LINGKUNGAN DAN

KERUSAKANNYA

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The Environmental System

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The Environmental System..
• The atmosphere is a mixture of nitrogen (78%),
oxygen (21%), and traces (remaining 1%) of carbon
dioxide, argon, water vapor and other components.
• Approximately 1,100 km high, the stratosphere (10 to 50
km) and the troposphere (less than 10 km) are the main
atmospheric interactors of the biosphere.
• The hydrosphere is the accumulation of water in all its
states (solid, liquid and gas) and the elements
dissolved it in (sodium, magnesium, calcium, chloride
and sulphate).
• 97% of the water forms the oceans, 2% is ice (north and
south poles) and 1% forms rivers, lakes, ground water and
atmospheric vapor.
• It covers around 71% of the earth's surface and is an
important accumulator of pollutants.

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The Environmental System..
• The lithosphere is the thin crust between the mantle
and the atmosphere.
• Around 100 km thick, only 1 km of it can be considered in
interaction with the biosphere.
• Main constituents are oxygen (47%), silicon (28%), aluminum
(8%), iron (5%), calcium (4%), sodium (3%), potassium (3%)
and magnesium (2%) in a crystalline state.
• The lithosphere is the main source of pollutants.
• Some pollutants are naturally released through sources like
volcanic eruptions, while others like fossil fuels are the result
of artificial extraction and combustion.
• The ecosphere is the set of all living organisms,
including animals and vegetation. They are temporary
accumulators (like lead) and sources for pollutants
(natural forest burning) in a very complex set of
relationships with the atmosphere, hydrosphere and
lithosphere.
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TYPE OF IMPACTS

• Direct impacts. The immediate consequence of indrustries

activities on the environment where the cause and effect
relationship is generally clear and well understood. For
instance, noise and carbon monoxide emissions are known
to have direct harmful effects.
• Indirect impacts: The secondary (or tertiary) effects of
indrustries activities on environmental systems. They are
often of higher consequence than direct impacts, but the
involved relationships are often misunderstood and more
difficult to establish  health problem.
• Cumulative impacts: The additive, multiplicative or
synergetic consequences of industries activities. They take
into account of the varied effects of direct and indirect
impacts on an ecosystem, which are often unpredicted
Climate change
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Ayat of the day: Ar Ruum 41

‫َظه ََر الْ َف َسا ُد يِف الْ َ ريب َوالْ َب ْح ير يب َما َك َسبَ ْت َأيْ يدي النَّ ياس يل ُي يذي َقهُ ْم ب َ ْع َض‬
‫ون‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ج‬‫ي‬ ‫ر‬
َ ُ َْ ْ َ‫ي‬ ‫ُم‬ ‫ه‬َّ ‫ل‬‫ع‬َ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ُ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬
‫َع‬ َ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ َّ
‫اَّل‬
Telah nampak kerusakan di darat dan di laut disebabkan karena
perbuatan tangan manusia, Allah menghendaki agar mereka merasakan
sebahagian dari (akibat) perbuatan mereka, agar mereka kembali (ke
jalan yang benar).

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The most important impacts
• Climate change
• Air pollution
• Noise pollution
• Water pollution
• Soil quality
• Biodiversity
• Land take

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CLIMATE CHANGE
• The activities of the industry release several million tons of
gases each year into the atmosphere.
• These gases include lead (Pb), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon
dioxide (CO2; not a pollutant), methane (CH4), nitrogen
oxides (NOx), nitrous oxide (N2O), heavy metals (zinc,
chrome, copper and cadmium) and particulate matters (ash,
dust).
• Some gases, particularly nitrous oxide, also participate in
depleting the stratospheric ozone (O3) layer which naturally
screens the earth’s surface from ultraviolet radiation.
• Climate change also has a significant impact on transportation
systems, particularly infrastructure (e.g. floods) and
operations (changes in weather).

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 CLIMATE CHANGE..
• Greenhouse gases:
mostly carbon dioxide
(CO2), but smaller
amounts of methane
(CH4) and nitrous
oxide (N2O) are also
emitted.
• These gases are
released during the
combustion of fossil
fuels, such as coal, oil,
and natural gas.

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CO2 emissions by sector

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CLIMATE CHANGE..

