GOVT URDU HIGH SCHOOL YELLAGONDAPALYA

SCIENCE
5 MARKS
QUESTIONS + KEY

Class 10 Science Some Important Questions [ 5 Marks ] KSEEB MODEL PAPER IN 1 & 2

KSEEB QN : [1]Stars appear to be twinkling but planets do now twinkly . Why ? Explain why the colour of the
sky duringday appears blue and during sunset appears red.

Answer: The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight, since the stars are very
Distant, the approximate point sixed source of light. As the path of the rays of light coming from
Star goes on varying slightly, the apparent position of the star fluctuates and the amount of star
Light entering the eye flickers the star sometimes appears brighter, and at the some other time
Fainter, which is the twinkling effect?
The planets are much closer to the earth, and are thus seen as extended sources. If we consider a
Planet as a collection of a large number of point –sized sources of lights the total variation in the
amount of light entering our eye from all the individual point-sized sources will average out to zero
Thereby nullifying the twinkling effect.
Particles that are small compared with the light wavelength scatter blue light more strongly and
Red light. Beacause of this , the tiny gas molecules that make up our Earth’s atmosphere ( mostly
Oxygen and Nitrogen ) scatter the blue portion of sunlight in all directions, cutting an effect that
We see as a blue sky.

2. How are general growth and sexual maturation different from each other? Which are the symptoms?
Observed in sexually matured females? When a matured female receives male sex cells due to
Sexual contact what changes will happen in her uterus?

Answer: General growth and sexual maturation are different from each other in many senses. General growth is
all about attaining physical maturity in which the organism undergoes through various stages to become
an adult. Once the physical growth is complete, it lays the foundation for sexual maturity. Sexual
maturity is related to preparing the body for physical and psychological responsibilities related to
reproduction. OR
[General growth refers to different types of developmental process in the body like increase in height, weight gain,
changes in shape and size of the body but sexual maturation is specific to changes reflected at puberty like
cracking of voice, new hair patterns, development of breast in female etc.]

Here's an overview of the major physical changes girls can expect as they go through puberty:

 Breast Development. Girls usually begin puberty between the ages of 8 and 13 years old. ...
 Body Hair. ...
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  Vaginal Discharge. ...
 Periods. ...
 Increase in Height. ...
 Wider Hips. ...
 In boys, the first puberty change is the enlargement of the scrotum and testes. At this point, the penis does not
enlarge. As the testes and scrotum continue to grow, the penis grows. The first growth of pubic hair produces
long, soft hair that is only in a small area around the genitals.

When a matured female receives male sex cells due to

Sexual contact Fertilization will take place

3. Answer the following

.
a What is chemical combination reaction? Give example.
b.What is chemical decomposition reaction? Give example.
c.What are exothermic reactions?
d.What are endothermic reactions?
e.What is displacement reaction? Give example.
Ans:

a . A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product is called chemical combination.
3H2 + N2 2NH3

b. A reaction in which a single reactant breaks down to form two or more products is known as
chemical decomposition reaction.
ZnCO3 ZnO(S) + CO2
c.The which are involved in the evolution of heat are called exothermic reactions.

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

d.The reactions which occurs by the absorption of heat are called endothermic
reactions. 2HgO + heat 2Hg + O2

e.When a more reactive element displaces less reactive element from its compound is called
displacement reaction.
Mg(S) + 2HCl 2MgCl2 + H2
4.What is Rancidity? How do you prevent the rancidity of food?
Answer The process of slow oxidation of oil and fat present in the food materials resulting in the change of
smell and taste in them is called rancidity.

[a]By keeping food materials in air tight container.

[b]Refrigeration of cooked food at low temperature.
[c]packing of food items like potato chips in packs containing nitrogen gas instead of air, it prevents oils
and fat reacts with air.
[d]Avoid keeping the cooked food and food materials in direct contact with air.

[e] By adding anti-oxidents. Ex: BHA ( Butrylated Hydroxy Anisole)

[5] Explain the underlying principle and working of an electric generator by drawing a labelled diagram.
What is the function of brushes?

Solution:An electric generator is a device used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

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Principle:An electric generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction according to which if a closed coil
is rotated about an axis perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field, an induced current is produced whose direction is
governed by Fleming’s right-hand rule.

Construction:An electric generator consists of a rectangular coil called armature, fixed magnet, slip rings and carbon
brushes.

