoderm
______23. roundworm : pseudocoelom ::
a. radially symmetrical animal : coelom
b. sponge : pseudocoelom
c. sponge : coelom
d. flatworm : solid body
Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Mollusks and Annelids

Work-Alikes
______ 1. nephridium a. windshield ice scraper
______ 2. movement by gastropod foot b. waste filter
______ 3. gastropod radula c. distance swimmer
______ 4. tunneling activity of earthworms d. water-slide toy
______ 5. trochophore larva e. soil aerator
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
6. enabled development of a. terrestrial slugs and snails
gut and internal organs b. members of the genus
7. jet propulsion Helix raised on farms
c. evolution of coelom in
8. parapodia with setae
mollusks
9. damage to gardens d. mantle cavity of cephalo-
pod closes quickly
10. land snails can be
food for humans e. swimming, burrowing, or
crawling
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______11. Some bivalves have sensory a. Most cephalopods lack

cells that respond to light and touch. an outer shell.
b. Most are sessile.
______12. Some bivalves can move quickly
by using adductor muscles. c. Bivalves lack a head.
d. Some suck blood from
______13. Squids and cuttlefish have an
mammals.
internal shell.
______14. Most leeches are small.

Name Class Date
Mollusks and Annelids continued
Linkages
15. common ancestry a. Gastropoda

b. mollusk trochophore larva
16. Bivalvia
c. grain of sand
17. mantle d. visceral mass
18. organic material e. contraction of annelid circular muscles
f. gizzard
19. layers of nacre
g. soil from earthworm pharynx to
20. crop esophagus
21. contraction of h. water moves over sticky gills of the
annelid longitudinal bivalve
muscles i. Cephalopoda
j. foot
k. cilia direct food to bivalve’s mouth
l. pearl
m. annelid trochophore larva
n. movement
Analogies
completes each analogy shown.
______22. trochophore larva : mollusks ::

a. visceral mass : annelids c. three-part body plan : annelids
b. trochophore larva : annelids d. valve system : annelids
______23. bivalve feeding : siphon ::

a. gastropod feeding : radula c. gastropod feeding : beak
b. gastropod feeding : tentacle d. cephalopod breathing : siphon
______24. mollusk tentacles : long fingers ::

a. annelid septa : compartments c. annelid parapodia : short legs
b. annelid mouths : scrapers d. annelid setae : eggs
______25. blood : circulatory system ::

a. sperm : intestine c. blood : pharynx
b. soil : pharynx d. food : nephridia

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Arthropods
Work-Alikes
______ 1. uropods of crayfish a. spinning wheels

b. body armor
______ 2. beetle forewings
c. ventilation system
______ 3. tracheae and spiracles
d. canoe paddles
______ 4. compound eyes e. many TV monitors in a
security system
______ 5. spinnerets
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
6. arthropod joints a. walking
7. air gets to tracheae b. arthropod spiracles
8. growth of arthropods open to outside air
9. larvae exploit different foods c. seizing food and
than adults, eliminating sexual reproduction
competition d. molting
10. scorpion’s large, e. complete
grasping pincers metamorphosis
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______11. Trilobites were the first animals a. Some are severe plant
capable of seeing images. and animal pests.
______12. Ants, bees, wasps, and termites have b. They are heavy and
highly organized societies in castes. restrict movement.
c. They are a key food
______13. Exoskeletons get thicker as
source.
arthropods increase in size.
d. They are extinct.
______14. Copepods are among the most abundant
multicellular organisms on Earth.
Name Class Date
Arthropods continued
Linkages
in any order.
15. thorax a. arachnids inject enzymes into prey

b. new exoskeleton is fully developed
16. muscles contract
inside
17. release of hormones c. muscles attached to internal
inside old exoskeleton surfaces of exoskeleton
18. water and metabolites d. soldiers
are reabsorbed e. abdomen
f. metabolic wastes leave arthropod
19. tissues liquefy
through anus
20. pupa g. joint bends
21. queen h. contents are sucked out

i. old exoskeleton cracks open and
arthropod with new exoskeleton
emerges
j. fluid component of blood moves
through Malpighian tubules
k. workers
l. head
m. larva
n. adult
Analogies
______22. arthropods : crustaceans ::

a. vertebrates : all other animals c. insects : beetles
b. beetles : vertebrates d. beetles : arthropods
______23. arachnids : chelicerae ::

a. insects : spinnerets c. insects : mandibles
b. insects : four pairs d. crustaceans : fangs
of appendages
______24. nymph : insect ::

a. pupa : insect c. naupilus : centipede
b. adult : pupa d. arachnid : egg
Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates

