Addressing: CCNA Page 1 of 81

CCNA Page 1 of 81
Addressing
1. Physical – Mac Address

2. Logical – IP Address
Mac
1. Permanent Address
2. Works in LAN only
3. 48 bits Address
Eg,
00-0A-0B-AC-00-01
Total 6 byte = 48 bits

Each 8 bits (00,0A…)
1 byte = 8 bits
00  00000000 - 8 bits
6 byte
3 byte 3 byte
Organizational unique Identification For each NIC Card
IP Address
 32 bit Address
 Assigned by Protocol
 It goes from 0 to 255
Eg,
W.X.Y.Z ---- 8 bits
Classes
1. Class A 1-126
2. Class B 128-191
3. Class C 192-223
4. Class D 224-239
5. Class E 240-255
CCNA Page 2 of 81
Class A (1-126) Class B (128-191)
Eg, Eg,
W.X.Y.Z W.X.Y.Z
Where, Where,
W = Network W,X = Networks
X,Y,Z = Host Y,Z = Host
Class C (192-223)
Eg,
W.X.Y.Z
Where,
W,X,Y = Networks
Z = Host
FLOWS
Class A:
1.0.0.0  1st Net ID

1.0.0.1  1st IP Address
1.0.0.2
1.0.0.3
Up to
1.0.0.255
1.0.1.0
1.0.1.1
1.0.1.2
Up to
1.0.1.255
1.0.2.0
1.0.2.1
Up to
1.0.2.255
1.0.3.0
Up to
1.255.255.255
CCNA Page 3 of 81
2.0.0.0  2nd Net ID
Up to
126.0.0.0  Last Net ID
126.255.255.254  Last IP address
126.255.255.255  Broad Cast IP Address
Class B:
128.0.0.0  1st Net ID

128.0.0.1
Up to
128.0.0.255
128.0.1.0
128.0.1.1
128.0.1.2
Up to
128.0.1.255
128.0.2.0
128.0.2.1
Up to
128.0.255.0
128.0.255.1
Up to
128.0.255.255
128.1.0.0 2nd Net ID
128.1.0.1
Up to
128.1.0.255
128.1.1.0
128.1.1.1
Up to
191.255.0.0  Last Net ID
Up to
191.255.0.255
191.255.1.0
Up to
191.255.255.254  Last IP Address
191.255.255.255  Broad Cast IP
CCNA Page 4 of 81
Class C:
192.0.0.0  1st Net ID

192.0.0.1
192.0.0.2
Up to
192.0.0.254  Last IP
192.0.0.255  Broad Cast IP
192.0.1.0  2nd Net ID
Up to
192.0.1.255
192.0.2.0
192.0.2.1
Up to
192.0.2.255
Up to
223.0.0.0  Last Net ID
223.255.255.254  Last IP address
223.255.255.255  Broad Cast IP
Subnet Mask
Class A 255.0.0.0
Class B 255.255.0.0
Class C 255.255.255.0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Valve
S.No 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128
2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 192
3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 224
4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 240
5 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 248
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 252
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 254
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 255
Class C:
192.0.0.62 / 27 Where, 27 – Networks bits
Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

Customized Sub Net Mask: 255.255.255.224
CCNA Page 5 of 81
Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 23
=8
Step 2:
No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 25
=32
Step 3:
Subnet ID’s = 256-224
=32
0,32,64,96,128,160,192,224
Step 4:
1st Subnet ID = 192.0.0.0
2nd “ = 192.0.0.32
Last “ = 192.0.0.224
Take This Subnet ID  192.0.0.32

1st IP add – 192.0.0.33
Last IP Add – 192.0.0.62
Broad cast IP – 192.0.0.63

1st IP add – 192.0.0.65
Last IP Add – 192.0.0.94
Result:
192.0.0.62 – IP Address
Class C:
192.70.0.59 / 28

Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 24
CCNA Page 6 of 81
= 16
Step 2:
= 24
=16
Step 3:
=16
0, 16, 32, 48, 64 …160, 176,….224,240
Step 4:
1st Subnet ID = 192.70.0.0
2nd “ = 192.0.0.16
Last “ = 192.0.0.240

1st IP add – 192.70.0.17
Last IP Add – 192.70.0.30
Result:
192.70.0.59 – IP Address
Class B:
172.160.10.60 / 20

Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 24
= 16
Step 2:
= 212
=
Step 3:
=16
CCNA Page 7 of 81
0,16,32,48,64,……160,176,….224,240
Step 4:
1st Subnet ID = 172.160.0.0
2nd “ = 172.160.16.0
Last “ = 172.160.240.0

1st IP add – 172.160.16.1
Last IP Add – 172.160.31.254
Broad cast IP – 172.160.31.255
Result:
172.160.10.60– IP Address
Class B:
180.160.60.28 / 21

Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 25
= 32
Step 2:
= 211
=
Step 3:
=8
0,8,16,24,……48,56,64,……..240,248
Step 4:
1st Subnet ID = 180.160.0.0
2nd “ = 180.160.8.0
Last “ = 180.160.248.0

1st IP add – 180.160.16.1
Last IP Add – 180.160.23.254
CCNA Page 8 of 81
Broad cast IP – 180.160.23.255
Result:
180.160.60.58 – IP Address
Class A:
80.65.69.76 / 13

Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 25
= 32
Step 2:
= 219
=
Step 3:
=8
0,8,16,24,……48,56,64,……..240,248
Step 4:
2nd “ = 80.8.0.0
Last “ = 80.248.0.0

1st IP add – 80.16.0.1
Last IP Add – 80.23.255.254
Broad cast IP – 80.23.255.255
Result: 80.65.69.76 - IP Address
Class A:
30.80.60.10 / 11

CCNA Page 9 of 81
Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 23
=8
Step 2:
= 221
=
Step 3:
=8
0,32,64,96,……..224.
Step 4:
2nd “ = 30.32.0.0
Last “ = 30.224.0.0

1st IP add – 30.64.0.1
Last IP Add – 30.95.254.224
Broad cast IP – 30.95.255.255
Result: 80.65.69.76  30.64.0.0 IP address
Class A:
50.70.64.85 / 20

Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 212
= 4096
Step 2:
= 24+8
=
Step 3:
=1
0,1,2,3,……………..75,76,……..255
CCNA Page 10 of 81

= 16
0,16,32,48,……240
Step 4:
2nd “ = 50.0.16.0
3rd Subnet ID = 50.0.32.0
Last “ = 50.255.240.0

1st IP add – 50.0.48.1
Last IP Add – 50.0.63.254
Result: 50.70.64.85  50.70.48.0 IP Address
ROUTER
Router
Cisco Router Non – Cisco Router

Mfg by Cisco Mfg by Other companies (Intel, D-Link)
Globally Marketed Non-globally marketed
Types of Router:
1. Cisco 700 / 800 Series router
2. Cisco 1600 / 1700 Series router
3. Cisco 2500 Series router
CCNA Page 11 of 81
Note: 5,6,7 – Ethernet Fast Ethernet & 8,9 – Gigabit Ethernet

Router Interface:
2500 series
Power
(on/off)
Switch
AUI Serial Ports Console
Port BRI
Ports
AUX
Power
connector
1700 series
 AUI – Attachment unit interface --- with connect LAN n/w. Fast Ethernet or
Ethernet.
 Serial Ports – Router to Router (WAN) connection.
 Console Port – Router configure purpose. (pc side 9-pin serial port , router side
console port)
 BRI – Basic Rate Interface ---only for used ISDN connection & WAN
connection
 AUX – Auxiliary Port ---- Remote router configure, using this port, connecting
to modem.
CCNA Page 12 of 81
Router Component
Rom DRAM NVRAM Flash
IOS
Startup
Configuration
16-bit configuration
Register value
Post
Running Configuration
BSL
Rom-Mon
Mini-IOS
0x2100 Rommon modes

0x2101 Mini-IOS modes
0x2102 Normal modes
Booting Mode
DRAM as a Temporary Memory

NVRAM as a permanently memory
IOS Internet Operating System working

FLASH Load IOS to Rom
Trouble Shooting Purpose

Rommon mode
Mini IOS
Mini IOS Initial start (or) Booting Purpose Trouble Shooting
Normal Booting (Flash)
Router Modes (Execution)

User Execution Mode
Privilege Mode
Global Configuration Mode
Interface Mode
User Mode - (Entry Mode) Identity Mode
CCNA Page 13 of 81
Privilege Mode - View Mode (viewing information Ex: interface connector)

Example command: Copy, View, Restart, Ping
Global Mode - entire Router Configure (With out Interface device)
Interface Mode: only configure interface devices.
User Mode:
Router>
Privilege Mode:
Router#
Global Configuration Mode:
Router (config) #
Interface Mode:
Router (config-if) #
 Router>enable user mode
 Router#config terminal Priv. mode (short key: config t)
 Router (config) #interface <interface name> Global configuration mode

(Ex: interface S0)
 Router (config-if) interface mode
 Interface mode to Priv. mode (short key: ctrl+z)
If exit the mode’s
Router (config-if) # exit

Router (config) # exit
Router#disable Router#exit (exit the router)
Router>
Privilege Mode (basic command)
 Router# clock set hh:mm:ss: (Set Time)

 Router# show clock (view Clock)
 Router# show history (default 10 command in history view)
 Router# terminal history size (change history size(range 0.256))
 Router# show terminal (to view history size)
 Router# show interface (to view the router information)
 Router# show interface <interface name> (to view specify interface)
 Router# show running –configuration (to view DRAM configuration)
 Router# show startup-configuration (to view NVRAM configuration)
 Router# show flash (to view the flash details – IOS details)
CCNA Page 14 of 81
 Router# show version (to view the IOS filename, IOS version, Dram,
Rom, Flash memory, router up time, 16 bit registry value)
 Router# show memory (to view the all memory details)
 Router# show controllers (to view the DCE in router)
 Router# show ip interface (to view the interface devices briefly)
 Router# copy running configuration startup-configuration (to copy the
Dram to NVRam)
 Router# copy startup-configuration running configuration (to copy the
NVRam to Dram)
 Router# ping <IP address>
 Router# reload
Global Mode:
Router (config) # host name <Chennai>
To change the hostname (router)

Router (config) #hostname Chennai
Chennai (config) #
To create Welcome Screen

Router (config) #banner motd $ <any text> $
Interface Mode
To set IP address
Router (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
To set clock rate for interface S0 (between the connecting router)

Router (config-if) #clock rate 64000
Boson Network Designer (software)
It is used to design the network

Available router 1750
Other devices PC
To enable the serial port (up) or interface devices:
Router (config-if) # no shut
Types of Passwords
1. Line Console
2. Enable Passwords
3. Secret Passwords
4. Telnet (VTY) Passwords
CCNA Page 15 of 81
 To enter into user mode, this password has to be supplied.