Working:
[i]When the armature is rotated in clockwise direction
inside the magnetic field produced by the magnets,
it cuts magnetic lines of force. This changing field
produces induced current in the coil whose direction
is given by Fleming’s right-hand rule.
[ii]When the axle attached to two slip rings is rotated

such that the arm AB moves up and CD downwards,

induced current starts to flow from A to B and

C to D. Thus, an induced current flow in the direction

ABCD and in the external circuit, it flows from B2 to B1

[iii]After half a rotation, arm CD starts moving up and AB moves down. As a result, the direction of induced
current will be DCBA and begin to flow from B1 to B2 in the external circuit. Thus, after every half rotation,
the polarity of the current in the respective arms changes. Such a current, which changes the direction after
equal intervals of time is called an alternating current.

Function of carbon brushes:

Carbon brushes B1 and B2, are pressed against slip rings to maintain continuous contact with rings. External
circuit is connected to generator through brushes.
6. Draw a labelled diagram of an electric motor. Explain its principle and working. What is the function of a
split ring in an electric motor?

Solution:An electric motor is a device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy .
Principle:It works on the principle that when a current-carrying coil is placed normally in a magnetic field, it
experiences a torque which tends to rotate it.

Working:[i]When a current flow through the coil, arms AB and CD experience a force. According to Fleming’s left-hand
rule, arm AB of the coil experiences a force in the downward direction. Similarly, arm CD of the coil experiences a force
in the upward direction. Two equal and opposite forces constitute a couple and hence the coil will rotate in anticlockwise
direction.

[ii]When the coil reaches the vertical position,

no current flows in the coil and no force acts on
the coil in this position.

[iii]Now coil rotates further and side AB is moved

on the right, with its commutator segment
touching the right-hand brush so it has downward
force acting it. Similarly, side CD has an upward
force on it. Thus, the couple always acts in the
same direction (clockwise) and the coil spins.
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[iv]The split rings or commutators help to reverse

the direction of current in the circuit.

7. What precaution should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits? And Name some
sources of direct current.

Solution:

Following precautions should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic circuits.

[i]Electric fuse must be connected in series with the circuit to prevent overloading or short-circuiting
[ii]Do not use too many high-power appliances like air-conditioner, electric motor, water heater, etc.
simultaneously.
[iii]Do not connect too many appliances to a single socket.
[iv]Use the appliance within the safe limit of electric circuit.
some of the sources of direct current are dry cells, button cells and lead accumulator
8. A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer. What will happen if a bar magnet is

(i) pushed into the coil,

(ii) withdrawn from inside the coil,
(iii) held stationary inside the coil?
And Name some devices in which electric motors are used

Solution:

[i]When bar magnet is pushed into the coil, magnetic field through the coil changes. Hence electric current is induced
in the coil momentarily. As a result, galvanometer deflects momentarily in a particular direction.

[ii]When bar magnet is withdrawn from inside the coil again magnetic field though the coil changes. Hence current is
induced in the circuit momentarily in the opposite direction as compared to first case. As a result, galvanometer deflects
again momentarily, in opposite direction.

[iii]When bar magnet is held stationary inside the coil, magnetic field though the coil does not change. Hence, there will
be no induced current in the coil and no deflection in the galvanometer.

Few devices in which electric motors are used,

[1] Electric fans [2]Electric mixer grinders
[3]Washing machines [4] Water pumps

9.[a]Draw diagram to show reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing hydrogen gas by burning
[b]Draw diagram to show acid solution in water conducts electricity. And label the parts.

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 [10] Explain the process of electrolytic refining for copper with the help of a labelled diagram.
Solution:

In electrolytic process, the impure metal is made the anode and

a thin strip of pure metal is made the cathode.

A solution of the metal salt is used as an electrolyte.
On passing the current through the electrolyte,

the pure metal from the anode dissolves into the electrolyte.
An equivalent of pure metal from the electrolyte is deposited
on the cathode.
At cathode Cu2+ + 2e⁻ Cu (deposited)
At anode Cu (s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2e⁻

(Impure metal) (Dissolved)

11. Write the general formula of alkane, alkene, and alkyne. And Mention four differences between saturated and
unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Alkane: CnH2n+2 Alkene: CnH2n and Alkyne: CnH2n--2

saturated hydrocarbons unsaturated hydrocarbons
I. Only single bond is present in I. Double or triple bond is also
between carbon-carbon atoms. present in between carbon-carbon
II. Substitution reaction occurs. atoms.
III. It burns with blue flame. II. Addition reaction occurs.
IV. Less reactive III. It burns with sooty flame.
IV. Highly reactive.