Work-Alikes
______ 1. ossicles a. poison darts
______ 2. skin gills b. “king of the jungle”
______ 3. sea stars c. swimming pool

filtration system
______ 4. sea urchin spines
d. curtain rod
______ 5. notochord
e. armor plating
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
6. protostomes and a. echinoderms and

deuterostomes chordates have an
internal skeleton
7. common ancestor
b. notochord, dorsal nerve
8. pedicellaria cord, pharyngeal gill slits,
and postanal tail
9. chordate
c. prevention of attachment
10. their arms break off of other organisms
easily d. classification of animals
according to mouth
formation
e. their name is “brittle star”

Name Class Date
Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates continued
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______11. Most echinoderms have arms a. They cannot regenerate

that radiate from a central point. from an arm only.
______12. Echinoderm arms are capable b. They act more or less
of complex response patterns. independently.
______13. Some sea stars can regenerate c. Their numbers can vary.
an entire body from an arm and
central disk. d. They are not fused, which
results in a soft body.
______14. Sea cucumbers have ossicles, as
do other echinoderms.
Linkages
15. cleaning and coating a. marine animals

with fresh mucus b. sessile
16. filter-feeding c. entrapment of plankton
d. sea cucumber tentacles
17. food travels to stomach
drawn into mouth
e. water through pharyngeal
gills of tunicates
f. undigested food leaves
through excurrent siphon

Name Class Date
Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates continued
Analogies
______18. sea cucumbers : cucumbers ::

a. sea stars : spiky balls
b. sea lilies and sea daisies : flowers
c. sand dollars : walnuts
d. sea urchins : stars
______19. echinoderm water-filled canals and tube feet : water vascular system ::
a. central ring of nerves : water vascular system
b. bilaterally symmetrical larvae : endoskeleton
c. ossicles : endoskeleton
d. skin gills : spines
______20. echinoderm endoskeleton : hard shell that encases the body ::

a. chordate : water-vascular system
b. chordate : hard exoskeleton
c. chordate endoskeleton : stiff rod along the back
d. echinoderm : notochord
______21. tunicates : filtering tiny organisms from sea water ::

a. feather stars : living on the ocean floor
b. sea cucumbers : a soft body
c. lancelets : a fishlike body
d. sea stars : using tube feet on mollusks

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Introduction to Vertebrates
Work-Alikes
______ 1. vertebrae a. torpedoes

b. house with furnace
______ 2. bony plates of placoderms
c. interlocking, moving
______ 3. streamlined bodies of sharks pieces
and bony fishes
d. suit of armor
______ 4. endothermic animal e. nursery
f. lifeline
______ 5. placenta
g. pair of tongs
______ 6. marsupium of kangaroos
______ 7. opposable thumb and fingers
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
8. support for dorsal a. amphibians reached

nerve cord and sites for their greatest diversity
muscle attachment b. lobe-finned fishes
evolved
9. replaced earlier fishes
c. reptiles reproduce on
10. amphibians appeared land
11. future North America d. meteorite or asteroid
covered by low-lying, impact 65 million years
tropical swamplands ago
e. sharks and bony fishes
12. recent evolutionary with superior design
split between chimp- for swimming
anzees and humans
f. backbone composed
13. watertight egg of vertebrae
g. identical amino acid
14. a contributing cause of
compositions in hemo-
the Cretaceous extinction
globin chains

Name Class Date
Introduction to Vertebrates continued
Linkages
in any order.
15. organs a. early reptiles

b. tissues
16. acanthodians
c. Homo sapiens
17. language development
d. organ systems
18. therapsids e. bony fishes
f. Homo habilis
19. Homo erectus
g. migration to North America
20. migration to Europe
h. agnathans
and Asia
i. cultural evolution
j. mammals
k. tool use
l. Homo sapiens beginnings
in Africa
Analogies
______21. agnathans : ostracoderms ::

a. placoderms : agnathans
b. placoderms : ostracoderms
c. ostracoderms : acanthodians
d. placoderms : acanthodians
______22. crocodilians : thecodonts ::

a. thecodonts : therapsids c. mammals : therapsids
b. thecodonts : mammals d. thecodonts : dinosaurs
______23. Homo erectus : hominid ::

a. human : australopithecine c. monkey : gorilla
b. primate : ape d. lemur : prosimian
______24. ectothermic : endothermic ::

a. sand : smoke c. clock : time
b. rough : smooth d. umbrella : rain

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Fishes and Amphibians

Work-Alikes
______ 1. hagfishes a. buoyancy tank in a submarine

b. “vultures of the sea”
______ 2. swim bladder
c. future legs
______ 3. lobe-finned structure
d. “skin breathing”
______ 4. cutaneous respiration
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
5. countercurrent flow a. cartilage is strengthened