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Global Warming

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Global temperature

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AIR POLLUTION
• Particulate matter (PM). These particles of soot and
metals give smog its murky color. Fine particles can
penetrate deep into lungs. Diesel exhaust is a major
contributor to PM pollution.
• Hydrocarbons (HC). These pollutants react with nitrogen
oxides in the presence of sunlight to form ground level
ozone. Though beneficial in the upper atmosphere, at the
ground level this gas irritates the respiratory system,
causing coughing, choking, and reduced lung capacity.
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx). These pollutants cause lung
irritation and weaken the body's defenses against
respiratory infections such as pneumonia and influenza.
• Carbon monoxide (CO). This odorless, colorless, and
poisonous gas is formed by the combustion of fossil fuels
such as gasoline and is emitted primarily from cars and
trucks. When inhaled, CO blocks oxygen from the brain,
heart, and other vital organs.
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AIR POLLUTION
• Sulfur dioxide (SO2). Power plants and motor vehicles
create this pollutant by burning sulfur-containing fuels,
especially diesel. Sulfur dioxide can react in the
atmosphere to form fine particles and poses the largest
health risk to young children and asthmatics.
• Hazardous air pollutants (toxics). These chemical
compounds have been linked to birth defects, cancer,
and other serious illnesses. The EPA estimates that the
air toxics emitted from cars and trucks account for half
of all cancers caused by air pollution.
• Greenhouse gases. Motor vehicles also emit pollutants,
such as carbon dioxide (CO2), that contribute to global
climate change. In fact, cars and trucks account for over
20% of total global warming pollution; transportation,
which includes freight, trains, and airplanes, accounts for
around 30% of all heat-trapping gas emissions.

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EXTERNALITIES OF AIR POLLUTION

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NOISE POLLUTION
• Affect people in both physiological and psychological ways
• Recent research shows that problems exist at lower noise levels than
was previously thought.
• The effects of noise are enhanced when they interact with other
environmental causes of stress, such as air pollution and chemicals.
• Environmental Noise Directive provides a common basis for tackling
problems caused by noise pollution across the European Union.
• The impacts of noise is strictly local

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NOISE LEVELS

Environmental impact of transportation 18

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Externalities of Noise Pollution
• Economic Costs: Reducing property values
• Social Costs: Health cost, stress levels, lack of sleep
• Environmental Costs: Very difficult to assess, not accessible to wildlife
due to high noise levels

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WATER QUALITY
• The main effects of marine transport operations on water
quality predominantly arise from dredging, waste, ballast
waters and oil spills.
• Dredging is the process of deepening harbor channels by
removing sediments from the bed of a body of water.
• Waste generated by the operations of vessels at sea or at
ports cause serious environmental problems, since they
can contain a very high level of bacteria and various type
of garbage containing metals and plastic
• Ballast waters are required to control ship’s stability and
draught and to modify their center of gravity in relation
to cargo carried and the variance in weight distribution.
• Oil spills from oil cargo vessel accidents
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Oil spill

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EXTERNALITIES OF WATER POLLUTION

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SOIL QUALITY
• Soil erosion and soil contamination Particularly in
coastal infrastructure facilities
• Loss of fertile land  Caused by industries or
lessening surface grades for industries developments.
• Soil contamination can occur through the use of toxic
materials by the supporting industries development.
• Liquid waste from the development that enter the
soil.
• Hazardous materials and heavy metals have been
found in areas of the industries development

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BIO DIVERSITY
• The need for construction materials and the development
of industries has led to deforestation.
• Many industries have required draining land, thus
reducing wetland areas and driving-out water plant
species.
• The need to maintain road and rail right-of-way or to
stabilize slope along logistics facilities has resulted in
restricting growth of certain plants or has produced
changes in plants with the introduction of new species
different from those which originally grew in the areas.
• Many animal species are becoming endangered as a
result of changes in their natural habitats and reduction
of ranges.
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Deforestation

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LAND TAKE
• The development of industries is significant features of the urban built
environment.
• Social and economic cohesion can be severed when new supporting
logistics facilities such as toll road cut across an existing urban
community.
• Arteries or transport terminals can define urban borders and produce
segregation.
• Major supporting industries facilities can affect the quality of urban life
by creating physical barriers, increasing noise levels, generating odors,
reducing urban aesthetic and affecting the built heritage.

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Geographical Scales of the Environmental Externalities

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EXTERNALITIES VS INTERVENTION

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