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GREEK

CIVILIZATION
GROUP 3

BAYSA-PEE, Zionore
BERSABE, Vince Clark C.
COSICO, Kidd
BOADO, Patricia Anne L.
CAYMO, Alelie Rose N.
BS Pharmacy 1-C
COLD CREAM &
MATERIA MEDICA

Galen, born in Greece, in 200 AD, made many medical discoveries,


one of his most famous discoveries being cold cream, “a mixture of
fat, wax and water”. When applied to the skin, it caused a cooling
effect as the water evaporated, cooling the affected area with the
same mechanism as sweating. Galen suggested its use for gladiators,
who had “rough, course, and hot skin”. The cold cream would soothe
and cool down their skin. Nowadays, cold cream is still in use, and its
formula has only changed slightly. A few new ingredients were added
in order to improve its quality and smell, but otherwise, it is still the
same formula and still serves the same purpose of cooling down and
soothing hot and rough skin. In addition to this, cold cream has been
found useful for the removal of makeup, as well as the prevention of
eczema.

Pedanius Dioscorides of Greece traveled far and wide, finding and


documenting medicinal plants and their uses. He traveled with the
Roman legions and, “after much direct observation of plants in their
native habitats and careful practical experience on the medicinal uses
of herbs, as well as those derived from animals and minerals,
Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica”. The book included the
preparation and properties of a large number of medicinal plants, and
influences herbalists even now.
WATER MILLS

Water mills were a revolutionary invention and have been used all over
the world for the purpose of metal shaping, agriculture and, most
importantly, milling. To mill means to grind, and that invariably means
to grind grain. This in turn led to the production of edible food staples
like rice, cereals, pulses, flour, and so on. Ever since its invention, the
water mill has seen a number of adaptations, which have enabled
people to use it to mill different raw materials. These mills are still
used in many parts of the world and serve a similar function.

This useful invention takes its origins from the earliest known
Perachora wheel, created way back in the third century BC in Greece,
most likely invented by the contemporary Greek engineer Philo of
Byzantium. Earlier, the portions of the mechanical treatise on this
particular water mill written by Philo himself were regarded to have
Arab origination. However, recent research by British historian M.J.T.
Lewis has proved that the water mill was an ancient Greek invention.
ODOMETER

The Odometer is a device that accurately tells how much distance was
covered by a vehicle, this invention is attributed to Archimedes. It was
used by the Greek to accurately gauge distance covered by carts
though it's primary use was in helping engineers when creating roads
to measure the distance between two points. The odometer can now
be found universally in vehicles like cars.

Anchors are a heavy objects usually made of metal used to moor a


ship, slow down speed, and dock it. The prototype to these where
Killicks which acted as rudimentary anchors. The Greeks continued to
develop the technology with the addition of teeth which held ships to
moor better on rock formations below the sea, this anchor with teeth
is the design we still use to this day in our modern ships.
CATAPULTS AND
MAPS

The catapult was invented with one purpose in mind - to hurl


projectiles over a great distance. The first catapults were built in
Greece, and were essential giant crossbows called the Gastraphete. A
larger version of the Gastraphete is called the Ballista, but we'll get
into that later.

The catapult improved as time went on. Cranks were added so that it
could be reloaded easily. Wheels were added for mobility. New designs
allowed the catapult to throw a variety of projectiles. The catapult
went from defending the Greeks to a machine of mass warfare that
broke down medieval castle walls to an ancient fan among avid
gamers and engineers.

Ancient Greeks created the earliest paper maps that were used for
navigation, and to depict certain areas of the Earth. Anaximander was
the first of the ancient Greeks to draw a map of the known world, and,
as such, he is considered to be one of the first cartographers.
Hecataeus, Herodotus, Eratosthenes, and Ptolemy were other well-
known Greek map makers. The maps they drew were based on
explorer observations and mathematical calculations.

The ancient Greek maps are important to the history of cartography


because they often showed Greece as being at the center of the world
and surrounded by an ocean. Other early Greek maps show the world
as divided into two continents—Asia and Europe. These ideas came
largely out of Homer’s works as well as other early Greek literature.

Many Greek philosophers considered the Earth to be spherical, and this


knowledge influenced their cartography. Ptolemy, for instance, created
maps by using a coordinate system with parallels of latitude and
meridians of longitude to accurately show areas of the Earth as he
knew it. This system became the basis for today’s maps, and his atlas
"Geographia" is considered to be an early example of modern
cartography.
ALARM CLOCK

Ancient Greece achieved many great accomplishments that have


influenced several cultures. Some of the most well-known objects in
our daily lives originated in ancient Greece. Aside from such concepts
as philosophy and democracy, ancient Greeks contributed many
mechanical inventions that we still use today. One of the most used
gadgets these days is the alarm clock, and it too had its origins in
ancient Greece. Over time, the alarm clock has undergone several
changes and improvements from the mechanical alarm to modern
gadgets like cell phones, which come with an inbuilt alarm.
During those days, time was usually indicated using a water clock, or
klepsydra, probably developed in response to the shortcomings of the
sundial, namely the inability of the sundial to work when there was no
sun and to maintain a constant division of time.
One of the uses of the water clock in Greece, especially in Athens, was
for the timing of speeches in law courts. Some Athenian sources
indicate that the water clock was used during the speeches of various
well-known Greeks, including Aristotle, Aristophanes the playwright,
and Demosthenes the statesman. Apart from timing their speeches,
the water clock also prevented their speeches from running too long.
Depending on the type of speech or trial that was going on, different
amounts of water would be filled into the vessels. The water clock,
however, was not without its flaws. First, a constant pressure of water
was needed to keep the flow of water at a constant rate. To solve this
problem, the water clock was supplied with water from a large
reservoir in which the water was kept at a constant level.
REFERENCES:
Briney, A. (2019, October 7). How Did Map-Making Begin? Retrieved
January 17, 2020, from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-history-
of-cartography-1435696

History of the Catapult. (n.d.). Retrieved January 17, 2020, from


https://lorenhaaspwc.weebly.com/history-of-the-catapult.html

Dioscorides: De Materia Medica. (n.d.). Retrieved from


http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_Romana/ac
onite/materiamedica.html

Noveille, B. A. (2018, January 25). What is a Materia Medica?


Retrieved from https://theherbalacademy.com/what-is-a-
materia-medica/

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