6. strong but lightweight by calcium carbonate
skeleton of sharks b. 85 percent extraction of
oxygen by fish gills
7. lateral line system
c. tadpoles
8. frog egg external d. position and rate of
fertilization movement perceived
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______ 9. Sharks continually lose a. They may lose 20,000 in their

and replace teeth. lifetime.
______10. Bony joints are found in b. Gills cannot function out of water.
lobed-finned fishes. c. They contain a mixture of
oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor air.
______11. Fish have 20 times as much
d. Rays are found at the tips.
oxygen available to them in
air compared to water. e. They must remain inactive during
the day.
______12. Lungs evolved in amphibians.
______13. Some salamanders manage to
live in dry areas.
Name Class Date
Fishes and Amphibians continued
Linkages
any order.
14. blood circulating in gills from a. sinus venosus

opposite directions b. ability to respire without swim-
ming
15. atrium and ventricle
c. external fertilization of frog eggs
16. water pumps over fish
d. operculum movement
gills
e. frogs and toads
17. tadpoles hatch f. oxygen diffuses into blood over
entire length of the gills
18. salamanders and newts
g. caecilians
h. metamorphosis
i. moving water passing across
fish gills
j. conus arteriosus
Analogies
______19. gills : filaments ::

a. kidneys : nephrons c. kidneys : filaments
b. kidneys : chambers d. hearts : filaments
______20. marine fishes : small amounts of urine ::

a. freshwater fishes : little urine
b. freshwater fishes : small amounts of dilute urine
c. freshwater fishes : small amounts of concentrated urine
d. freshwater fishes : large amounts of dilute urine
______21. bony fishes : movements of opercula ::

a. sharks : using swim bladder
b. amphibians : lungs and skin
c. sharks : movement of opercula
d. bony fishes : rows of teeth
______22. salamanders : tails ::

a. anurans : tails c. caecilians : no legs
b. caecilians : legs d. frogs : no legs

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Reptiles and Birds

Work-Alikes
______ 1. moving between sun and shade a. keel of a boat

b. double-basin kitchen sink
______ 2. crocodile eyes
c. thermostat
______ 3. bird breastbone d. periscope on a submarine
______ 4. completely divided heart ventricles
of crocodiles and birds
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
5. limited geographical range a. rapid turning in water

and inactivity during winter b. legs positioned
6. amniotic egg directly under body
c. need for moist
7. evolution of lizards environment during
development
8. streamlined,
disk-shaped shell d. snakes
e. one-way air flow
9. increased oxygen absorption in bird lungs
10. ability to run swiftly after prey f. reptiles’ intolerance
of cold weather
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______11. Reptiles live successfully in a. Terrestrial animals face

warm regions. problem of water loss
through skin.
______12. Reptiles have evolved watertight
skin. b. They cannot live in the
coldest regions of the world.
______13. Heat from the environment c. Most reptile eggs receive no
incubates eggs. protection by parents.
Name Class Date
Reptiles and Birds continued
Linkages
any order.
14. ovoviviparous a. reptilian heart with incomplete

division of ventricle
15. turtle
b. deposits oil on feathers
16. alligator c. carapace
17. re-linking barbules d. preening behavior in birds
e. crocodile
18. higher metabolism
f. give birth to live young
19. crocodilian heart with complete g. bird heart with complete division
of ventricle
division of ventricles
h. caiman
i. increased energy requirements
for flight permitted
j. plastron
k. birds maintain high body
temperatures
l. nourishment from yolk sac
Analogies
______20. amniotic egg : reptiles and birds ::

a. movable eyelids : snakes c. scales : mammals
b. legs : snakes d. feathers : birds
______21. constrictor snakes : suffocation ::

a. king snakes : venom c. boas : venom
b. rattlesnakes : venom d. copperheads : suffocation
______22. carnivorous birds : sharp beaks

a. ducks : curved talons c. finches : long, slender beaks
b. ducks : chisel-like beaks d. finches : short, thick beaks