12. What is meant by group in the modern periodic table?

How do the following changes occur on moving from top to bottom in a group?

(i) Number of valence electrons

(ii) Number of occupied shells
(iii) Size of atoms
(iv) Metallic character of element
(v) Effective nuclear charge experienced by valence electrons

Answer:The vertical column of the periodic table consisting elements of similar properties is called group.

i) Number of valence electrons remains same.

ii) Number of occupied shells increases.
iii) Size of atoms increases (as number of shell increases).
iv) Metallic character increases on going down the group.
v) Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)decreases on going down the group.

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 13.Write short notes on the following with examples.
[1]Phototropism 2] Geotropism 3] Hydrotropism 4] Chemotropism
1) Phototropism: The movement of plant parts in response to light is called phototrophic
movement. The phenomenon is called phototropism.
Ex : The shoot grows towards the light, while the growth of root is away from the light.
2) Geotropism: The movement of plant parts in response to gravity is called geotrophic
movement. The phenomenon is called geotrophism.
Ex : Root always move towards the entre of gravity, while shoots usually grow away from the
gravity.
3) Hydrotropism: The growth of the plant in response to water is called hydrotropic
movement. The phenomenon is called hydrotropism;
4) Chemotropism:
The growth of plant in response to chemical stimulus is called chemotrophic movement. The
phenomenon is called chemotropism.
Ex : Growth of pollen tube towards ovules during fertilization.

14] List the important hormones and functions of the following glands.
i) Thyroid gland ii) testis iii) ovaries iv) Adrenal gland v) Pancreas

i) Thyroid gland :
Hormone : Thyroxin hormone
Functions : It regulates carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism in the body.
ii) Testis :
Hormones : Testosterone
Functions : [1]It helps in growth of secondary sexual characters in male.
[2] helps in the formation of sperms.
iii) Ovaries :
Hormone : Estrogen and
progesterone Function :
Estrogen 1] Helps in the development of female sex organs.
2] It controls menstrual cycle.
Progesterone :
Helps to prepare the wall of uterus for the attachment of fertilized egg and maintains pregnancy.
iv) Adrenal gland :
Hormone – Adrenalin hormone
Function: It controls heartbeat, respiration and blood pressure during emergency
situation.
v) Pancreas :
Hormone : Insulin
Function : regulates the blood sugar level.
15. What are the components of reflex arc?
 The components of reflex arc are:
i) Receptors : Sense organs which receive the stimulus
ii) Sensory neuron: it convey the stimulus form receptors to spinal cord.
iii) Associative neuron (spinal cord) : it interprets the stimulus and gives appropriate
command to motor neuron.
iv) Motor neuron : The neuron convey motor commands to effectors.
v) Effectors : it execute the effect by neuromuscular movement Ex : Muscles and glands

16] Draw the diagram of Brain and List the functions of the following parts of the brain :
i) Hypothalamus ii) Medulla oblongata iii) Thalamus
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[i] Hypothalamus

1) Controls body temperature

2) Maintain water balance
3) Controls urge of eating, drinking
4) Controls pituitary gland
[ii] Medulla oblongata
1) It controls involuntary actions such as breathing,
blood pressure (BP) movement of alimentary
canal etc.
2) It regulates reflex responses likesalivation
and vomiting
[iii] Thalamus
1) Send sensory information to cerebrum.

[iv]Cerebrum :It is the main thinking part of brain.

It is responsible for reasoning, speech
Intelligence, sight, hearing and usage of information.
[v] Cerebellum
1) It controls and coordinates different muscular actions
2) It maintains posture and equilibrium of the body during various activities
such as walking, drinking, riding etc

[17]. (a) What are ‘magnetic field lines’? How is the direction of a magnetic field at a point determined?

(b) Draw two field lines around a bar magnet along its length on its two sides and mark the field directions on
them by arrow marks.

Answer.

(a) The magnetic field lines are the pictorial representation of the strength and direction of the magnetic field.

The direction of the magnetic field at a point can be

found by placing a small magnetic compass at that point.
The north end of the needle of a compass indicates
the direction of magnetic field at a point where it is placed.
(b) Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet emerge fro
the north pole and terminate at the south pole.
Inside the magnet, the field lines emerge from
the south pole and terminate at the north pole,
as shown in the given figure.