 Before Priv. Mode this is set.
Setting Line Console Password:
Router(config)#line console 0 (Enter)
Router(line-config)#login (Enter)
Router(line-config)#password <udaya>
To View the Passwords:
Router#sh run
Router #exit  goes to start again & prompt for Password.
Enable Password:
Both secret password & enable password are set for entering Priv. Mode. Line
console of enable password can be viewed ‘show run config’ command as they are
stored in normal format. But secret password cannot be viewed. It is a encrypted.
To set enable password:
Router(config)#enable password <udaya>
To set secret password:
Router(config)#enable password <udaya>
For line console:
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config)#login
Router(config)#no password <udaya>  Remove Password.
Telnet (VTY-Virtual Terminal) Password:
Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(config)#login
Router(config)#password <udaya>
CCNA Page 16 of 81
Boot System Command
 Router(config)#boot system rom
Then save it using ‘copy run start’ command in priv. Mode.

(or)
Router#wr mem (write to memory)
So next time it boot, goes into mini-IOS mode.
 Router(config)#boot system flash <ios name>
U can load upto 3 IOS in one flash. U can specify which IOS you need to enter
next time you login. Then save it & reload.
Router#show flash  Show all IOS in flash.
 Router(config)#boot system TFTP <ios file name> <TFTP server

address>
TFTP is a protocol that is used for backup. [Taking a backup IOS.]

The system where TFTP is installed & runs is TFTP server.
This command is used to use backup. IOS to boot.
If you use more then 1 boot cmd, only the first cmd word. So to disable
previous cmd.
Router (config) #no boot system  to enter next boot command.
Booting Sequence
0x2100 – steps done by BSL
1. checks the last bit whether 0 or 1

0 – Rom Mon
1 – Mini IOS
If not 0 or 1, (else)
2. checks for boot system commands

if not (else)
CCNA Page 17 of 81
3. check for valid IOS in flash
If yes, check for startup config
if yes, enter normal mode

Router>
If no,
Enter setup mode
If no, Mini-IOS (2500 series)

(or)
Rom-Mon (1700 series) only Rom-Mon
To set registry value for booting into mini-IOS or Rom-Mon Mode:
Router(config)#config-register 0x2100
(or)
If 0x2100 (Rom-Mon Mode)

In 2500 Series In 1700 Series
> Rommon1>
To return back to normal mode

> 0 / r 0x2102
(open registry)
> I [to restart, initialize]
Rommon2>conf reg 0x2102

Rommon2>I
If 0x2101 (Mini IOS mode) only in 2500 series
Router(boot)>
Router(boot)>enable
Router(boot)#config terminal
Router(boot) (config)#config-register 0x2102  goes to normal mode.
CCNA Page 18 of 81
Backup & Recovery
Backup files are stored in binary format. TFTP is used for this.
Conditions:
1. TFTP should be installed & enabled. (up condition).

2. Ethernet port of system & router should be connected in up conditions.
To Take Back-up of IOS:
Router#copy flash TFTP
Asks for 1. Remote host name:[TFTP server address]

2. Source file name:[IOS file name]
3. Designations file name [IOS file name]
4. Confirm.
Backup of running configuration:
Router#copy run tftp

Router#copy start tftp
Recovery of IOS:
Router#copy tftp flash
Startup:
Router#copy tftp start

Router#copy tftp run
To view path of backup files stored:
C:/program files/cisco system/cisco tftp server
Password Breaking
When booting, [pls press ctrl+break]
Goes into Rom-Mon mode (1700 series) to go in to setup mode, u have to by

pass the startup config & enter setup mode. Reg. Value is 0x2142.
1700 series:
Rommon1>con reg 0x2142
Rommon2>I
CCNA Page 19 of 81
2500 series:
>0/r 0x2412
>I
Do u want to enter the initial config dialogue? (Y/N)
Y A series of questions automatically configuration.
N U can setup the config manually with out prompts. (recommended)

Router>en
Router#show exit
U can view all passwords. But secret password cannot be seen.
U can delete it using ‘no enable’ command.
Router#copy start run
U can copy start config to run
After all changes are made; save it changes register value to 2102 to enter normal
mode next you boot.
Router#copy run start This saves the changes
Router# reload To restart the router
When IOS corrupt:
[display is e….eee….]
Then when rebooted, goes to Rom-Mon mode automatically so to recover IOS from
backup.
Rommon1>tftp dnld dnlddownload
Display list of field mandatory to be set for TFTP download

Rommon2>ip address (eg:30.0.0.1)
Rommon3>ip subnet mask (eg:255.0.0.0)
Rommon4>default-gateway (eg:30.0.0.1)
Rommon5>tftp-server(eg:30.0.0.10 sys add)
Rommon6>tftp-file (eg:cisco file name)
Rommon7>tftp dnld
Rommon8>I
Reload.
To set the register value for booting in to Rommon mode next time:
Save,
Router#copy run start
Router#reload
Rommon1>config 0x2102 (to return normal mode)
CCNA Page 20 of 81
Rommon2>I
In rommon mode, to change the boot IOS. (if there are two Ios & u have used one to
load, to change to another)
Rommon1>set
This display what boot IOS u have (eg:boot = ccna,1)
To change this,
Rommon2>unset boot
Rommon3>set boot=cisco,1 (cisconame of another IOS)
Rommon4>sync (this saves the router variables to NVROM)
Rommon5>I (now it reload using cisco IOS)
CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol)

o Layer 2 Protocols
o Identifies cisco routers directly connected in a network (or) products.
To enable cdp:
Router(config)#cdp run (Enable all information of the router)
To disable cdp:
Router(config)#no cdp run
To see the status of neighbours:

Router#show cdp neighbours
Router# show cdp neighbours details
Router#show cdp interface
CDP update time:
o Default time 60sec.

o Every 60 sec, each neighbours send his information range of update time 5 to
254.
CDP hold time:
In case after 60 sec, no response from neighbours then old information can be
used up to this time default 180 sec. Range is 10 to 255.
To change the default value:
Router(config)#cdp timer <time in sec>

Router(config)cdp hold time<time in sec)
CCNA Page 21 of 81
Types of Error’s
1. Translating error
2. Ambiguous error
3. Invalid input error
4. Incomplete command error
Translating error:
Telnet commands works both in user mode & priv. Mode.
In user mode,
Router>telnet 10.0.0.2 (router address)
(or)
Router>telnet <router name> (eg: r1)
(or)
Router>r1
So if we enter some wrong command in user mode,
Eg: Router>enable
This is assumed to be a router name & goes to DNS server for translation
Ambiguous error:
Eg: Enable user mode you have enable & exit command
Router>e [if you enter this router does not know this command)
This procedure is Ambiguous error
Invalid input error

Using commands in wrong mode (or) using invalid commands.
Incomplete command error

Using incomplete commands.
Error status in interfaces:

Eg:
1. Interface s0 is up, protocol is up
2. Interface s0 is up, protocol is down
3. Interface s0 is down, protocol is down
4. Interface s0 in administratively down, line protocol is also down.
1. No errors.
2. S0 up, protocol down
Reason:
 In the absence of clock rate. (You have to set)
 For peer-peer system connected, both protocols must match. If different
protocols are used, this is status has to be changed. (Encapsulation)
ie; Router (config-if)#encapsulation <protocol Name> (eg: Protocol
name: HDLC, PPP).
CCNA Page 22 of 81
3. S0 down, line protocol is down.

Reason:
• No ip address is assigned
• Cable Problems.
• Interface Problems
• Incase all the above three are ok, then if remote end is
not in up condition.
4. S0 down, line protocol down

Reason:
• Initial booting when all interface are administratively
down. You have to use ‘no shut’ command.
• If specifically, administrator has shutdown the interface.
Routing
To inter connect two different networks by selecting the best path
For ping operation --- ICMP protocol (Internet control messaging protocol)
ARP (Address Reduction Protocol)

This is used to determine MAC address from known IP address.
RIT (Routing information table)
Create Routing Table using by protocols
Router protocol  carry data (or) packet through a Network

Eg; IP, IPX
Routing protocol  determine the path for carrying data (or) packets through
a network Eg; RIP, IGRP, EIGRP
Non-Router protocols: NETBEUI --- Not used for routing using name comm.
Method to create RIT (Routing Information Table)
1. Static
2. Static default
3. Dynamic
CCNA Page 23 of 81
Static (Manual entry)

 Metric parameters are used to select best path.
 Bandwidth: Max data transmission path is selected. cost also based
 Delay: Time taken in each the destination
 Load: Based on traffic
 MTU: Max Transmission Unit based on interface capacity how much data can
be fixed.
 Hop Count: How many routers can be crossed to reach the destination
 Reliability: Based on error.
 If error rate is high reliability low
 If error rate is low reliability high
S0 20.0.0.1 S1 20.0.0.2
R1 R2
E0 10.0.0.1 E0 30.0.0.1
E0 10.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.2
PC PC
R1
Network Interface Hop count

