Part-1

Application of isotopes

i. The identification of primary and secondary food sources.

ii. Tracing nutrient and mineral uptake by plants and animals.
iii. Determining the relative importance of plants and microbes to greenhouse gas emissions from
soil.
iv. Measuring environmental stressors by monitoring plant uptake of CO2 and / or water.
v. Tracing the sources of catchments waters.
vi. Isotope of Uranium 235 92 Ur , is used in nuclear plants to generate electricity.
vii. The use of isotopes is very common in Isotopic Labelling. Unusual isotopes are used as tracers or
markers chemical reactions.
viii. Radiations of radioactive isotopes can be used for detecting various reactants, rates and so on in
chemistry.
ix. Isotopes are used in Radiometric Dating, similar to Radio Isotopic Labelling or Radiocarbon
Dating to study chemical processes by using naturally occurring isotopic tracers.
x. Isotopic substitution can be used to determine the mechanism of a reaction using Kinetic Isotope
Effect.
xi. Isotopes exhibit different nuclear properties as they have varied numbers of neutrons. This also
affects their physical properties.
xii. Spectroscopy uses many unique nuclear properties of specific isotopes. For example, Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be used only for isotopes with a nonzero nuclear
spin. Isotopes commonly used for NMR spectroscopy are 11H , 12D, 157 N , 136C and 15
31
P.

Part-2

The photoelectric effect is the process that involves the ejection or release of electrons from the surface of
materials (generally a metal) when light falls on them. The photoelectric effect is an important concept
that enables us to clearly understand the particle nature of light and electrons.

After continuous research in this field, the explanation for the photoelectric effect was successfully
explained by Albert Einstein. He concluded that this effect occurred as a result of light energy being
carried in discrete quantized packets. For this excellent work, he was honored with the Nobel Prize in
1921.

https://www.scienceabc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Photoelectric-Effect.jpg

Part-3

Example 5:

A tri positive ion has protons whose mass is equal to 23881 times that of an electron. Identify the element
and write its electronic configuration.

Solution:
Mass of a proton is 1837 times than that of an electron
 23881
Number of protons = = 13
1837
Atomic number of the element is 13.
So, the element is silicon and its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 3

Example 6:

Write the electronic configuration and the atomic number of the atom which becomes stable to gaining 3
electrons in 5th shell.

Solution:

The electronic configuration of the stable species is 2, 8, 18, 18, 8

Hence the electronic configuration of the atom which becomes stable after gaining 3 electrons in the 5 th
shell is 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 and the atomic number is 51.

Example 7:

What is the ratio of the amount of energy required to remove an electron from hydrogen and He+ ion?

Solution:
13.6 ´ Z 2
Energy of electron (single electron species)E n = - eV;
n2
12
For hydrogen Þ - 13.6 ´ = - 13.6eV; Energy required to remove thiselectron = + 13.6eV
12
22
For He+ Þ - 13.6 ´ = - 54.4 eV; Energy required to remove thiselectron = + 54.4 eV
12
13.6 1
R atio of energy required = = = 1: 4
54.4 4

Example 8:

Complete the following table:

Valence shell Charge on Electronic Number of Number of

in atom stable ion configuration electrons in core
of element penultimate electrons
shell
M +3 - - -
- +1 - 8 18
N +2 - - 18
- - 2, 8, 6 - -
Solution:

Valence shell Charge on Electronic Number of Number of

in atom stable ion configuration electrons in core
of element penultimate electrons
shell
M +3 2, 8, 3 8 10
N +1 2, 8, 8, 1 8 18
N +2 2, 8, 8, 2 8 18
M -2 2, 8, 6 8 10