18. (a) Mention the pH range within which our body works. Explain how antacids
give relief from acidity. Write the name of one such antacid.
(b) Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How does the pH will change as it turns to curd? Explain your answer.
(c) A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk. Why does this milk take a longer time
to set as curd?
(d) Mention the nature of toothpastes. How do they prevent tooth decay?

Answer.

(a) Our stomach has pH equal to 2. Antacids neutralizes excess of acid in our body and gives relief from
hyperacidity. Sodium hydrogencarbonate is one of such antacid.
(b) pH will decrease as it turns to curd because curd is acidic due to the presence of lactic acid.
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i.e. fermentation will take place slowly.
(d) Toothpastes are basic in nature. They neutralize the acid formed in mouth which causes tooth decay.

19. Atoms of eight elements A. B. C. D, E, F. G and H have the same number of electronic shells but different
number of electrons in their outermost shell. It was found that elements A and G combine to form an ionic
compound. This compound is added in a small amount to almost all vegetable dishes during cooking. Oxides of
elements A and B are basic in naturewhile those of E and F are acidic. The oxide of D is almost neural. Based
on the aboveinformation answer the following questions:

(i) To which group or period of the periodic table do the listed elements belong?

(ii) What would be the nature of compound formed by a combination of elements B and F?

(iii) Which two of these elements could definitely be metals?

(iv) Which one of the eight elements is most likely to be found in gaseous state at room temperature?

(v) If the number of electrons in the outermost shell of elements C and G are 3 and 7 respectively, write the
formula of the compound formed by the combination of C and G.

Answer.

(i) The listed chemicals belong to third period; it includes Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl& Ar.

(ii) Compound formed by the combination of B (Mg) and F (S) will result in formation of salt called MgSO4

(iii) Compound A (Na) and B (Mg) are definitely metals as their oxides are basic in nature.

(iv) Element H (Ar), is likely to be found in gaseous state at room temperature as it is the 8th element of the
group so it would have 8 electrons in its outermost shell which is the electronic configuration of an Nobel gas.

(v) They will form AlCl3 (Aluminium chloride)

20. (a) List the three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis. Explain the role of
Stomata in this process.
(b) Describe an experiment to show that “sunlight is essential for photosynthesis”.

Answer.

(a) Three most important steps of photosynthesis are:

 Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll

 Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and
oxygen
 Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates

Stomata are present in enormous amount over leafs, this tiny pores helps in the exchange of gaseous by
photosynthesis. Since large amount of water can also be lost through these stomata, the plant closes these pores
when it does not need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, opening and closing of pours is regulated by guard
cells, it swell up when water flows inside them, causing the stomata pore to open. Similarly the pore closes if
the guard cells shrink.

(b) Experiment to prove that “sunlight is essential for photosynthes” is explained below:
(i) Select two healthy plants.
(ii) Keep them in a dark room for 3 days.
(iii) Now place them in different air tight chambers, one supplied with potassium hydroxide, which is used to
absorb carbon dioxide.
(iv) Now keep the plants in sunlight for 2 hours.
(v) Pluck leaf from both plants and check theUsepresence
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(vi) Higher starch content in the jar with potassium hydroxide indicates that in the presence of light the
photosynthesis have occurred so higher starch content is found.

21. (a) How does Mendel’s experiment show that traits may be dominant or recessive?

(b) How traits get expressed from parents to offsprings? Explain with an example.

(c) Why are traits acquired during the lifetime of an individual not inherited?

Answer.

(a) Mendel in his experiment on the inheritance of traits selected and crossed tall pea plant with dwarf pea
plant. The F1 progeny had Tt genotype but the plant was tall. This shows that ‘T’ is dominant trait whereas ‘t’
is recessive.

(b) Traits are passed through DNA. When an egg is fertilized with sperm, the resulting offspring takes 50
percent of its DNA from each parent. This resulting combination of two halves of DNA determines what
specific traits the child will have. The expression of traits in an offspring is determined by dominant and
recessive genes. If one or both parents pass on a dominant gene to the child, then the dominant gene will be
expressed. However, a recessive gene is expressed only in case when both parents pass on the recessive genes to
the offspring.