10.0.0.0 E0 0
20.0.0.0 S0 1
30.0.0.0 S0 1
R2
Network Interface Hop count

10.0.0.0 S1 1
20.0.0.0 S1 0
30.0.0.0 E0 0
CCNA Page 24 of 81
Configurations using static method
S0 110.0.0.1 S1 110.0.0.2
R1 R2
E0 100.0.0.1 E0 90.0.0.1
E0 100.0.0.2 E0 90.0.0.2
PC PC
(R1) Router (config) #ip routing
Change routing mode (this is router mode)

Router (config-router) #ip route <netid><subnet mask><next hop add or exit
interface add>
Remote net ID 90.0.0.0
110.0.0.0
Next hop add  to reach the remote ID, which is the next router through which we
have to travel. Its address.
R1(config)#ip route 90.0.0 255.0.0.0 110.0.0.2
(Next hop add)
R2(config)#ip route 100.00.0 255.0.0.0 110.0.01
To view RIT
Router#show ip route
Static default
This is worked in a stub network using a single interface you can access
many networks. (Single wan port) connections.
CCNA Page 25 of 81
10.0.0.2 R4
10.0.0.1
R2 R5
R1
R6
R3
R7
Stub Router This has only WAN interface there which you reach all router.
This stub router network.
Any network 0.0.0.0, any subnet mask is only there this router one interface
R1 (config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
Static routing
S0 30.0.0.1 S1 30.0.0.2 S0 50.0.0.1 S1 50.0.0.2

R1 R2 R3
E0 40.0.0.1 E0 60.0.0.1 E0 70.0.0.1
E0 40.0.0.2 E0 60.0.0.2 E0 70.0.0.2
PC1 PC2 PC3

CCNA Page 26 of 81
Routing table create for static
R1(config)#ip routing
R1(config)#ip route 50.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2
R1(config)#ip route 60.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2
R1(config)#ip route 70.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2
R2(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.1

R2(config)#ip route 70.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.2
R3(config)#ip route 60.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.1

R3(config)#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.1
R3(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.1
Show RIT table (in router 3)
R3#sh ip route
Show the table
70.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, E0

50.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, S0
60.0.0.0/8 [1/0] via 50.0.0.1
30.0.0.0/8 [1/0] via 50.0.0.1
40.0.0.0/8 [1/0] via 50.0.0.1
8-Subnet mask, 1/0 – Administrative value (AD value)
Codes
C - Connected, S - Static, I - IGRP,R- RIP,M-Mobile-BGP(border gateway
protocol),D-EIGRP, EX-Extended EIGRP,O-OSPF,1A-OSPF inter area,E1-OSPF
External Type1,E2-OSPF External Type 2,E-EGP,L1-Level 1,L2-Level 2,* -
Candidate default-per-User static route
CCNA Page 27 of 81
Static default (Single interface using another many routers connections)

Single Wan Connections
PC2 E0
R3 S0 R3 E0
PC2
R2 S1
R1 S0 R2 S0
R1 E0 R2 S2 PC3
PC1 E0 R4 S0 R4 E0 PC3 E0
PC1
Interface’s IP address Details:
R1 S0 – 10.0.0.1, E0 – 20.0.0.1, PC1 E0 – 20.0.0.2

R2 S1 – 10.0.0.2, R2 S0 – 30.0.0.1, R2 S2 – 40.0.0.1
R3 S0 – 30.0.0.2, R3 E0 – 70.0.0.1, PC2 E0 – 70.0.0.2
R4 S0 – 40.0.0.2, R4 E0 – 60.0.0.1, PC3 E0 – 60.0.0.2
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
Dynamic Routing:
Automatic Routing using Protocol
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)

Eg: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)

Eg: BGP, IBGP, EBGP
RIP Routing Information Protocol

IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
EIGRP Extended IGRP
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
CCNA Page 28 of 81
BGP Border Gateway Protocol

IBGP Interior BGP
EBGP Exterior BGP
IGP RIT is shared only between members of the same autonomous group
EGP RIT is shared different autonomous groups
Autonomous system:
A collection of routers or network that have a common group number from a

common administrative group
AS Autonomous System no
AD Administrative Distance
AD  Determine the best worthiness of a route based on various factors when more
than one protocols are present, priority ranges from 0 to 25
For Directly Connected, AD = 0 Higher Priority

Static Routing AD = 1
EIGRP AD = 90
IGRP AD = 100
OSPF AD = 110
RIP AD = 120
Extended EIGRP AD = 170
Unknown AD = 255 Lower Priority
AD Values
Administrative Distance
Classes of Routing Protocols (based on Metric Value)
1. Distance Vectors Routing Protocols. Eg: RIP, IGRP

2. Link state routing protocols. Eg: OSPF
3. Hybrid routing protocols. Eg: EIGRP
Distance Vector
Decide on the best path based on distance

Link State
Find the shortest path. Update not only data. But also detects the link
states of the lines.
CCNA Page 29 of 81
Hybrid
Contains both feature included. (Distance vector & Link state)
R1#trace route <IP-Address>

R2 RIP
RIP R1 R3 RIP
Network A
R4 RIP
All four router using RIP protocol.
WAN Cables (series cable)
EIA / TIA 232 EIA --- Electronic Industrial Association

EIA / TIA 449 TIA --- Telecom Industrial Association
EIA / TIA 530
ITU (International Telecom Union)

V35
V21
WIC (wan Bandwidth No. of Pins Male Female

Interface Cable)
232 64 Kbps 25 DTE DCE
449 4 Kbps 37 DTE DCE
530 4 Kbps 25 DTE Can’t be connect
V-35 4 Kbps 34 DTE DCE
X-21 4 Kbps 15 DTE DCE
DCE – Female Connector (60 hole)
DTE – Male Connector (60 pins)
To view the Serial interface is DCE or DTE
Router#sh controllers (or)

Router#sh controllers <name>
To enable short keys

Router# terminal editing
To disable
Router #terminal no editing
CCNA Page 30 of 81
Short Keys / Editing Keys
Ctrl+D Delete Character

Ctrl+W Delete Word
Ctrl+U Delete Line
Ctrl+A Return to starting of line
Ctrl+E Mover cursor to start of line
Ctrl+F Move cursor fed char by character
Ctrl+B Moves backward char by char
Ctrl+R Refresh / Redisplay the command
Ctrl+P Display previous command
Ctrl+N Display new command
Ctrl+H 3rd to backspace
Esc+F Move cursor word by word forward
Esc+B Move cursor word by word backward
DVRP (Distance Vectors Routing Protocols)
To reach network A from R1, First route should be selected, so path 1 & path 2
are compared. AD values are checked. Here both values are equal. Next metric values
should be checked, namely hop count In this case is equal too so load balancing is
done.
Each router broadcast its RIT to neighbors every few seconds called update
time via all its active interface. So each router updates its RIT according. Time taken
for the router to from the full RIT from updates is called convergence time.
RIP
 This is a DVRP
 Uses only hop count as metric value. Max hop count – 15, Low convergence
time.
 AD = 120
 Equal load balancing supports
 By default it can support 4 paths. Max is 6 paths
 Using only small network.
RIP have two versions
RIPVI, RIPV2
RIPVI
Supports only classful routing, i.e. all routing interface are in the same
class of network i.e. same subnet mark.
CCNA Page 31 of 81
RIPV2
Supports classless routing. Diff subnet masks for its interface.
Exchanges in subnet masks while updating its using exchange of RIT
Supports VLSM.(Variable Length Subnet Mask)
RIP Update period, default 30s
This used only for small network. So autonomous system numbers,

domain is not used here.
RIP Timers:
Update time : Time for updating the RIT Periodically
Hold on time : 180s time it waits until it receive an updation after which
that network is set as failed
Invalid time : 180s this is the time to set the above failed n/w as ‘Invalid’
In its RIT.
Flash old time : 240s inform its neighbours that the above routs is invalid
of remove that entry from its RIT
RIP Configuration
Router (Config) # router RIP

Router (Config-router) # network <directly connected net 1D’s>
To disable RIP
Router (Config) # no routing RIP
Debug Commands
To view RIP transactions used for debugging slows processing time so only
used for trouble shooting.
Router # debug IP RIP (to view the transaction)
To disable,
Router # no debug all (or) Router # undebug all
Router # show protocols

Show what routing protocol used in router
Router# show IP protocols

CCNA Page 32 of 81
IGRP
CISCO property protocol, work only in CISCO product (Not working the
protocol in different vendor)
 AD = 100
 Hop count (default) 100 max = 255
 Update time = 90s
 5 metric parameters BW, delay, reliability load, MTU
 By default using BW, delay
 1GRP composite metric value
 Autonomous system Nos are used here
 Classful routing
Time:
 Update time 90s

 Invalid time – 270s (update x3)
 Hold down time – 280
 Flush out time 6.30 (update x3)
Load balancing is done. But parameter like can be considered. Based on Composite
Metric Value (CMV)
CMV=100
A
CMV=20
C
S0 Ratio - 100/25 = 5/1
Destination S0, ACD = 20% Data Sent
ABD = 80% Data Sent
CCNA Page 33 of 81
Default – 6 path, max & path
Configuring 1GRP
Router (Config) Router IGRP <Autonomous system no>
Range of autonomous system no: 0 to 65,535
Router (Config-Router) # Network <directly Connected Net IDS>
Router # Debug IP RIP
EIGRP
 Hybrid protocol: Cisco propriety Protocol

 Classless routing
 VLSM support
 Metric Value: 256 x 1GRP Metric
 Low convergence time
 RIT is not exchanged every few sees. First time RIT is exchange then only if
changes occur they are exchanged so no updation time
 Support equal & unequal load balancing
 Hop count (default) = 100 Max 255
 Supports Multiple network (Layer3) protocols : IP,IPX
Maintain 3 tables
1. Neighbours Table
2. Topology Table
3. RIT
Neighbours: Contains into about directly connected network