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Mammals
Work-Alikes
______ 1. endotherm a. blanket
______ 2. hair b. camouflage
______ 3. blubber c. furnace
______ 4. placenta d. supply line
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
5. rodent teeth grow a. some mammals

continuously are active at night
b. pinnipeds live in
6. they have whiskers, which
cold ocean water
serve a sensory function
c. they are special-
7. primates are ized for gnawing
extremely curious
d. their ability
8. a layer of blubber to learn is
protects them exceptional
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______ 9. Marsupial young are born a. They must eat ten times the
sooner than placental young. amount of food as an ectotherm
to maintain it.
______10. Mammals have two sets of
b. They have a long period of
teeth in their lifetime.
dependence.
______11. Young mammals are taught c. They are not replaced even if
skills by their mothers. lost or damaged.
______12. Endotherms have a high d. Marsupial young are not fully
metabolic rate. developed at birth.
Name Class Date
Mammals continued
Linkages
in any order.
13. echolocation a. grasping prey

b. bats
14. ungulates
c. lay eggs
15. keratin
d. mammary glands that
16. monotremes produce milk
e. stabbing
17. canines
f. whales
g. herbivores
h. horn sheath
i. rumen
j. protein
Analogies
______18. Bengal tiger coat : camouflage ::

a. mammalian hair : increasing heat loss
b. coat marking of mice : making more visible
c. porcupine hair : sense of touch
d. skunk coat : warning predators
______19. echidnas : terrestrial habitats ::

a. platypuses : lakes and streams
b. marsupials : lakes and streams
c. monotremes : North American habitat
d. marsupials : burrows
______20. carnivore : flesh ::

a. tree shrews : crustaceans
b. aardvarks : ants and termites
c. cetaceans : insects
d. rodent : night-flying insects

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Animal Behavior
Work-Alikes
______ 1. operant conditioning a. instinct

b. a lab experiment
______ 2. learning
c. experience
______ 3. innate behavior
d. “survival of the fittest”
______ 4. communication e. giving or receiving a
signal
______ 5. natural selection
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
6. foraging behavior a. courtship behavior

b. defensive behavior
7. protection from predators
c. locate, obtain, and
8. parental care consume food
9. a mate attracted d. protect a resource
for exclusive use
10. territorial behavior e. migratory behavior
11. move to a more suitable f. care, protection
environment as seasons and feeding of young
change
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______12. Male lions are usually tolerant a. They follow the first moving
of their own offspring. object that they see.
b. When taking over a pride,
______13. Young geese imprint during a
they may kill all of the
specific period early in life.
young cubs.
______14. Chimpanzees and gorillas can c. They are physically unable
recognize and use symbols to to produce speech sounds.
communicate abstract concepts.
Name Class Date
Animal Behavior continued
Linkages
15. classical conditioning a. results in reward or punish

b. stimulus presented
16. innate behavior
c. fixed action pattern behavior
17. trial-and-error learning
d. modified by experience
18. genetic behavior e. ability to develop new solutions
f. influences behaviors essential to
19. reasoning
survival
g. ability to analyze a problem
h. genetically programmed
i. influenced by genes
j. an unrelated response associ-
ated with a stimulus
Analogies
a : b :: c : d. The symbol : is read as “is to,” and the symbol :: is read as “as.” In
the space provided, write the letter of the pair of terms or phrases that best
complete the analogy shown.
______20. “how” questions : how a behavior is triggered ::

a. innate behavior : pattern behavior
b. “why” questions : the reason the behavior exists
c. genetic basis : internal state
d. behavior evolution : behavior continuity
______21. sexual selection : extreme traits ::

a. natural selection : behavioral traits
b. behavior : hypothesis
c. traits : genetic basis
d. fixed action : pattern behavior

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Skeletal, Muscular, and

Integumentary Systems
Look-Alikes
______ 1. concentric rings of compact bone a. growth rings on a tree trunk

b. bundle of uncooked
______ 2. ribs and sternum
spaghetti
______ 3. sweat glands c. cage
______ 4. muscle fibers d. Swiss cheese
e. coiled snake
______ 5. spongy bone
Work-Alikes
______ 6. cartilage pads in joints a. mortar between bricks
______ 7. ossified cartilage due to b. running out of gas

rheumatoid arthritis
c. thermostat on a furnace
______ 8. epithelial tissue
d. protective padding for football
______ 9. ATP consumption exceeds players
ATP production during exercise
e. shingles on a rooftop
______10. endothermy
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
11. overextension of a ligament a. joint bends

b. increased muscle
12. flexor muscle activity
endurance
13. anaerobic respiration c. inadequate oxygen
becomes the only supply in rapidly
source of ATP contracting muscles
14. aerobic exercise d. sports injury