For example, in case of eye colour, the gene for brown eyes is dominant and that for blue eyes is recessive. So if
either parent passes on the brown eye gene, then it will be expressed in the child. On the other hand for the
expression of blue eye trait, both the parents should pass blue color traits. Thus people with blue eyes have two
recessive genes, but people with brown eyes can have one dominant and one recessive gene or both dominant
genes.

(c) Only the traits which are passed through DNA of germ cells are inherited to the offsprings during sexual
reproduction. On the other hand the traits acquired during lifetime do not pass on to the DNA of germ cells
that’s why they cannot be inherited.

22. (a) Write the chemical equation for the following reactions:

(i) Methane burns in air

(ii) Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate

(iii) Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide

(b) Why is a mixture of acetylene and oxygen instead of acetylene and air, used for welding purposes.

Answer.

(a) Chemical equations for given reactions are:

(i) Burning of methane in air:

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(b) Acetylene being an unsaturated hydrocarbon, burns incompletely in air due to which a sooty flame is
produced with very low temperature. On the other hand when a mixture of acetylene and pure oxygen is
burnt, then it gives rise to the complete combustion of acetylene to produce a blue flame with a very high
temperature which can be used to weld the metals.

23. A person uses concave lens spectacles. What vision defect does he have? What could be the possible reasons
causing this defect?

Draw a diagram
(i) To show the image formed by an eye suffering from vision defect.
(ii) To show the correction of this eye defect using the lens.

Answer.
A person using concave lens spectacles is suffering from myopia (short-sightedness).

The possible reasons causing myopia are:

 Converging power of eye lens has been increased due to its short focal length.
 Eye ball has become longer.

(i) Diagram showing the myopic eye:

(ii) Diagram to show the correction of myopia:

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24. (a) What is ovulation?

(b) How is it beneficial for the foetus to have a circulatory system that is not directly attached to the
circulatory system of mother?

(c) What changes occur at the time of birth?

Answer.

(a) When a girl child is born, her ovaries already contain thousands of immature ova (or eggs) which are
contained in immature follicles. At the age of puberty, one follicle develops into a mature ovum (or egg). It
pinches off from the surface of the ovary and enters the fallopian tube. This process is termed as ovulation.

(b) The circulatory system of the foetus and that of the mother are connected by an umbilical cord that
attaches the placenta to the fetus. The separate circulatory system facilitates quick diffusion of nutrients,
metabolic waste and respiratory gases between the foetus and the mother. Also placenta acts as a shield for the
baby against bacteria and other pathogens.

(b) At the time of birth the strong muscles in the walls of the uterus undergo the rhythmic contractions that
are initiated by decreased progesterone secretion and the secretion of oxytocin hormone by the pituitary gland.
These rhythmic contractions followed by labour pains result in the dilation of cervix. When the cervix is fully
dilated, contractions help the baby to move from the uterus into the vagina through wbich the baby finally
steps into the world. After the child delivery, the placenta is expelled out.

25 (a) What is astigmatism? How is it caused? How can it be corrected?

(b) A person is unable to see both far as well as near objects. What is the defect he is suffering from? What
could be the reason for this defect? What type of spectacles should be worn by him to correct his vision.

Answer.

(a) Astigmatism: the defect, by which the person is not able to differentiate horizontal and vertical position, is
called astigmatism.

Causes of Astigmatism:
Astigmatism is caused by an unevenly shaped cornea. The uneven shape causes the rays of light to focus on
two points on the retina, causing distortion and blurring of images.

Correction of astigmatism:

This defect of vision can be rectified by using cylindrical lenses.

(b) The defect of eye in which a person is unable to see both far as well as near objects clearly is called
presbyopia.

Causes of presbyopia:

This defect of vision commonly occurs to old people because of the following reasons:

 Weakening of the ciliary muscles

 Reduction in the flexibility of the eye lens

Correction of presbyopia:

This type of defect can be corrected by using spectacles having bi-focal lenses in which upper part consists of a
concave lens to correct myopia (shortsightedness) used for distant visions and the lower part consists of a
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26. (a) Why does carbon generally forms covalent compounds.

(b) Also state reasons to explain why covalent compounds:

(i) are bad conductors of electricity?
(ii) have low melting and boiling points?

(c) Name an allotrope of carbon that is a good conductor of electricity.

Answer.

(a) Carbon being tetravalent, is neither capable of losing all of its four valance electrons nor it can easily
accept four electrons to complete its octet because both of these conditions are energetically less favourable.
Therefore carbon atom prefers to complete its octet by sharing of electrons and hence forms covalently bonded
compounds.