Topology: Contain all router to any specific network (Max 6 Router)
RIT: Contain best router to any specific network
1. Neighbours Table Information: (NT)
To become a neighbours Hello Pocket is sent by the new neighbours (Net

work) This packet contain this information’s
• EIGRP Version No
• Autonomous system No
• K value (Metric Value)
• Hold time
CCNA Page 34 of 81
NT Content (Neighbours table)
o Neighbours IP add
o AD time interval
o SRTT (Smooth Round Trip Timer) Time takes to receive an act for the hello
pocket
o Queue information Contain information reg change in the Topology table
Reliable transport protocol  use to create neighbours
Multicasting is done using class D(224.0.0.10 or 5) is done

wait for SRTT for an act. If name is 90s uncasing is done up to max 16 unicasts are
done If still no response that neighbours is declared ‘dead’
Every 5 Sec hello packet are sent, if after 5 sec hello packet are not sent then hold time
determine up to what time the previous information – should be hold.
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
 This algorithm selects the best path to reach network from the topology table
and enter into RIT
 Maintains a backup router in case the best route fails.
 VLSM support
 Incase best route fails and no backup also is not found, if automatically finds
another route.
Feasible Distance
If a router determines a route by itself it from a feasible distance
Reported distance
If a neighbours reports a router to specific network
Feasible d > Reported d

Fe. d Time taken to each updating neighbours table. + Rep. distance
Feasible Success:
This is a route other than best route the alternate to each network provided in
topology table.
Successor: Best route stored in RIT
Configuration of EIGRP
CCNA Page 35 of 81
Route (config) # router EIGRP <autonomous system no>

Router (config router) # network <directly connected network ID’s>
To view neighbours table
Router # show IP EIGRP neighbours

Router # show IP EIGRP neighbours details
To view topology
Router # show IP EIGRP topology
RIT
Router # show IP router

Show all protocols table
So, router # show IP route EIGRP
OSPF
Combines link states a distance rector protocol features.
 This is an open standard (all Vendors) using protocol

 Supports unlimited hop counts.
 Can be used in very large networks
 Uses only 1 metric value
 Cost
 Using formula cost = 10 8 / BW
 No periodic updating only first time RIT exchanged. Then only if changes
occur.
 Low convergence time.
 User TIJKSTRA algorithm to select best path from topology table
 Classless protocol supports VLSM
 AD = 110
 Supports flat network & hierarchical networks
Eg: hierarchical networks

CCNA Page 36 of 81
 At least I are should have been created (group of routers in 1 area) first created
is area 0 backup. All other area should have connection.
 (Direct or Virtual) to area 0
 Use multicast 224.0.0.10
R Internal Router
1
ABR ABR
R
Area 0 ASBR
R 3
2
Area 2 EIGRP
Area 1
R R
R R 6 7
4 5
Internal Router
ABR – Area Border Router

ASBR – Autonomous System Border Router
Division in to area:
 In case of large network, RIT capacity can be exceeded of over writing of RIT
may occur. In order to avoid this, each router has entries only on router in its
own area.
 Convenience time can be reduced sine synchronization is with a single area.
 Changes whit this are does not affect network in other area.
Internal routers:
 If all interfaces of a router involve more the same area.

 ABR If the interface area router involves more than 1 area.
 ASBR It the interface of a router involves different autonomous system.
CCNA Page 37 of 81
Terms:
 Link each Interfaces of a router

 Neighbours directly connected router
 Router ID  IP address of router for a router the highest IP address among its
interface is taken as its router ID. This is also loop back interface ID logical
interface ID.
This is assigned sometimes interface can be down so this ID is router ID.
 Hello protocol for neighbour relationship

 Adjacency – creating neighbour relationship among OSPF router only these
established routers exchange RIT wrong them selves
 Neighbour ship database – contains neighbour details
 Topology database - All routers to a specific network
 Link state advertisement (LSA) this is a packet carrier Link states, routing
information
 Sends hello packet every OS
After adjacency is created LSA packets one sent based on this topology table is
created then RIT tables can be exchanged. There information an any specific
N/W is required LSR LS request is sent too this LSO (LS update) sent as
response.
Types of Network in OSPF
1) Broadcast
2) Point to point
3) Non broad cast network
Broadcast:
Switch
CCNA Page 38 of 81
R1 R2 R3
Switch in ability is broad casting so information from only router is broadcast to all
other routers.
2) Point to Point:
R1 R2 R3
Using encapsulation protocols like HDLC or PPP direct connection network
3) Non broadcast network

R2
R1
R3
A single physical line can be divided into multiple line logically using a technique
called frame relay.
Broadcast
Here because broad casting is done for all routers, all of then create adjacency
his each other so all of them are neighbour in order to ovoid this, one router is selected
as DR (Designated Router) and one as BDR backup DR.
Now DR only creates adjacency to all other router to all others only this is a
neighbour they broadcast changes only to DR so this DR’s is to broadcast any changes
to all other routers.
DR selection is done via election

 Router with lightest priority is DR & 2nd lightest is BDR.
 If all have some priority router ID is used to select Due. Router can have more
than I logical 100p ID. This is checked first as router ID. This is used to select
DR.
To set Priority
Router (Config) IP OSPF priority <pr.value>
CCNA Page 39 of 81
To set loop back interface

Router (Config) # interface <Interface Number>
Then router (Config) # IP address <IP add> <Subnet mask>
Configuration
Router (Config) # router OSPF <process ID>
(Range 1 – 65535)
Router (Config – router) # Network <directly connected network ID>
<wild and mask>Area <area No>
Wild card number  opposite of subnet mask

Eg: 255.0.0.0 0 0.255.255.255
To view
Router # show IP OSPF database to view (Topology table view)
Router show IP ASPF neighbour to view Neighbour table view

To view router ID area No:
Router # show IP OSPF

Router # show IP OSPF interface (To view DR, BDR, router ID, priority, cast, etc… )
Password Breaking
 Restart the router (off/no)

 After router press (Ctrl + Break)
 Going the Rommon1 mode is entered
 Ex : Rommon1>
Trouble shooting Commands
 Rommon1 > Confreg 0x2142 (in 1750 series) > (in 2500 series )
 Rommon1 > I
System Configuration dialog
 Did you like to enter the initial configuration (Yes / No)
Yes Older setting will be loaded from NVRam to DRAM

No  Fresh configuration is loaded (skip to NVRAM to DRAM )
 Router > en
 Router # copy start run
Older setting to load from NVRAM to DRAM
CCNA Page 40 of 81
Next steps:
 Disable all passwords

 Router (Config) # no enable password
Changing the configure registration value 2142 to 2102
 Router (Config) # config – register 2102

 Router # copy run start
 Router # reload
System configuration has been modified save? (Yes / No)
Routed Protocol
This carries the date packet
Eg: IP, IPX
Routing Protocol
Carries the update packets
Eg: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, and EIGRP
Non – Routing Protocol

Net BEUI
Dynamic routing protocol

Interior Gate Way Routing Protocol
Exterior Gate Way Routing Protocol
IGRP
Routing protocol used within same domain single autonomous system
TELNET (Terminal Emulation)
We can configure remote router using the telnet using telnet a remote N/W can
be configured or trouble shoot.
E0 10.0.0.1 S0 20.0.0.1 S0 20.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.1 S0 30.0.0.2

CCNA Page 41 of 81
Chennai Bangolre
To get the information for all router, routing should be enable.
R1 R2 R3 R4
S0 S1 S0 S1 S0 S1
Routing
Telnet can be established only when the following conditions we satisfied:
 The remote router should home been configure VTY password (Telnet
password)
 The remote router should have been configured with Enable (or) secret
password.
To Enable Telnet in a router (VTY)
Router (Config) # line VTY 04

Router(Config – line) # Login
Router(Config – line) # Password <udaya >
Router(Config – line) # Ctrl + Z
Router (Config) # Enable password <udaya >
CCNA Page 42 of 81
Router (Config) # Ctrl + Z

Router # copy Run Start
To establish Telnet with Bangalore & Chennai
Chennai> Telnet 20.0.0.2

Password: < udaya>
Bangalore > en
Password: < udaya>
Bangalore#
Telnet ting into Multiple device (connecting simultaneously)

Router # ctrl + shift + 6 (release) after press “X”
To check Telnet connecting

To see the connection mode from router to remote device
Router # show sessions
Router # show users
Router # disconnects (or) exit
Enabling telnet using hostname:
Router (config) # IP host Bangalore 20.0.0.2
Remote host name Remote host IP

Router (config) # ctrl + Z
Bangalore # copy Run start
Chennai > Telnet Bangalore
To enter into remote router
Chennai # resume <Session no>

Bangalore #
To view the correctly opened session
Chennai # show session
To terminate particular session
Chennai # disconnect < Session No>

Chennai # disconnect (Last activated session will be terminated)
Chennai # clear line <user number>
To view the no of user
Bangalore # show user (or) Bangalore # who

CCNA Page 43 of 81
Access Control List (two Types)
Standard Range 1 - 99
Extended Range 100 - 199
Standard
Named Access List
Numbered Access List
Extended
Named Access List

Numbered Access List
 Preparing the access list

 Implementing
Access list can be implemented in source and destination source. But one is source
router. This will reduce the traffic access list can be implemented either in the inbound
or outbound but the best one is inbound.
Chennai Mumbai
Out bound
In bound
S0 20.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.1
E0 10.0.0.1
S0 20.0.0.1
Right Path Wrong Path
Inbound: first it implements ACL table and filters so no need of routing information
table.
CCNA Page 44 of 81
ACL
RIT
Outbound: first it forms RIT and then filters ACL.
RIT
ACL
Standard IP Access List Numbered:
Prepare
By using standard ACL implemented in destination only.
Mumbai (config) #access-list<ACL-No>permits /deny <source add> <wildcard mask>

10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
Mumbai (config) #access-list <ACL-no>permit any (other Network will be permit)
Wild card mask for 10.0.0.0

Default subnet 255.0.0.0 --- opposite 0.255.255.255 is a wild card mask
Here, 0—Care,1—Don’t care
Implementation:
Mumbai (config) # int<E0/S0>
Mumbai (config) # IP access-group<ACL-NO> in\out
To block particular host