Name Class Date
Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems continued
Linkages
in any order.
15. blood vessels a. increased activity of adolescent oil glands

in Haversian b. less likely to be affected by osteoporosis
canals
c. acne
16. increased d. oxygen and nourishment
bone density
e. osteocytes
17. slightly f. muscular insertion
movable g. regular exercise and
18. smooth mineral-rich diet
h. heat dissipation
19. muscle
i. muscle origin
20. evaporation j. sweat on skin surface
21. clogged oil k. immovable

glands in skin l. cardiac
m. freely movable
n. skeletal
Analogies
______22. Haversian canal : blood vessels ::

a. nerve cell : muscle tissue c. tendon : muscle tissue
b. muscle : bone tissue d. body : body cavities
______23. price tag : item of clothing ::

a. rib cage : pelvic girdle c. cranium : sternum
b. appendicular skeleton : d. pelvic girdle : ribs
axial skeleton
______24. blood cells : bone marrow ::

a. bone cells : bone marrow c. hair: hair follicle
b. bone marrow : osteocytes d. bone cells : osteocytes
______25. muscle fiber : myofibrils ::

a. myofibril : actin and myosin c. actin : myosin
b. sarcomere : muscle fibers d. myosin : myofibrils

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Look-Alikes
______ 1. red blood cell a. math fraction, big

number on top
______ 2. vein
b. tennis racket strings
______ 3. fibrin formed at the site of tissue injury c. breath mint with
concave sides
______ 4. coronary arteries
d. tree branches
______ 5. blood pressure reading e. fire hose
Work-Alikes
______ 6. gas exchange in the circulatory a. ocean waves coming

system in to a beach
b. one-way ticket turnstiles
______ 7. lymphatic system
c. a pan to catch overflow
______ 8. valves in the heart
d. server waiting on tables
______ 9. contractions from heart SA node e. pump
f. suggestion box at a store
______10. respiratory control center
of the brain
______11. heart

Name Class Date
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems continued
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
12. surface blood vessels a. blood becomes acidic

constrict
b. delay of 0.1 seconds
13. atria finish emptying before ventricles
blood into ventricles contract
14. heart attack c. heart muscle dies
15. carbon dioxide d. dead bacteria

in the blood
e. cold air temperature
16. cigarette smoking
f. emphysema and lung
17. swollen lymph glands cancer
Linkages
18. elastic smooth muscle a. pulmonary vein

tissue of artery b. contraction of left atrium
19. A and B antibodies c. connective tissue wrapped
around the outside
20. contraction of left
d. lacking A and B antigens
ventricle
e. pulmonary artery
21. lungs f. bronchi
22. epiglottis g. type O blood
h. pharynx
23. bronchioles
i. alveoli
j. endothelium
k. blood leaves heart
through aorta
l. trachea

Name Class Date
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems continued
Analogies
______24. blood : oxygen to tissues ::

a. red blood cell : carbon dioxide to tissues
b. red blood cell : oxygen to alveoli
c. blood plasma : wastes, salts, and proteins
d. blood : carbon dioxide from alveoli
______25. Rh+ blood : Rh factor ::

a. type AB blood : neither A nor B antigens
b. type AB blood : both A and B antibodies
c. type O blood : both A and B antibodies
d. type O blood : only A antigen
______26. systemic circulation loop : to tissues of the body ::

a. right side of the heart : to the right side of the body only
b. right side of the heart : to the left side of the body only
c. pulmonary circulation loop : to the tissues of the body
d. pulmonary circulation loop : to the lungs
______ 27. from the right atrium : right ventricle ::

a. from the left atrium : left ventricle
b. from the left ventricle : right atrium
c. from the left ventricle : right ventricle
d. from the right atrium : left atrium

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Digestive and Excretory Systems

Work-Alikes
______ 1. epiglottis a. a thick, fluffy towel with great

absorption
______ 2. peristaltic contraction
b. squeezing water from a wet towel
______ 3. intestinal villi along its length
c. the effect of dish detergent on
______ 4. emulsification
cooking oil
______ 5. renal tubule of kidney d. a hinged lid on a waste can
e. recycling center
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
6. 1 degree Centigrade a. energy for cells

increase in heat b. fat digestion
7. carbohydrate digestion c. increased risk
of diabetes, heart
8. production of steroid disease, and
hormones and cell osteoarthritis
membranes, and energy
d. the name “large
storage
intestine”
9. obesity e. a calorie added
to 1 g of water
10. the colon is 3 times the
diameter of the small
intestine

