ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. INTRODUCTION

1) Define organic chemistry. )

2) Name (4) four uses of organic compounds in daily life.
2. BONDING IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

1) Carbon can make four covalent bonds. Use E.C. to show how this is possible.

2) Using atomic structures show how carbon makes four bonds with hydrogen to form the
methane molecule.

3) Carbon chains are of three types. Name them.

3. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

1) That part of a molecule which is most active during a chemical reaction is known as?

2) List four (4) features of members of a homologous series.

4. ALKANES (42 marks)

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL.

1) What is crude oil? (1 mark)

2) In the refinery of crude oil, what is first removed and why? (2 marks)

3) What is “sweet crude”? (2 marks)

4) According to the increasing molecular weight, name the six fractions produced by the fractional
distillation of petroleum and state the use of each. (6 marks)

5) You are given a sample of two liquids A and B which are miscible in each other. ‘A’ has a
boiling point of 720C and ‘B’ has a boiling point of 870C. In point form, with the aid of a
diagram explain how you would separate them.

CRACKING OF ALKANES AND REACTIONS

6) Define cracking? (1 mark)

7) Name two types of cracking and explain how each type is done. (2 marks)

8) i) When an alkane is cracked the products are always:

ii) Illustrate this in equation form using the molecule C15H32.

9) Alkanes are characterised by ____________________________________ bonds; each bond is made up

of __________________ electrons.

10) As the carbon number increases; alkanes and hydrocarbons change in state or form. Summarise this in
table form for carbon numbers 1-4, 5-15 and 16 and greater.

11) Using structural formula, show a reaction between propane and bromine gas and name the major products
formed; also give the name of the reaction.

12) State four uses of alkanes and explain each.

NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANES

13) i) Give the general formula for an alkane.

ii) Define isomerism?
iii) Draw two possible isomers of septane and name them using the IUPAC system.

5. ALKENES
1) i) Give the general formula for alkenes.
ii) Draw the pent - 3- ene molecule.

iii) Alkenes are characterized by ________________________________________ bonds.

REACTIONS INVOLVING ALKENES

2) Write a balanced equation for the burning of butene and name the products formed.
3) Name the six types of addition reactions alkenes undergo.
4) Write equations and conditions for the reactions which occur when ethene reacts with: (5 marks)

a) acidified potassium manganate VII.

b) hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
c) steam in the presence of a catalyst.

5) i) Name two tests you can use to identify the presence of an alkene.
ii) Describe each test with observations.
6) i) Alkenes form the base of the ______________________________________ industry.
ii) State four uses of alkenes.
6. ALCOHOLS
1) What is the general formula for an alcohol.

2) i) Use the ethanol molecule to explain how it has a polar end and a non-polar end (dipole)

ii) Explain how alcohol dissolves in water and can also dissolve grease.

iii) Explain and give three ways how polarity affects the physical properties of alcohol.

3) Draw and name two possible isomers of butanol.

REACTIONS INVOLVING ALCOHOLS

4) i) Write a balanced equation for the burning of ethanol and name the major products formed.

ii) The reaction above gives off heat and so is said to be ______________________________________

5) i) Name five active metals.

ii) ALCOHOL + ACTIVE METAL _______________________________________________

iii) Write an equation and name the major product formed for the reaction of methanol and sodium metal

DEHYDRATION OF AN ALCOHOL

6) i) Dehydration means ____________________________________________________________________

ii) State two methods by which an alcohol is dehydrated.

iii) When an alcohol is dehydrated, the products are an ____________________ and ___________________

iv) Write an equation to demonstrate this reaction, using ethanol.

OXIDATION OF AN ALCOHOL

7) i) The name of K2Cr2 O7 is __________________________________________________________

ii) ALCOHOL + OXIDISING AGENT ________________________ + _____________________

iii) Write an equation to show this reaction using ethanol.

iv) Explain how acidified K2Cr2O7 is used in the breathalyser test and also give the colour change.

FERMENTATION

8) i) Name two processes which are used to commercially manufacture ethanol.

ii) Write the equation for the anaerobic respiration of sugar by yeast and name the products formed.

iii) The ethanol content of fermented liquid is about 12%. Why is it impossible to produce a higher concentration
of ethanol by fermentation?
iv) Why is it necessary to prevent oxygen from entering the fermenting liquid during alcohol production?
v) Name three uses of ethanol.

vi) Draw and label a diagram of the apparatus that could be used to produce ethanol of 96% concentration from
fermented solution.

7. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

1) i) Write the general formula (both) for a carboxylic acid.

ii) Write the functional group for a carboxylic in three ways.

iii) How do you count carbons in a carboxylic acid?

NOMENCLATURE AND STRUCTURAL FORMULA

2) i) Draw the ethanoic acid molecule.

ii) Draw 2,3-dimethylheptanoic acid

ACIDITY OF CARBOXYLIC ACID

3) i) Using S.F. and M.F. write the ionisation equation of ethanoic acid.

ii) For the equation above give the name of the radical formed.

iii) Show the ionisation equation of benzoic acid.

COOH

REACTIONS INVOLVING CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

4) Write an equation for the burning of ethanoic acid and name the products formed.

5) i) CARBOXYLIC + BASE _______________________________ + _____________________

ACID

ii) Write a balanced equation using S.F. to show the neutralisation of ethanoic acid with NaOH and
name the major product formed.

6) i) CARBOXYLIC + ACTIVE _______________________________ + _____________________

ACID METAL

ii) Write a balanced equation using S.F. for the reaction between ethanoic acid and
potassium and name the major product formed.
ESTERIFICATION BETWEEN CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND ALCOHOLS

7) i) CARBOXYLIC + ALCOHOL 1. _______________ + __________________

ACID 2.

ii) Using S.F. write an equation to show the reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol, also identify the acid
radical and the alcohol radical. Give the conditions and name the product formed.

iii) In the naming of an ester, which molecule is named first?

iv) Why is this reaction (esterification) referred to as a condensation reaction?

v) How would you know if this reaction is taking place in the lab?

8.) FATS AND DETERGENTS

INTRODUCTION

1. Fats and oils are formed from _____________________________ and the ______________________
molecule, which is a tri-alcohol
2. Give the names and M.F. of three (3) long chained organic acids:

3. Show how the tri-ester molecule is formed, using three long-chained organic acids and a glycerol
molecule:

HYDROLYSIS

4. What is hydrolysis?

5. List the two (2) types of hydrolysis:

6. Using an equation, show how ethylethanoate can be hydrolyzed in the presence of HCl. Include
conditions and reagents necessary

7. Which type of hydrolysis is used as the basis for making soaps or the saponification reaction?
8. Based on the response to #7 above, write an equation showing the formation of a soap from the ester
ethylethanoate. In the equation, state the name of the soap molecule.

DETERGENTS:

9. What are the two (2) types of detergents?

10. The two types of detergents are produced in different ways. Explain the differences in production of
both types

11. Draw a diagram representing each type of detergent

12. Explain how a detergent can be used to clean grease off a piece of fabric. Include relevant diagrams
13. List and explain four (4) differences between the two (2) types of detergents

Detergent type 1: ……………………………… Detergent type 2: ………………………………

MACROMOLECULES:

INTRODUCTION

1. What is a macromolecule?

2. What is a polymer?

3. What are the two (2) types of polymers?

4. Using ethene as a monomer, show how the polymer, polythene can be formed
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. State two (2) differences between addition and condensation polymerization
6. Draw the monomer(s) that form polystyrene and Teflon

7. State two (2) uses EACH of polyvinylchloride (P.V.C.) and Perspex

a. Polyvinylchloride
b. Perspex
8. What are the two (2) types of condensation polymers? Give one (1) example of each:

9. Using S.F., show how the condensation polymers; nylon and starch can be formed

10. State one (1) use EACH of nylon and starch

a. Nylon:

b. Starch:
11. Polymers can be hydrolyzed in two (2) ways. List and explain five (5) differences between these forms
of hydrolysis

Type 1: ………………………………………… Type 2: …………………………………………

12. Using starch and glucose as an example, show how polymers can have different physical and chemical
properties from their corresponding monomer units

Starch Glucose