Mumbai (config) #Access-list<ACL no>deny10.0.0.2 0.0.0.0
Mumbai (config) # Access <ACL no> permits any
Implementation
Mumbai (Config) # int E0

Mumbai (config) # IP access – group <ACL-No> out
Blocking a group of Networks
For wild card mask, you should perform XOR gate

CCNA Page 45 of 81
Eg: 1000-1111=0111 say should perform blocking of subnet 10.8.0.0 to 10.16.0.0
10.|8.|0.0 00001000
10.|16|.0.0 00001111
Subtract = 00000111  7
So, wild card is 0.7.255.255
Subnet for this will be 255 / 7 = 248
So, 255.248.0.0
Preparation
Mumbai (Config) # access – list <ACL-No> permit /deny

10.8.0.0 0.7.255.255
Mumbai (Config) # access – list <ACL – No> permit any
Implementation
Mumbai (Config) # int E0
Mumbai (Config) # IP access – group <ACL-No> out
Valid block ranges

2 to 3, 4 to 7, 8 to 15, 16 to 31, 32 to 63, 64 to 127, 128 to 255
Access list block only data packets not update packets
Blocking Telnet: (Telnet to Chennai to Mumbai)
Mumbai (Config) # access – list <ACL – No> deny 10.0.0.0

Mumbai (Config) # access – list <ACL – No> permit any
Implementation
Mumbai (Config) # line Vty 04

Mumbai (Config) # access – class <ACL – No> in
Named IP Standard ACL:
Named access list you can edit the exiting access list
10.0.0.0 20.0.0.0 30.0.0.0 70.0.0.0
Chennai Bangalore Mumbai

CCNA Page 46 of 81
Right Path Wrong Path
Preparation
Bangalore (Config) # IP access – list standard <ACL – Name>
Bangalore (Config- STD- ACL) # deny 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
Bangalore (Config-STD- ACL # permit any
Implementation
Bangalore (config) #int E0
Bangalore (config) # ip access group <ACL no> out.
To block once again
Bangalore (Config) # IP access – List standard <ACL – Name>

Bangalore (Config) # IP access – List standard <ACL – Name>
Bangalore (config)# No permit any
Bangalore (config)# deny 70.0.0 0.255.255.255
Bangalore (config)# permit any
Implementation
It is the same
Extended IP Access – List
10.0.0.0 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.2 30.0.0.0

Chennai Bangalore
R1 R2
R1 (Config) # access list <ACL no> permit / deny <protocol> <Source add>
<Wildcard mask> <desk add> <wildcard mask> <gt (or) eq (or) Lt (or) neq > <port
no>
Where,
Gt Greater than
Lt Lesser than
Eq Equal
Neq Not equal
CCNA Page 47 of 81
R1 (Config) # Access lists <ACL – No> permit IP any any
Source destination
Implementation
R1 (Config) # int EO
R1 (Config) # IP access – group <HCL-No> in
To Block Telnets Session

R1 (Config)#access-list <ACL no> deny TCP 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 30.0.0.0
0.255.255.255 eq
R1 (Config)#<ACL-no> permit IP any any
Implementation
R1 (Config)# int E0
R1 (Config)# ip access-group <ACL no> in
To block TFTP:
R1 (Config) # access list <ACL No> deny TCP/UDP 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255

30.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 eq 69 (69 – is port no)
R1 (Config) Access – List <ACL-No> permit IP any any
TCP/UDP based on
Application Layers
Protocols FTP TELNET SMTP DNS TFTP SNMP RIP
Port No 21 23 25 53 61 561 520
TCP TCP TCP TCP/ UDP UDP UDP
UDP
Protocol 6 17
No
Telnet
S1 address
E0 address
S0 address we can enter telnet
By blacking that particular S1 interface we can enter, either E0 are S0 Vty 0 4 all
interface to block telnet.
Named Extended IP access List
Not able to block particular service
Router1 (Config) # IP access – list extended <ACL-Name>\

CCNA Page 48 of 81
Router1(Config) # deny IP <Src> <Wildcard> <Destination-Add> <Wildcard>

Router1(Config) # Permit IP any any
Implementation
Router1# int E0
Router1(Config) # IP access – group <ACL-Name> in
Router1(Config) # No permit IP any any
WAN Technology
1. Lease Line
2. Circuit Switching
3. Packet Switching
Wan Terms
 CPE (Customer premises Equipment)
 Demarcation point (Ex: Telephone Rosier box)
 Local Loop
E0 S0 S1 E0
DOT
Chn Bgl
Wan Cloud
LAN
LAN
Wan Link
Wan link Between router and DOT

DOT Dept of Telephone Telecomm
Leased line: (Point to point)
S0
Chn Bgl
DOT
S1
Cal
CCNA Page 49 of 81
Dedicated line between source & destination 24hrs Conley 2 station are connected
given by ISP
DSP
Local Loop
Trunk port
Central office
For between point to point, privacy is more (No sharing of BW) synchronous serial
line upto 45 Mbps
Chn Modem ISP Modem Bg

l
Demarcations point
Local Loop: Connects the demarcation point to the customs switching office
Central office The point connect the customers to the provider’s switching network
Toll network: It is trunk line inside a WAN provider Network This network is a
connection of switches and facilities owned by ISP
Wan Encapsulation
In LAN encapsulation techs used in Ethernet are 802.2, 802.3
HDLC (High level data Link control) (to using for convert the frames)
PPP (Point to point protocol) (to using for convert the frames)
HDLC
 It is an encapsulation protocol
CCNA Page 50 of 81
 Layer 2 protocol
 It don’t have the capability to understand multiple network protocol such as
(IP, IPx)
 Was protocol
 Two types HDLC & Cisco HDLC
 Not support multi core protocol
 Not Security
 No verification, No authentications
Proprietary CISCO HDLC protocol

Not used other vendors
Only working Cisco router
Normal HDLC
Flag Add Control Data CRC
CRC -- Cyclic Redundancy Check (to use error checking)
Cisco HDLC
Flag Add Control Propriety Data CRC
Config HDLC
Router (config) # interface S0
Router (config) # encapsulation HDLC
CISCO HDLC
This is the default protocol that is enabled in all Cisco routers
It is an encapsulation protocol developed by Cisco
It is a propriety protocol
It is support multiple network layer
It is done by adding an appropriation field to the HDLC protocols
CO
CSU/CDU CSU/CDU
R R
Switch
Toll Network
Switch
CCNA Page 51 of 81
CPE Demarcation Point

Local Loop
1) CPE – Customer Premises Equipment
These are the Devices that are owned by the customers.
2) CSU/DSU Channel Service Unit/Digital Serial Unit

Just like a modem (used to connect our data network to a telephone network)
3) Demarcation point
It is the point where the services provides responsibility Ends.
The CPE begins.
4) Local loop
Local loop connect the Demarcation point to the nearest switching office
5) CO (central office) This point connects he customer to the service providers

switching N/W
Wan Connection Types
1) Leased (or) Dedicated line

2) Circuit switching
3) Packet switching
Leased line
A leased line is a free establish was communication path from the through the ISP’S
new to the CP of the remote site, allowing DTE N/W to communication at any time
with know setup procedure before transmitting the date.
Advantage
24 hrs connectivity
High performances
A Least can have board with of 45 mbps with a T3 line
Disadvantage
We have to pay a huge fixed amount (Independent of the usage)
2. Circuit Switching
CCNA Page 52 of 81
Encapsulation protocols are used in HDLC, PPP
Method
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
We have to setup the connection before tramission the data
Advantage
We have to pay only for the times.
Disadvantage
Poor performances
Maximum data transfer rate 2.048 mbps
Encapsulation
PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
3) Packet switching
This is a hand switching method that all to show the bad with other company to save
the money
Advantage
To high performance 1m cast
Disadvantage
This is not suitable for continuous transfer
Note: Frame relay Y.25 & ATM are the popular Packet switching technologies.
Procedures in making a connection

1. LCP (Link control protocol)
2. Authentication
3. NCP (Network Control Protocol)
1. LCP (Link Control Protocol)

LCP check where the Atherton is enabled not.
Compression
It compress the outgoing data so that is saves the expensive bandwidth.
Error detection
LCP detects the error using the quality magic No.
PPP (Point to Point Protocol)

 2nd Layer protocol
 Common used (diff vendor using)
CCNA Page 53 of 81
 High security (Authentication verify)

 Multi protocol support
 Serial type cable (using table copper, fiber optical)
Three Basics
1. LCP phase (Link control protocol) Maintain connection (Terminate, etc.,)
2. Authentication
3. NCP
LCP
1. Compression (compression the data)
2. Error detection (to detect the data lass)
3. Multi link (load balance to send data’s equal)
Authentication (to verify the user)

1. PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)
2. CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol)
PAP
User Name, Password
R Accepted / Rejected R
 User & Password text format

 In this protocol using two way fund share
 If accept connection creation
 If rejected connection rejected
 No securing
CHAP
Challenge
R1 R2
Accepted / Rejected
User name, Password
 In this protocol using three way hands shake

 High security
 Priority checking
CCNA Page 54 of 81
 All verification in designation router

 Check challenge (code) if corrected create connection & not correct reject
connection.
 All verification in source router
 User name & password encryption type.
To assign username & password
Chennai Bangalor
e
User Name: Bgl User Name: Chn
Password: 123 Password: 123
Bgl 123
Router (coating) # username <username> password <password>
Configuration
Router (config) # int S0

Router (config-if) # Encapsulation PPP
Router (config-if) # PPP Authentication PAP (or) CHAP
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
 Circuit switching
Router Physical Connection
BRI
Junction Box
NT U Link
D
O
S/T Link (or) S/T Reference T
S0
TA NT
CCNA Page 55 of 81
R Link U Link (or) U Reference
If BRL 1S in Router this Router is known as Native Terminal Router (Terminal as