Name Class Date
Digestive and Excretory Systems continued
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______11. Stored glycogen can be a. Excess amounts of A

broken down into glucose and D can be toxic.
to be used by the body. b. Unused glycogen is
converted into fat.
______12. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are
fat soluble vitamins that can c. Toxins such as heavy
be stored in your body. metals and pesticides
can accumulate in the
______13. Your liver detoxifies poisons. liver.
Linkages
in any order.
14. esophagus a. ureters

b. dialysis needed
15. large intestine
c. urine formation
16. reabsorption and secretion
d. pharynx
17. urea accumulates in blood e. filtration
f. kidneys stop working
18. urinary bladder
g. stomach
h. small intestine
i. urethra
j. rectum

Name Class Date
Digestive and Excretory Systems continued
Analogies
______19. sugars : starches ::

a. fats : amino acids
b. proteins : amino acids
c. fat droplets : fat globules
d. sugars : meat
______20. amylase : carbohydrates ::

a. pepsin : fats
b. pepsin : starches
c. lipase : starches
d. lipase : fats
______21. salivary gland : saliva ::

a. stomach epithelium : lipases
b. stomach : gastric juice
c. esophagus : gastric juice
d. pancreas : gastric juice
______22. stomach : unfolding and breakdown of proteins ::

a. mouth : compaction and storage
b. esophagus : secretion of gastric juice
c. small intestine : absorption
d. large intestine : digestion

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Body’s Defense Systems

Work-Alikes
______ 1. interleukins a. moat surrounding a castle
______ 2. mucous membranes b. burglar alarm signal

c. submarine torpedo
______ 3. natural killer cells
d. the coach of the team
______ 4. helper T cells
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
5. cilia sweep mucus to a. interleukin-1

the esophagus b. HIV attacks T cells
6. activates helper T cells, c. long-term protection
which activate cytotoxic from pathogens
T cells and B cells d. trapped pathogens
are swallowed and
7. B cells become memory cells
digested by the
8. opportunistic infections stomach
overwhelm the patient
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
9. Skin is the first defense against pathogens. a. Sometimes it attacks body cells
10. Neutrophils release chemicals that as if they were pathogens.
kill bacteria. b. It is not long-term because of
11. Fevers inhibit bacterial growth. virus mutations.
12. The immune system fights c. They die in the process.
infection from foreign antigens. d. Pathogens can still enter the body
through mucous membranes.
13. Influenza immunization provides
protection from infection. e. They can be dangerous because
extreme body temperature can
destroy cellular proteins.
Name Class Date
Body’s Defense Systems continued
Linkages
in any order.
14. release of a. HIV

interleukin-2 b. allergy symptoms
15. development into c. B cell
plasma cells d. HIV binds to CD4 and enters white blood cells
16. cowpox e. Jenner infected people with cowpox
contracted f. allergen
17. immune g. further division of helper T cells

response and cytoxic T cells
h. helper T cells
18. recognition of CD4
i. blood contains memory cells against pathogen
on human cells
j. vaccination
19. histamine k. patients were immune to smallpox
released
l. antibodies produced
Analogies
______20. mucous membrane : mucus ::

a. skin : sweat and lysozymes c. skin : mucus
b. mucous membrane : lysozymes d. skin : lysozyme and acids
______21. influenza virus : flu ::
a. autoimmune disease : hay fever c. allergy : autoimmune disease
b. HIV : AIDS d. asthma : multiple sclerosis
______22. macrophage : helper T cells ::
a. neutrophil : macrophages c. natural killer cell : viruses
b. helper T cell : cytotoxic T d. B cell : helper T cells
and B cells
______23. multiple sclerosis : nerve cells ::
a. HIV : helper T cells c. influenza : HIV
b. HIV : B cells d. HIV : autoimmune disease
______24. mosquitoes : HIV ::
a. infected semen : HIV c. handshaking or air : HIV
b. infected vaginal fluid : HIV d. infected mucous membrane : HIV
Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Nervous System, Sense Organs, and Drugs