(b) (i) Covalent compounds are bad conductors of electricity because they are formed by sharing of electrons.
So they don't have any free electron that is required for carrying electricity. Thus they are bad conductors of
electricity.

(ii) Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons, hence the intermolecular forces are relatively
weaker than the electrostatic forces existing between the ionic compounds that are formed by the transferring
of electrons. Due to the weak intermolecular forces, less energy is needed to break the covalent bonds hence
they have low melting and boiling points

(c) Structure of graphite accounts for it being a good conductor of electricity. In its structure each carbon
atom is directly attached to three carbon atoms through covalent bonds. Therefore, out of the four valence
electrons in a carbon atom, only three are used for bonding and the fourth electron remains free and can move
from one carbon atom to the other. These free electrons make graphite a good conductor of electricity.

27. (a) Explain the term “rancidity”. Name and explain the type of chemical reactions responsible for causing
rancidity.

(b)Write three methods for preventing rancidity of food.

Answer.

(a) Rancidity: Rancidity can be defined as the chemical decomposition of fats and oils due to hydrolysis or
auto-oxidation or microbial activity, producing aldehydes, hydroxyl acids, keta acids, and other compounds.
This causes a considerable damage to the natural structure of fats and oils, producing undesirable odors,
flavors and discoloration in the food containing them; making them unfit for consumption.

For Example: When butter is kept open for a long time, then its smell and taste gets changed (due to the
presence of butyric acid (a four-carbon acid)).

Factors responsible for causing rancidity are light, oxygen, trace elements such as iron and zinc, salt, water,
bacteria, and molds etc.

Types of chemical reactions responsible for causing rancidity:

(i) Oxidation Reaction: Oxidation is said to have occurred when a substance reacts with oxygen in the air
forming oxides. It causes the formation of peroxide at the double bonds (C=C) of fat molecules with
subsequent breakdown of these peroxides to form aldehydes, ketones and acids of lower molecular weight.
This results in off-flavor, off-odour and sometimes change in colour.

(ii) Hydrolysis: Hydrolysis can be defined as the breaking down of a chemical compound into two or more
simpler compounds by reacting with water. It decomposes a lipid into its component fatty acids and glycerol.
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 C-O-CO-R + H2O → C-O-H + HO-CO-R

(b) Following are the methods for preventing rancidity of food: (write any three)

 In order to prevent rancidity due to oxygen or water vapours present in a container, vacuum packing
should be used or the packing should be filled with inert gases. For Example: Potato Chips are usually
packed in thick foil packets filled with Nitrogen.
 Refrigeration of foods also reduces the rate of most of the reactions that cause rancidity.
 Reducing the water content in foods by drying or smoking and then storing them in a moisture free
environment helps to reduce the chances of rancidity.
 By adding anti-oxidants (butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) to the food
containing fats and oils.
 Keeping food in air tight containers also helps to reduce oxidation.

28. (a) Define 1 watt.

(b) State the commercial unit of electric energy. Express it in terms of SI unit of energy.

(c) An electric refrigerator rated as 750 W operates 8 hours per day. What is the cost of the energy to operate
it for a month of June at Rs. 2.50 per kWh?

Answer.

(a) Watt: Watt is the SI unit of electric power. It is the power consumed by a device that carries 1 A of electric
current when operated at a potential difference of 1 V.

Thus, 1 W = 1 volt × 1 ampere = 1 V A

(b) Commercial Unit of Electric Energy:

The unit ‘watt’ is very small. So, practically a much larger unit called ‘kilowatt’ is used. It is equal to 1000
watts. Since electrical energy is the product of power and time, the unit of electric energy is, therefore, watt
hour (Wh).

One watt hour is the energy consumed when 1 watt of power is used for 1 hour.

The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kWh), commonly known as ‘unit’. One kilowatt hour
is the energy consumed when 1000 watt of power is used for 1 hour.

1 kW h = 1000 watt × 3600 second

= 3.6 × 106 watt second

= 3.6 × 106 joule (J) (where joule ‘J’ is the S.I unit of energy.)

(c) Given, Power, P = 750 W

Time, T = 8 hrs per day

We know that, electrical energy is the product of power and time.