TFI)
R link S0 to TA, U link ISP to NT, B/T linkBRI to NT
SDN Box
BRI
D
NT2 T NT1 U O
T
S0
TA
S
R Link
T link between NT2 and NT1

3 link between BRI to NT2
TE 1 Terminal end point 1

TE 2 Terminal end point 2
Router having BRI channel is called as Native Terminal. ISDN devices named as TE1.
Router having only service port is called as Non-Native ISDN router termed as TE2
Preference Point
The link running between different functional Units is called as reference port
NT1 the link between NT2 to ISP
NT2 the Point at which all the ISDN
Lines of the customer’s site are connected using ISDN Box (public Box)
Configure ISDN
BRI 1 ISP BRI 0
ISDN
Chn Bgl
Switch
E0 E0
CCNA Page 56 of 81
ISDN Protocols
E-series ISDN numbering protocol

Eg: E168, E164
I series: Concept & Terminologies

Eg: I 100
Q Series: Switching & signaling
SPID1: 1111 SPID1: 3333

Ph: 5555 Ph: 7777
SPID2: 2222 SPID2: 4444
Ph: 6666 Ph: 8888
SPID Service Provider Identification
ISDN Switch types (given by ISP)
Basic ESS using India

Basic SESS using US
Net3 using Europe
Net4 using UK
DMS100 using Japan
Layer 2 Encapsulation
It support HDLC, PPP, SLIP
Chn (Config) # int BRI0

Chn (Config-if) # Encapsulation HDLC (or) PPP (or) SLIP
Configuring ISDN Switch type
Chn (Config) # int BRI0 Eg: ESS

Chn (Config-if) # ISDN switch type <switch type>
Config Service Provider
Chn (Config) int BRI 0

Chn (Config-if) # ISDN <SPID No> <SPID Value> <Ph.No>
Chn (Config-if) # ISDN SPID1 1111 5555
CCNA Page 57 of 81
Chn (Config-if) # ISDN SPID2 6666
Note: above all this configuration has to be done at Bangalore Router (encapsulation,
ISDN config, ISDN service config)
DDR – (Dial on Demand Routing)
It explains the step involved in config ISDN network default idle time out 120 secs.
Configuration DDR
1. Enable routing
2. Defining the interested traffic
3. Config the dialer traffic
Idle time out:
If three is no communication between the source & designation for a septic

time taken the connection, will be automatically terminated. This Idle time out default
value is 120 des.
Enable routing:
Static routing is preferable because the link goes down automatically
after 120 sec of idle duration. But in dynamic update or hello packet will be kept of an
exchanging between routers.
Static routing
Chn (Config) #ip routing
Chn (Config) #ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 BRI0
Chn (Config) #ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 E0
Chn (Config) #ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 BRI0
Static default
Chn (config) #ip routing
Chn (config) # ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.BRI No.
Determining the interested traffic 1 to 10

Chn (config) #dialer-list<dialer list no> protocol <protocol type>
permit List No ACL-NO IP / IPX
Chn (config) #dialer-list 8 IP permit
To restrict (a particular list):

1. Create access list
2. Give the ACL NO in dialer list
Chn (config) #access list 10 permits 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0
Chn (config) #dialer-list 8 protocol IP permit list 10 ACL NO
CCNA Page 58 of 81
Implementation:
Chn (config) #int BRI 0
Chn (config) #dialer group 8
Config dialer information
Chn (config) # int BRI 0

Chn (config-if) #ip address 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Chn (config-if) # no shut
Chn (config) # encapsulation PPP
Bgl (config) #int BRI 1
Bgl (config-if) ip address 100.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
Bgl (config-if) #no shut
Bgl (config-if) #encapsulation PPP
To map phone & network IP

Chn (config-if) # dialer map ip 100.0.0.2 Name Ph.No
Chn (config-if) # 100.0.0.3 Bgl 7777
Chn (config-if) # 100.0.0.4 calc 8888
To change idle timeout
Chn (config-if)#dialer idle-timeout <sec>
Load sharing:
Chn (config-if) #dialer-threshold <1-255>
1 ------ 1st “B” channel is used

2 ------ 2nd “B” channel is used
128 ----- Both channel used
Practical (RIP Protocol)
S0 20.0.0.1 S1 20.0.0.2 S0 40.0.0.1 S1 40.0.0.2

R1 R2 R3
E0 10.0.0.1 E0 30.0.0.1 E0 50.0.0.1
CCNA Page 59 of 81
E0 10.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.2 E0 50.0.0.2
First assign the RIP setup
R1
R1(Config) # IP routing
R1(Config) # IP Router RIP
R1 (Config-Router) # network 20.0.0.2
R1 (Config-Router) # network 10.0.0.1
R2
R2 (Config) # IP Routing
R2 (Config) # IP Router RIP
R2 (Config-router) network 20.0.0.1
R2 (Config-router) # Network 30.0.0.1
R3
R3 (Config) # IP routing
R3 (Config) # IP router RIP
R3 (Config-router) # network 40.0.0.1
Show IP route in Router 3
R3 # Sh IP router
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected

R 30.0.0.0/8 (120/1) Via 20.0.0.2
R 40.0.0.0/8 (120/1) Via 20.0.0.2
R 50.0.0.0/8 (120/2) Via 20.0.0.2
Where,
120 Administrative distance (AD value)

1,2 Hop Count (No of Router crossing)
To view which protocol is running

Router # sh run
CCNA Page 60 of 81
To exit the present protocol (RIP) in Router

Router # no routers RIP
To enable RIP & IGRP is same network
S1 10.0.0.2 R2 S0 30.0.0.1
S1 30.0.0.2
S0 10.0.0.1
R1 R3
S1 20.0.0.1
S0 40.0.0.2
S0 20.0.0.2
R4
S1 40.0.0.1
R1  R2  R4 using RIP protocol
R1  R3  R4 using IGRP protocol
To enter in to IGRP
Router (Config) # IP routing

Router# IGRP 10 (Autonomous System no)
R3 (config) # router 1GRP 10 (Autonomous System no)

R3 (config-router) # network 20.0.0.1
R4 (config) # router 1GRP 10

R4 (config-router) # Network 30.0.0.1
To enter into RIP
R4 (config) # router rip

R2 (config) # router rip
Tracing
CCNA Page 61 of 81
Router # trace router <30.0.0.2>

1. 20.0.0.2 0 msec 16 msec 0m sec
2. 40.0.0.2 20 msec 16 msec
Router # sh ip route

I 10.0.0.0/8 [100/273] Via 20.0.0.1
I 50.0.0.0/8 [100/651] Via 40.0.0.2
Where
100 A.D value
273 Composite Metric value
I IGRP
Router # sh IP protocol
Eg: Routing protocol is “IGRP 10”
All information
Router # sh protocol
Inter protocol is enabled & information
Practical (OSPF Protocol)
S0 20.0.0.1 S1 20.0.0.2 S0 40.0.0.1 S1 40.0.0.2

R1 R2 R3
E0 10.0.0.1 E0 30.0.0.1 E0 50.0.0.1
E0 10.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.2 E0 50.0.0.2
Router (config) # router OSPF 0

Router (config-router) # network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
Router (config-router) # network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
Router # show IP OSPF database
CCNA Page 62 of 81
To view the next hoop address
Router link states (Area 0)

Link ID ADV Router Age Seg # check sum link count
20.0.0.2 20.0.0.2 303 0x80000003 0x9084 1
Net Link states (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seg # check sum
20.0.0.2 20.0.0.2 303 0x80000003 0x9084
R2 # show IP OSPF database
Router link state (Area 0)

Link ID ADV router Age Seg # check sum link count
20.0.0.2 20.0.0.1 543 0x80000093 0x9084 1
40.0.0.2 40.0.0.2 496 0x80000093 0x9084 1
Net Link Stats (Area 0)

Link ID ADV router Age Seg # check sum link count
20.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 543 0x8000003 0x9084 1
Router # sh IP OSPF neighbour (highest IP address)

Neighbour ID priority state dead time Add Interface
40.0.0.1 1 full 00200:06 20.0.0.2 serial
R2: To disable (access) 30.0.0.1 network

Preparation (list no)
Router (config) # access-list 1 deny 10.0.0 0.255.255.255
Router (config) # access-list 1 permits any
Implementation
Router (config) # int E0
Router (config-if) # ip access-list 1 out
Enter in Pc 1
C :> ping 30.0.0.2
Request time out
C :> Ping 40.0.02
Success Pinging
(Router2 S1 interface)To enable (access) 30.0.0.1 network

Router (config) # no access group 1 out (only remove implementation)
Enter to pc mode
C :> ping 30.0.0.2
CCNA Page 63 of 81
Frame Relay (or) Packet Switching Network
 Packet switching method

 It is using in single physical to logical multiple lines
 It is similarly to ISDN
 Virtual circuit.
128 Kpbs
DLCI 100 (Doted Line)

30.0.0.0
Frame Relay 64 Kbps S1 20.0.0.2 E0
Mu
S0 20.0.0.1
----------
Chn ---------
Switch Bgl
64 Kpbs S1 20.0.0.3 E0
DLCI 110(Doted Line) 40.0.0.0
Access List (or) Virtual Circuit (PVC, SVC) – (Doted Line)

1. Permanent virtual circuit (leased line)
2. Switched virtual circuit (on the demand)
 Single physical leased line is shared among more than one network is
called as packet switched network.
 To communicated between different network, a virtual circuit is created
to all the network
Virtual Circuit:
It is a logical circuit created to ensure communication between different

networks.
Layer 2 encapsulation protocol:
DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier

LMI Local Management Interface
FECN Forward Explicit Congestion
BECN Backward Explicit Congestion
DE Discard Eligibility
PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit
CIR Committed Information Rate
DLCI
It identifies the logical link number of virtual circuit
Eg: DLCI 100, DLCI 110
CCNA Page 64 of 81
The frame relay switch maps the DLCI no bandwidth two pair of routers to
create a virtual circuit
CIR
Bits per second
The service provided communicates the date transfer rate.
LMI
LMI request given to frame relay switch then it will give LMI response
LMI (three types)

• Active DLCI No.
• Inactive
• Deleted
When the router is switched on, the router give LMI request to the frame relay switch
and it will give the LMI response to the source
Active
If the destination is available and not in position to communicate. The frame
relay switch will give the DLCI no the source and virtual circuit is established
Inactive
If the destination is available and not in a position to communicate 1 due to
errors), then the response will be inactive (no virtual circuit)
Deleted
If the destination is physically disconnected
FECN
It will give the information (i.e.) more traffic to the destination frame relay
packet (Traffic = Status of traffic is destination)
FECN BELN DE Data
BECN
If will give the information more traffic (start in source) to the source. It any
congestion in the network than BECN intimates to the source router, so that a
router decreases the data transfer rate
DE
Due to congestion some packet will be lost if the DE bit is 1 then it will be
dropped. If it is 0 it will be not be dropped
PVC
If the LMI response is active and it goers the DLCI no then the PVC is created
Config Frame Relay

Specification of frame relay switch LMI
CCNA Page 65 of 81
Specification and DLCI no will be given to DOT.