Look-Alikes
______ 1. neuron cell body with dendrites a. wrinkled boxing glove

b. snail shell
______ 2. gray matter in the spinal cord
c. small head of cauliflower
______ 3. cerebrum
d. butterfly wings
______ 4. cross-section of the cerebellum e. uprooted tree
f. flower bud
______ 5. taste bud
______ 6. cochlea
Work-Alikes
______ 7. voltage-gated ion channels a. two-way highway

b. flame burning
______ 8. action potential
down a fuse
______ 9. neurotransmitter molecules c. flood gates
______10. human eye d. narcotic
e. camera
______11. spinal cord
f. ferry boats
______12. enkephalin
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
13. presence of myelin a. neurotransmitter binds
to chemical-gated channel
14. difference in charge
b. stimulation of somatic
15. it opens and ions enter nervous system
the neuron c. smooth muscle regulation
16. skeletal muscle movement d. membrane potential

e. nerve impulses move
17. stimulation of auto- faster
nomic nervous system
Name Class Date
Nervous System, Sense Organs, and Drugs continued
Linkages
in any order.
18. sodium ions flow into a. cerebral cortex

neuron b. tobacco use
19. limbic system c. motor neurons
d. voltage-gated sodium channels open
20. interneurons
e. dopamine stays in synapse,
21. cocaine blocks producing feelings of well-being
f. 400,000 deaths per year
22. nicotine binds to
acetylcholine sites of g. smoking
nerve cells h. change at these sites; addiction
results
23. smoking-related
illnesses i. thalamus and hypothalamus
j. action potential
k. sensory neurons
l. cocaine use
Analogies
______24. myelin sheath : axon ::

a. cell body : dendrites c. nucleus : cell body
b. axon : dendrite d. cell body : axon
______25. central nervous system : brain and spinal cord ::

a. brain : central nervous system
b. motor nerves : nerves that receive messages from muscles and glands
c. spinal cord : cerebrum and cerebral cortex
d. peripheral nervous system : sensory nerves and motor nerves
______26. hair cells : semicircular canals ::

a. hair cells : outer ear c. hair cells : cochlea
b. anvil : outer ear d. hammer : cochlea
______ 27. drug use : addiction ::

a. drug removal : withdrawal
b. tolerance : withdrawal
c. withdrawal : addition of drug to body
d. withdrawal : tolerance
Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Endocrine System
Work-Alikes
______ 1. hormone receptor a. a ghost passing

through a wall
______ 2. neuropeptide hormones
b. lock
______ 3. second messenger c. fire alarm
______ 4. steroid hormone d. pain pill
e. telegram
______ 5. adrenal medulla
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
6. headache a. amino-acid-based hormone

binds to its receptor
7. hormone-receptor
b. prostaglandins causes
complex binds to DNA
blood vessels to dilate
8. second messenger c. milk empties during nurs-
produced ing and uterine contrac-
tions during childbirth
9. oxytocin released
d. activation or inactivation
10. glycogen broken down of a gene
into glucose in liver e. glucagon
Trade-offs
Good News Bad News
______11. Hormone effects are long-lasting. a. They increase pain and

inflammation.
______12. Prostaglandin production is
b. Calcium can be taken from
inhibited by aspirin.
bone tissue.
______13. Parathyroid hormone helps to maintain c. They are relatively slow-
the proper blood-calcium level. acting.

Name Class Date
Endocrine System continued
Linkages
any order.
14. hormone a. adrenal cortex

b. volume of blood and blood
15. negative feedback
pressure are increased
system
c. decrease in hormone production
16. aldosterone helps reabsorb
d. endocrine gland
sodium ions
e. target cell
17. epinephrine and f. accelerated heartbeat, increased
norepinephrine blood pressure and blood sugar
g. stressful situation
h. increase in hormone production
Analogies
______18. exocrine glands : ducts ::

a. nervous system : hormones
b. endocrine system : neurotransmitters
c. endocrine glands : ducts
d. endocrine glands : bloodstream
______19. horse : rider ::

a. cytoplasm : hormone c. bloodstream : hormone
b. hormone : cytoplasm d. hormone : receptor
______20. hypothalamus : releasing hormones ::

a. thyroid gland : calcitonin
b. anterior pituitary gland : oxytocin
c. releasing hormones : inhibiting hormones
d. inhibiting hormones : releasing hormones
______21. goiter : diet lacking in iodide ::

a. increased blood sugar : insulin
b. decreased blood sugar : glucagon
c. decreased blood sugar : diabetes mellitus
d. Type I diabetes : destruction of isles of Langerhans

