ACEN PNEG200 20191027ACEN

Oil and gas industry

Upstream: Exploration, Production.
Midstream: Transportation, Trucks, Vessels, Pipelines.
Downstream: Treatment, Sales.
Upstream Sector
Exploration & Production life cycle Oil Field life cycle
1.Prospecting 1.Prospecting
2.Exploration 2.Exploration
3.Appraisal 3.Appraisal
4.Development 4.Development
5.Production 5.Production
6.Decomissing 6.Transportation
7.Refining
8.Decomissing
Lithologies: Type of formation rocks.
Hydrocarbons: organic chemical compound composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Hydrocarbon molecules naturally occur and are found in crude oil, natural gas, coal.
Prospecting:
1. Studied over large area
2. Available data
3. Evaluate large regions
4. Identify alternative zones
5. Mining rights.
What are the activities related to the prospecting?
1. Geological data: sources rocks until reservoir.
2. Preliminary research.
3. Expanded prospect development and approval.
4. Acquire leases.
5. Permit and finance.
A) Type of sedimentary rock: limestones, sandstones, shale.
Characteristic for the rocks:
1. Porosity: void between grain.
2. Permeability: connectivity between pore spaces.
B) Research & map logging comparing with another research from other geologist.
C) Dimension: 2D, 3D, 4D with respect to Time.
Royalty: % from the gain from the operating company to the country.
D) Prospecting activities includes:
 Desktop studies
 Geological mapping
 Geochemical surveying
 Geophysical surveying
Geochemical surveying: origin of hydrocarbon: limestone, and sandstone, and Temperature.
Geophysical surveying: physical properties for rock, and underground structure profile.
Types of geophysical surveying: swath, seismic, gravity, magnetic, resistivity.
Seismic surveying is best technical way of surveying it gives the structure of rock used
offshore and onshore, with create sound waves 2D, 3D, 4D depend on time effect.

Page 1 of 1