Chn (config) #int S0
Chn (config-if) #IP Address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0.
Chn (config-if) #no shut
Chn (config-if) #encapsulation framer lay <Cisco or IETF>
IETF Internet Engg Task Force

If all entire router are Cisco router the you give Cisco
If different routers are used then you give IETF
Chennai (config-if) #frame-relay LMI type <ANSI, CISCO>
Inverse ARP  It will convert DLCI number into IP address

Static mapping of DLCI into logical address:
Chennai (config-If) #frame-relay map ip 20.0.0.2 100 DLCI NO Broadcast
Chennai (config-If) #frame –relay map ip 20.0.0.3 110 Broadcast
Enabling Inverse ARP

Chn (config-if)#frame-relay inverse-ARP<protocol><DLCI No>
Chn (config-if)#frame-relay inverse-ARP IP 100
Chn (config-if) #frame-relay inverse-CP IP110
Frame Relay Types

1. Multipoint
2. point to point
3. Hybrid
Multipoint
Communication of group router is called mesh topology
Chennai
S0
Frame-Relay Switch
S1 S1 S1
Mumbai Calcutta Bangalor
e
E0-100.0.0.2 E0- 100.0.0.3 E0- 100.0.0.4
• Virtual circuit between Chennai to Mumbai, Calcutta, Bangalore and Mumbai
to Bangalore, Calcutta and Calcutta to Bangalore six virtual circuit is created.
CCNA Page 66 of 81
• If all the router interface is in same then it is known as multipoint network
Chennai (config-if) #int S0 multipoint (to disable the split horizon)

Chennai (config-if) #ip address 100.0.0.1 255.00.0
Chennai (config-if) #no shut
Chennai (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay Cisco
Chennai (config-if) #frame-relay LMI-type ANSI
In multipoint split horizon is disable, inverse ARP is enable
Point to Point
• If there is different destination IP then the interface so it’s divided into many
logical interface
• Here one logical interface will communicate with one network. so it is point to
point
• No need to disable the split horizon
Chennai
S0
Frame-Relay Switch
S0 S0 S0
e
S0-110.0.0.2 S0- 120.0.0.2 S0- 130.0.0.2
Chn #int S0 1
Chn (config) #ip address 110.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
#no shut
#no S0 2
#ip address 120.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
# no shut
#int S0 3
#ip address 130.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
CCNA Page 67 of 81
#no shut
In this inverse ARP will be disabling for effective communication.
Hybrid
Combination of Multipoint and Point to Point
Chennai
DLCI No 201
DLCI No 202
DLCI No.200
Frame-Relay Switch
S1 S1 S1
e
S1-100.0.0.2 S1- 100.0.0.2 S1- 100.0.0.2
Chennai (config) #int S0.1 multipoint
#ip add 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
#no shut
# Encapsulation frame-relay CISCO
#frame-relay LMI-type ANSI
#frame-relay interface-DLCI 200
#frame-relay interface- DLCI 201
#int S0.2
#ip add 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
#no shut
#frame-relay interface-DLCI 202
Chennai #sh int so
#sh frame-relay LMI
#sh frame-relay Map
#debugs frame-relay LMI
SWITCH (Managable1900series) (unicast)
• It is a larger 2 device which reeds the destination MAC address and forwards
the data using forwarding table or MAC table
• If creates the forwarding table using hardware called ASIC. It stores into the
NVRAM. So no need to save the configuration.
• In the absence of startup configuration switch using initial configuration.
• No terminal editing is not applicable in switch.
CCNA Page 68 of 81
• Show CDP entry or sh CDP neighbour comments will not work in switch.
Function of switch
• Address learning: It learns the system Mac add that are connected to the parts
and creates the forwarding table or Mac table
• Forwarding and filtering of format: It forwards the frame to the destination
only and filters all other ports.
Loop Avoidance
Seg 2
E0 1 E0 1
Sw A Sw B
E0 2 E0 2
Seg 1
Sw = Switch
For fault tolerance in the network more than one switch is used, which caused the
following problem:
• Unicast becomes multicast
• Multicast \ Broadcast becomes storms
• Mac table instability.
To overcome three, switch user Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
Spanning tree protocol (STP) IEEE 802-1d

It will assign one switch is root switch and another one is non root switch
Seg 2
4 Mbps
E0 / 1 E0 / 1
Sw A Root Switch Sw B
E0 / 2 2 Mbps E0 / 2
Designated port (forwarded state) Seg 1 Root Port (forwarded state)

CCNA Page 69 of 81
Non-Designated port (blocking state)
Designated port (forwarded state)
Switch A Switch B
Root port
Root Switch
Non- Designated port (Blocking state)
Priority low ----- Root switch

Priority high ----- Non root switch
• If 2.switch  select lowest Mac address as root, another is non root higher
bandwidth is root, lowe5r bandwidth is root, and lower bandwidth is non
designated port
• If both are in same bandwidth then consider the lowest port no .
BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit)
• Update information between 2 switches for every 2 secs. If there is any

problem in switch A then using BPDU the next path will become as root path.
Spann Tree Standardized by IEEE 802 1d

• STP assigns the one bridge as Root Bridge and other as non root bridge. Root
bridge ports are called designated that can receive and forward the frame.
Non-root bridges
One will be assigned as root port that as and forward the frame and non design
port that can the frame and cant forward (blocked).Root bridge is assigned on priority
no and Mac add switch will have single Mac add that share for all the ports.
Root port is assigned based on bandwidth (higher B.W) and port no (lower)
default priority no to switch is 32768.
STP Port Status

• Blocking state 20 sec (initial state of switch)
• Listening State 15 sec(listen Mac add by broadcast)
• Learning state 15sec (creating Mac table)
• Forwarding state To forward a frame it take 50 sec
CCNA Page 70 of 81
Bridges exchange BPDU for every 2 sec (non-designated port receives the BPDU)
Different modes of operation of switches
Store and forward
In this mode, switch store the entire frame in the buffer and
checks the error and forwards (sourced TX)
Cut through
It read the up to destination Mac add and the immediately
forward to the destination no error checking (no security) there
are many collisions.
Fragment free or modified cut through
It avoids collisions head the 1st 64 bit address checks. The error
and forwards [switch 1900 series default mode]
1900 catalyst switch (manageable switch)
1912 model
1. E0 port (E01, E02………E012)
2. AUI port (E0/25)
3. Fast Ethernet port (F026, F027)
1924 model
1. 24 port (E01……….E024)
2. AUI port (E0/25)
3. Fast Ethernet port (F026, F027)
To configure switch
It has IOS K, M, I mode
K  Command mode
M  Menu driver,
I  IP address config
Manageable switch has the built in IOS while booting CISCO switch will boot
through this menu
Switch  full duplex
Hub  hub duplex
While booting  >k command line (mostly used)
Switch>en (user exec. mode)
Switch# (priv. modes)
Switch# config terminal (global config mode)
To view the Mac table

Switch # sh Mac-address table
Mac address port No Type source service list
CCNA Page 71 of 81
Mac (AAA) eo/1 static (restricted site) eo/10

Mac (BBB) eo/2 permanent (manual config) a11
Mac (CCC) eo/3 Dynamic a11
Manually or static method of assigning or feeding Mac or forwarding table
Allow
Switch (config)# Mac-address-table permanent <Mac-add) E01 (exit interface)
To Restrict
Switch (config)# Mac address-table restricted static <Mac-add> E0/2 E0/5
(Exit) (Stat list)
Allows: E0/5 port data to E0/2 port.
To enable duplex
Switch (config) # int E0/1
Switch (config) # duplex half / full / Auto
One Mac table in 1900 services catalyst switch
Accommodate 1024 Mac-address
Per port 132 addresses can be mapped
To restrict the no of address mapped to a protocol port

Switch (config) # Int E0/2
Switch (config)# Port secure max-Mac-count <1-32>
To view whether securing is enabled or not

Switch (config)# sh Mac-address table security
Port status Count

Eo/1 Enable 20
Eo/2 Enable 10
Eo/3 Disable N/A (not allowed)
Address Violation
The no-to Mac add mapped to a particular port exceeds the limit, the address
violation takes place.
To disable security
Switch (config) # Address-violation disable (or) ignore (or) suspend
VLAN
10.1.0.0./16 10.2.0.0/16
CCNA Page 72 of 81
8 concision domain single broad cast domain.

VLAN: 2 VLAN: 3
(Or) (Or)
VLAN: Red VLAN: Black
To restrict broadcast we used VLAN by defined all VLAN = 2, so we use 2, 3.