Name Class Date
Skills Worksheet
Reproductive System
Work-Alikes
______ 1. scrotum a. cooling chamber

b. cafeteria
______ 2. path of sperm to the outside of the body
c. warehouse
______ 3. umbilical cord
d. assembly line
______ 4. placenta e. pipeline
______ 5. epididymis
Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
6. testes release a. ovulation

testosterone b. loss of estrogen and
progesterone production
7. sharp rise in LH
c. alcohol use by female
8. menopause during pregnancy
9. fetal alcohol syndrome d. LH
e. cell division in a follicle
10. FSH
Look-Alikes
______11. uterus a. almond

b. rope
______12. chorionic villi
c. small fist
______13. ovary
d. fingers
______14. umbilical cord

Name Class Date
Reproductive System continued
Linkages
15. fallopian tube a. uterus

b. ovum
16. vas deferens
c. epididymis
17. ovulation
d. fetus
18. placenta e. egg matures
f. formation of corpus luteum and
production of progesterone
g. urethra
h. ovary
Analogies
______19. seminiferous tubules : testes ::

a. digestive enzymes : sperm head
b. nerve messages : released from glands
c. mitochondria : sperm head
d. ATPs : sperm head
______20. prostate gland : counteract acids ::

a. epididymis : counteract acids
b. epididymis : nourish sperm
c. spongy tissue : ejaculation
d. seminal vesicles : nourish sperm
______21. estrogen : thickening of the uterine lining ::

a. follicular phase : reduction of estrogen production
b. decreased estrogen : uterine lining to be shed
c. increased progesterone : uterine lining to be shed
d. luteal phase : menstruation
______22. all the major organs form : first trimester ::

a. fetal stage : cleavage
b. substantial increase in size : third trimester
c. first trimester : skin and hair growth
d. first trimester : blinking eyes


Holt Science Biology Critical Thinking Worksheets Skills Worksheet Biology and Scientific Methods Work Alikes How Each Numbered Item Functions 1 Experiment 2 Genes 3 Minerals in Pond

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Holt Science Biology Critical Thinking Worksheets Skills Worksheet Biology and Scientific Methods Work Alikes How Each Numbered Item Functions 1 Experiment 2 Genes 3 Minerals in Pond

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Holt Science: Biology

Critical Thinking Worksheets

Biology and Scientific Methods

______ 1. experiment a. antacids

Cause and Effect

5. source of energy to the a. metabolism

______10. Power plants can utilize a. Interdependence can be disrupted

______11. Organisms are interdependent b. “Theory” is not the same as

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Biology and Scientific Methods continued

14. hypothesis a. acid snow

______19. reproduction : living things ::

______20. amphibians’ disappearance : acidic ponds ::

______21. low pH : high pH ::

______22. theory : tested hypothesis ::

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

______ 1. water molecule a. chain of beads, in clumps

______ 2. lipid b. head and ears of a cartoon mouse

______ 3. protein c. mountain

______ 4. energy-releasing graph d. a long, capital letter E

______ 5. energy-absorbing graph e. jigsaw puzzle pieces

______ 6. enzymes f. valley

______ 7. positive and negative ions a. glue

______ 8. adhesion b. meterstick

______ 9. covalent bond c. letters of the alphabet

______10. pH scale d. magnets

______11. starch and glycogen e. savings account

______12. amino acids f. carpooling

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Cause and Effect

13. cohesion of water a. temperature

18. ionic or covalent bonds a. polar molecule ()

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

______24. molecules : hydrogen bonds ::

______25. cohesion : adhesion ::

______26. olive oil : unsaturated fat ::

______ 27. enzymes : activation energy ::

______28. substrate : active site ::

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Cell Structure and Function

______ 1. cell membrane a. hot dog with a maze inside

______ 2. mitochondrion b. water balloon

______ 3. proteins in cell membrane c. sandwich

______ 4. Golgi apparatus d. stack of pancakes

______ 5. central vacuole e. icebergs

______ 6. cilia a. welcoming committee

______ 7. cell membrane b. boat oars

______ 8. ribosome c. gate keepers

______ 9. receptor proteins d. protein factories

______10. transport proteins e. security guard

Cause and Effect

11. cell theory a. ribosomes present

Cell Structure and Function continued

17. millimeter a. protein produced in ER

______21. Hooke : cork cells ::

______22. prokaryote : nucleus ::

______23. marker : cell surface protein ::

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

______ 1. random-motion-of- a. a crowd of people filling a room

______ 4. carrier protein a. language interpreter

______ 5. sodium-potassium pump b. immigrants

______ 6. endocytosis c. train leaving the station

______ 7. exocytosis d. football player carrying the ball