Therefore, the energy consumed by the refrigerator in one day

= 750 W × 8.0 hour/day

= 6000 W h = 6 kW h

Now, the total energy consumed by the refrigerator in the month of June (30 Days)
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 = 30 × Energy/day

= 30 × 6kWh

=180 kWh

Thus, the cost of energy required to operate the refrigerator for the month of June at Rs. 2.50 per kWh = 180
kW h × Rs 2.50 = Rs 450.00

29. Three incandescent bulbs of 100 W each are connected in series in an electric circuit. In
another circuit another set of three bulbs of the same wattage are connected in parallel to
the same source.
(a) Will the bulb in the two circuits glow with the same brightness? Justify your answer.
(b) Now let one bulb in both the circuits get fused. Will the rest of the bulbs continue to glow in each circuit?
Give reason.

Answer.

Let there be three bulbs B1, B2 and B3, each having resistance R.
Given below are the circuit diagrams representing the two cases, i.e., when bulbs are connected in series and in
parallel circuits.

Now, in case of parallel circuit,

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And voltage across each bulb = V [as a parallel combination has same voltage]

∴ Power consumprion of each bulb in parallel combination is given as:

Therefore, each bulb in parallel combination will glow 3 times brighter than each bulb connected in series
combination.

(ii) When one bulb gets fused in both the circuits, then in series combination, circuit gets broken and current
stops flowing, whereas in parallel combination, same voltage continues to apply on the remaining bulbs and
hence other bulbs continues to glow with same brightness.

30. Apiece of wire of resistance 20 ohm is drawn out so that its length is increased to twice its original length
calculate the resistance of the wire is the new situation?

Answer.

As, resistance is given as:

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31. Find out the following in the electric circuit given in the following figure:
(a) Effective resistance of two 8 ohm resistors in the combination
(b) Current flowing through 4 ohm resistor
(c) Potential difference across 4 ohm resistance
(d) Power dissipated in 4 ohm resistor
(e) Difference in ammeter readings, if any

Answer.

(a) Since, two 8 ohm resistors are connected in paralleI then their effective resistance R is given by

(b) As the 4 ohm resistor and RP are in series, so the total resistance in the circuit is given as:

Thus, cureent through 4 ohm resistor is 1 A.

(c) Potential difference across 4 ohm resistor is given as,

V = IR = 1 × 4 = 4V

(d) Power dissipated in 4 ohm resistor

P = I2R = 12 × 4 = 4 W

(e) There is no difference in the reading of ammeters A1 and A2 as same current flows through all elements in a
series combination.

32. Why is there a need for harnessing non-conventional sources of energy? How can energy be harnessed
from the sea in different ways?

Answer.

There is a need for harnessing non-conventional sources of energy because of the following reasons:

 The demand for energy is increasing day by day to meet out the basic requirement of our changed life-
styles, growing use of machines and industrialisation in order to improve our living standards.
 The fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, are are non-renewable sources of energy and are present in a
limited amount which are likely to finish one day so the need for alternative sources of energy is
essential.
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in the different ways as stated below:
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The energy from the sea energy be harnessed from the sea in different ways

(i) Tidal Energy: Due to the gravitational pull of mainly the moon on the spinning earth, the level of water in
the sea rises and falls. This phenomenon is called high and low tides and the difference in sea-levels gives us
tidal energy. Tidal energy is harnessed by constructing a dam across a narrow opening to the sea. A turbine
fixed at the opening of the dam converts tidal energy to electricity.

(ii) Wave Energy: The kinetic energy possessed by huge waves near the seashore can be trapped to generate
electricity. The waves are generated by strong winds blowing across the sea. Wave energy would be a viable
proposition only where waves are very strong. A wide variety of devices has been developed to trap wave
energy for rotation of turbine and production of electricity.

(iii) Ocean Thermal Energy: The water at the surface of the sea or ocean is heated by the Sun while the water
in deeper sections is relatively cold. This difference in temperature is exploited to obtain energy in ocean-
thermal-energy conversion plants. These plants can operate if the temperature difference between the water at
the surface and water at depths up to 2 km is 20 K (20°C) or more. The warm surface-water is used to boil a
volatile liquid like ammonia. The vapours of the liquid are then used to run the turbine of generator. The cold
water from the depth of the ocean is pumped up and condense vapour again to liquid. The energy potential
from the sea (tidal energy, wave energy and ocean thermal energy) is quite large, but efficient commercial
exploitation is difficult.

33. Describe an experiment to prove that carbon dioxide is essential for the process of photosynthesis.

Answer.

Experiment showing that carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis is explained below:

Materials required: A potted plant, wide mouthed bottle, a cork, potassium hydroxide solution.

Procedure:

(i) Take a potted plant with elongated leaves which have been destarched by keeping the plant in dark for
three to four days.

(ii) Take an empty bottle and put a little amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in it.

(iii) Now cut the cork of the bottle into two parts and place it on one of the leaves of the potted plant in
between the two parts of the cork.

(iv) Now put the bottle in the presence of sunlight for about 72 – 96 hours.

(v) Now test the leaf for the presence of starch.

You will observe that the part of the leave exposed to the sun light and atmospheric air became bluish- black
and the one inside the bottle containing potassium hydroxide which absorbs carbon dioxide in the bottle
remained colourless.

34. (a) The modern periodic table has been evolved through the early attempts of Dobereiner, Newland and
Mendeleev. List one advantage and one limitation of all the three attempts.

(b) Name the scientist who first of all showed that atomic number of an element is a more fundamental
property than its atomic mass.

(c) State Modern periodic law.

Answer.

(a) Dobereiner Periodic Table

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Advantage: To predict the atomic mass of middle element in each triad

Limitation: Dobereiner could identify only three triads

Newland Periodic table

Advantage: Every eighth element had properties similar to that of first element.

Limitation: It was only applicable up to Calcium. It included only 56 elements and no future elements were
given place in the table.

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Advantage: Elements with similar properties could be grouped.

He also predicted the existence of new elements that had not been discovered at that time. Limitation: No fixed
position was assigned to hydrogen.

Position of isotopes was not satisfactory.

Atomic masses increased in an irregular manner.

(b) Henry Moseley was the scientist who first of all showed that atomic number of an element is a more
fundamental property than its atomic mass.

(c) Properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic number.

35. (a) Mention any two components of blood.

(b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.

(c) Write the function of valves present in between atria and ventricles.

(d) Write one structural difference between the composition of artery and veins.

Answer.

(a) Components of blood are: Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (write any two)

(b) Lungs → left side of the heart → aorta →body organs

(c) Valves present in between atria and ventricles prevent back flow of blood.

(d) Artery has thick elastic wall and vein is thin walled.

Valves are present in the veins and not in arteries

36. (a) Define excretion.

(b) Name the basic filtration unit present in the kidney.

(c) Draw excretory system in human beings and label the following organs of excretory system which perform
following functions :

i. form urine.

ii. is a long tube which collects urine from kidney.

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Answer.

(a) Process involved in removal of nitrogenous or harmful metabolic waste from the body is termed as
excretion.

(b) Nephron is the basic filtration unit present in the kidney.

(c) Diagram of Human Excretory System with labelling of the parts; i. kidney ii. ureter iii. urinary bladder, is
shown below:

37. (a) Write the function of following parts in human female reproductive system:

i. Ovary

ii. Oviduct

iii. Uterus

(b) Describe in brief the structure and function of placenta.

Answer.

(a) i. Ovary: It produces egg (ovum). It also produces the hormones; oestrogen and progesterone.

ii. Oviduct: It is the site of fertilization. It carries egg (ovum) or fertilized ovum (zygote) to the uterus.

iii. Uterus: It is the site of development of embryo. It protects and nourishes the embryo.

(b) Placenta- It is a disc embedded in uterine wall which contains villi on the embryo side of the tissue and
blood space on mother side.

Function of placenta: It provides nourishment to embryo from mother’s blood and also facilitates removal of
waste from embryo to mother’s blood.

38] (a) State Fleming’s left hand rule.

(b) Write the principle of working of an electric motor.

(c) Explain the function of the following parts of an electric motor.

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ii. Brushes

iii. Split ring

Answer.

(a) Fleming’s left-hand rule: Stretch the forefinger, middle finger and thumb of left hand in such a way that
they are mutually perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger point in the direction of magnetic field, middle
finger point in the direction of current then the thumb show the direction of force or motion on the current
carrying conductor.

(b) Principle of working of electric motor: A coil carrying electric current placed in an external magnetic field
experiences a force.

(c) i. Function of Armature: It enhances the power of the motor and induces motion.

ii. Function of brushes: They help in easy transfer of charge between the coil and the external circuit.

iii. Function of split rings: They reverse the direction of current after each half rotation of the coil so that the
coil can keep rotating continuously.

SOURCE:

TEXT BOOK, INTERNET

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