By implementing VLAN in a switch, are can control the broadcast (i.e.) single
broadcast domain cable subdivided into many. In order to increase the network
performance VLAN can be with a switch or between switches or between remote
locations switches or between remote location switching with thee help of router
VLAN connecting between switches or switches to router should be through fast
Ethernet.
VLAN within a Switch
VLAN 2 VLAN 3
VLAN between a switch
Switch 1 Switch 2
VLAN 2 VLAN 3
VLAN 2
F0=Fast Ethernet F0/26 VLAN 3
F0/27
Trunk Line
To communicate to the same VLAN in designation network we need VLAN

CCNA Page 73 of 81
Inter VLAN communication
F0/1 F0/2 F0/3……F0/22 F0/24

Router
2950 switch
Trunk Link
Sys 2 – 10.2.0.1 /16
Sys 1 VLan no: 200
10.1.0.1/16 VLan Name: Kumar
VLan no: 100
VLan Name: udaya
• Enabling inter VLAN communication can be done by using trunk link as

shown in the above diagram
• Link carrying VLAN information of single VLAN referred as Access link
• Link having capability of carrying more than one VLAN information is
referred as trunk link. Trucking can be achieved between fast Ethernet port and
gigabit Ethernet ports, but not by using Ethernet ports so for inter VLAN
communication. We need a router with at least one fast Ethernet port.
ISL – Inter Switch Link protocol
It is a layer 2 encapsulation protocol to add VLAN information along with the data.
Trucking
The link running between switching which allow data and VLAN information
to find through it (trunk)
To enable trucking
Switch (config) # Int F0/26
# Trunk on
Mapping the VLAN to a name

Switch (config) # VLAN <VLAN No> name <VLAN name>
# VLAN 2 Name red
# VLAN 3 Name Black
CCNA Page 74 of 81
Making VLAN Membership

It can be done by using two methods
1. Static
2. Dynamic VMPS (VLAN Membership Policy Sever)
Dynamic
In the dynamic VMPS service need to assign VLAN number dynamically. In
the server VLAN no and system Mac add to be configured. In 5000 series of catalyst
switch will have the built in VMPS service.
Static
In static port No should be mapped to the VLAN
Switch (config) # Int E0/1

# VLAN-membership static <VLAN No>
# VLAN-membership static 2
# Int E0/2
# VLAN membership static 2
# Int E0/6
# VLAN membership static 3
To communicate between 2 diff VLAN are need router
Fa/0
Router
Switch
Trunk Link
VLan:2 VLan: 3
10.1.0.0/16 10.2.0.0/16
Gateway: 10.1.0.10 Gateway: 10.2.0.10
(If different network we have to give gateway same network no meet of gateway. In
router you have to give 2 gateways.)
Router (config) # int fa / 0.1

# IP address 10.1.0.10 255.255.0.0
# No shut
CCNA Page 75 of 81
# Encapsulation ISL O
# Int to / 0.3
# IP add 10.2.0.10 255.255.0.0
# No shut
# Encapsulation ISL 3
VTP – VLAN Trucking Protocol
It is also called as layer 2 messaging protocol which causes the VLAN

configuration message to the remote location.
If we-domain restricts updation of a switch but it win broadcast.
VTP Server --- Adding, modification, defection, synchronization
VTP Client --- Only updating no modification, synchronization is possible

(update, information)
VTP Transport --- If only transport the changes no synchronization
Switch 1 Switch 2
VLan 2 VLan 3
VLan 2 VLan 4
Router
CCNA Page 76 of 81
VLan 4 VLan 2
VTP Modes
 VTP server
By default, every switch acts as a VTP server. It can add, modify, delete the
VLAN information but it will not save the changes of other switch but it will
forward to the other switch.
 VTP Client
If will not allow add, modify, delete the VLAN information. But it will not
save the changes of other switch. But it will forward to the other switch.
To change VTP made

Switch (config) # VTP client or server or transparent
To configure VTP domain

Switch (config) # VTP domain <domain name>
# VTP domain udaya
VLAN Practical
Fa 0/1 Fa 0/2 Fa 0/3 Fa 0/4
10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 20.0.0.2 20.0.0.3
Switch#en
#VLan database
Switch (VLan) #VLan 2 name udaya

#apply
#exit
Switch#sh VLan
VLan Name Status Ports

1 Default Active Fa 0/1……..Fa 0/12
2 Udaya Active
CCNA Page 77 of 81
Switch#en
#VLan database
Switch (VLan) #VLan 3 name Kumar
#exit
Switch#sh VLan
VLan Name Status Ports
1 Default Active Fa 0/1……Fa 0/12
2 Udaya Active
3 Kumar Active
Switch # conf t
Switch (config) # int Fa 0/1
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
# Exit.
VLan Practical with two switches
Trunk Link
Switch 1 Switch 2
Pc 1 Pc 8
Pc 2
Pc 3 Pc 7
Pc 4 Pc 6
Pc 5
Note: Pc 1, Pc 2, Pc 5, Pc 6 in VLan 2
CCNA Page 78 of 81
Pc 3, Pc 4, Pc 7, Pc 8 in VLan 3
Pc.No IP Address Subnet Mask
1 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
2 10.0.0.3 255.0.0.0
3 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
4 20.0.0.3 255.0.0.0
5 10.0.0.4 255.0.0.0
6 10.0.0.5 255.0.0.0
7 20.0.0.4 255.0.0.0
8 20.0.0.5 255.0.0.0
Configure (Switch 1)
Switch # VLan database
Switch (VLan) # VLan 2 name red
Switch (VLan) # apply
Switch (VLan) # exit
Switch (VLan) # VLan 3 name blue
Switch # conf t
Configure (Switch 2)
Switch (VLan) # VLan 2 name red
Switch (VLan) # VLan 3 name blue
Switch # conf t
CCNA Page 79 of 81

Connect Trunk Line between two switches

Switch 1
Switch # conf t
Switch # int Fa 0/10
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode trunk
Switch 2
Switch # conf t
Switch # int Fa 0/10
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode trunk
VLan Practical Router with switch
Router (R1)
E0/0.1,E0/0.2
Fa 0/1 Fa 0/2 Fa 0/8 Fa 0/3 Fa 0/4
VLan 2 VLan 3
Pc 1 Pc 2 Pc 3
Pc 4
CCNA Page 80 of 81
VLan 2 default gateway 10.0.0.1

VLan 3 default gateway 20.0.0.2
Pc.No IP Address Subnet Mask
1 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
2 10.0.0.3 255.0.0.0
3 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
4 20.0.0.3 255.0.0.0
Configure Switch

Switch (VLan) # VLan 2 name udaya
Switch (VLan) # VLan 3 name Kumar
Switch # conf t
Configure in Router
Router # conf t
Router (config) # E0/0.1
Router (config-subif) # ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router (config-subif) # no shut
Router (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1q 3
Router (config) # E0/0.2

Router (config-subif) # ip address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router (config-subif) # no shut
Router (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1q 3
CCNA Page 81 of 81
VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)
Classless Routing
Eg:
172.168.0.0 /18
255.255.192.0
1st subnet id 172.168.64.0/18

2nd subnet id 172.168.128.0/18
172.168.64.0/18+3=21
255.255.248.0
1st subnet id 172.168.72.0/21

2nd subnet id 172.168.80.0/21
3rd subnet id 172.168.88.0/21
4th subnet id 172.168.96.0/21
172.168.72.0/21+3
255.255.255.0
1st subnet id 172.168.73.0

2nd subnet id 172.168.74.0
3rd subnet id 172.168.75.0
M1
172.168.73.0/24+3=27
255.255.255.254
1st subnet id 172.168.105.0 – 30 host

2nd subnet id 172.168.137.0 – 30 host
3rd subnet id 172.168.164.0 – 30 host
M2 M3
172.168.0.0
BR BR
BR BR
172.168.64.0 172.168.128.0
F3
F2
F1

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1. Physical – Mac Address

Total 6 byte = 48 bits

Class A (1-126) Class B (128-191)

1.0.0.0  1st Net ID

2.0.0.0  2nd Net ID

126.0.0.0  Last Net ID

126.255.255.254  Last IP address

126.255.255.255  Broad Cast IP Address

128.0.0.0  1st Net ID

192.0.0.0  1st Net ID

192.0.0.62 / 27 Where, 27 – Networks bits

Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

Take This Subnet ID  192.0.0.32

Take This Subnet ID  192.0.0.64

Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

Take This Subnet ID  192.70.0.16

Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0

Take This Subnet ID  172.160.16.0

Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0

Take This Subnet ID  180.160.16.0

Broad cast IP – 180.160.23.255

Default Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0

Take This Subnet ID  80.16.0.0

Result: 80.65.69.76 - IP Address

Default Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0

Take This Subnet ID  30.64.0.0

Result: 80.65.69.76  30.64.0.0 IP address

Default Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0

Subnet ID’s = 256-240

Take This Subnet ID  50.0.48.0

Result: 50.70.64.85  50.70.48.0 IP Address

Cisco Router Non – Cisco Router

Note: 5,6,7 – Ethernet Fast Ethernet & 8,9 – Gigabit Ethernet

Rom DRAM NVRAM Flash

0x2100 Rommon modes

DRAM as a Temporary Memory

IOS Internet Operating System working

Trouble Shooting Purpose

Mini IOS Initial start (or) Booting Purpose Trouble Shooting

Normal Booting (Flash)

Router Modes (Execution)

Privilege Mode - View Mode (viewing information Ex: interface connector)

Interface Mode: only configure interface devices.

 Router>enable user mode

 Router#config terminal Priv. mode (short key: config t)

 Router (config) #interface <interface name> Global configuration mode

 Router (config-if) interface mode

 Interface mode to Priv. mode (short key: ctrl+z)

If exit the mode’s

Router (config-if) # exit

Privilege Mode (basic command)

 Router# clock set hh:mm:ss: (Set Time)

To change the hostname (router)

To create Welcome Screen

To set clock rate for interface S0 (between the connecting router)

Boson Network Designer (software)

It is used to design the network

To enable the serial port (up) or interface devices:

Router (config-if) # no shut

 To enter into user mode, this password has to be supplied.

Setting Line Console Password: