IAD Strategies for Environmental Planning

INTEGRATED AREA DEVELOPMENT and other
STRATEGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

Ricardo M. Sandalo, EnP
Associate Professor
DCERP, College of Human Ecology
University of the Philippines Los Baños
SCEnP April 2017
Multi Purpose Hall
Short Course on Environmental Planning 1
DCERP & HUMEIN Phils. Inc.
Objectives
• To understand “integrated area development” as an

environmental planning strategy
• To describe the IAD (aka integrated rural development)
experience in the country
• To appreciate the context of EnP and updates on the
environmental planning practice in the Philippines

Other names of
Environmental Planning
• Town and Country Planning
• Urban and Regional Planning
• Human Settlements Planning
• City Planning
>>> nevertheless, it is multi-disciplinary (integrative, holistic)

and it is both an art and a science…for the development of
sustainable communities and ecosystems (RA 10587)

Art and Science (according to Google)
Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual,
auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the
author's imaginative or technical skill, intended to be
appreciated for their beauty or emotional power.
Science (noun) - the intellectual and practical activity
encompassing the systematic study of the structure and
behavior of the physical and natural world through observation
and experiment

Why Regional Development Planning
• The Philippines has adopted regional planning as a

means to correct or reduce some of the most obvious
disparities in socio-economic development with and
between regions
• and reconcile conflicts among advocates of and

oppositors to greater participation in development and
regional autonomy.

An IAD area – one of the many types of
area that may be encompassed by
regional development planning
A provincial or sub-provincial area, interprovincial areas or

an ecological unit such as an island chosen for the
application of an integrated area development (IAD)
approach.

Just like REGIONAL PLANNING,
the Purposes of IAD Planning
• Preparation and execution of a program for developing a

river basin or an island ecological unit;
• Management of social, economic and physical affairs of an

entire administrative region or a metropolitan area.
• Employed in order to qualify for some form of funding

assistance.

1970s
Regional approach to the development has been given

official recognition as an important element in the national
developmental effort. (Philippine context)

Before the 1970s
• The goals, concepts and approaches of regional planning

have not occupied center stage in development planning and
implementation.
• Concept of “region” has not been clearly defined nor
consistently delineated.
• Despite the absence of formal definition of a region in the lack
of emphasis on the spatial dimension of planning, some form
of “regional planning” has been going on as evidence by the
following...
Creation of the
National Planning Commission
• Established in 1950 as the only physical planning agency

of the government.
• Function: preparation of the “general” plans for regional

areas for the purpose of coordinating the various plans of
urban areas within the region.

Proliferation of Multi-purpose Regional
Development Authorities
• Mindanao Development Authority (Prominent among the

authorities)
• Broad planning, initiating and coordination agency.
• Its accomplishments were limited and it has failed to
produce a comprehensive plan for the region.
• Central Luzon – Cagayan Valley Authority (CLCVA)
• Provide electric power and irrigation, promoting
navigation and engaging in flood control.
Creation of a Resource-Based
Authority - the LLDA
• Manage and plan probably the most strategic natural

resource of the country – the Laguna de Bay.
• Its mandate includes the approval of plans in addition to

its authority to reclaim or acquire bodies of land from the
lake in pursuance of its objectives.
>>>> largely influenced by the Tennessee Valley Authority

Unfortunately…
MDA, LLDA, CLCVA did not receive sufficient financial and

political support and its accomplishments fall way short of
its mandate.

The Integrated Reorganization Plan
(PD No. 1, signed in 1972), delineated the
regions of the country
• Regionalization in the country has moved in two directions:
• (A) Regionalization of the administration of national sectoral
services to bring the government closer to the people
(regional offices of national agencies)
• (B) Regionalization of the planning process (by RDCs) to
provide a more rational framework for regional planning
(complemented by the IAD/IRD projects)

Integrated Area Development in the
Philippines (1970s until 1986)
• Projects (foreign assisted) were to be the major

instruments to trigger the growth especially of lagging
regions in the country.
• Boundaries were drawn to effectively link rural production

areas with market towns and urban centers thereby
enhancing access to product and factor markets.

A major objective was to revitalize socio-economically

depressed provinces and areas through an integrated
approach in the provision of infra support facilities and
services such as roads, irrigation, domestic water supply,
health and nutrition facilities

• Later included provinces and areas which are

considered as critical environmental and ecological
areas, i.e. Palawan and Aurora
• Also, included livelihood and enterprise project which

relate directly to infrastructure development

• Initially, under the auspices of the Cabinet Coordinating

Committee on Integrated Rural Development Projects
(CCC-IRDP), chaired by DA Secretary Arturo Tanco
• Later, the National Council on Integrated Area

Development (NACIAD) was created (PD 1378),
attached to the Office of the Prime Minister (Cesar E.A.
Virata)

• Bicol River Basin Development Programme (BRBDP)

in1975 – the first IRD/IAD project, funded by USAID
• Mindoro Integrated Rural Development Project, in 1975
• Cagayan IAD Project, in 1977
• Samar IRDP, in 1979
• Palawan IAD Project, 1982
• Bohol IAD Project, 1983

The IAD of NACIAD, as distinguished from
past rural development programs
• Implemented with a defined geographic unit, within a sub-

regional framework, i.e. ecological units aside from political
boundaries
• Multi-sectoral in operation. Systems approach in response to
problems of rural poverty which is complex and multi-
dimensional. Synergy.
• Spatial integration. Linking rural production areas with market
towns and urban centers
The IAD of NACIAD, as distinguished from
past rural development programs
• Designed to generate active and meaningful participation at

the grassroots
• Commitment at the highest political level
• Organizational integration with a defined coordination

authority

Major problems encountered by NACIAD in
implementing its IAD strategy (in a paper in 1988)
• Difficulty in adopting the comprehensive approach due to

heavy sectoral orientation of the implementing agencies
• Difficulty of vertical and horizontal integration due to diverse

planning approaches and sectoral orientation of programs
and projects pursued by executing agencies
• Minimal, or lack of, grassroots participation in the areas of

policy formulation, planning, implementation and evaluation of
rural development programs 22
• Funding agencies: WB-IBRD, JICA, IFAD, USAID,

EEC/EU, ADB
• Palawan Integrated Area Development Project

• $47 M loan from ADB, 7 ECU grant from EEC, and $7 M
counterpart from GOP, for 7 years (1981-1987)
• 1st phase – from Roxas going down south in Bataraza

• Agricultural Intensification and Diversification (AID) and
Livestock Development (LD) by DA
• Agricultural Credit by Central Bank
• Irrigation Development by NIA
• Ports, Roads, and Rural Drinking Water Supply by DPWH
• Land Classification (LC), Land Survey and Titling (LST), and
Upland Stabilization Program (USP) by DENR
• Malaria Control Program by DOH
• Integrated Environmental Program (IEP) and Project

Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation (PBME) by PIADPO
of NACIAD
• Institutional Arrangements: Regional Coordinating

Committee (RCC) and Project Executive Committee
(PEC); multi-agency implementation, disbursement by
agency, reimbursed by ADB as endorsed by PIADPO

Philippines after EDSA Revolution
• NACIAD was abolished and the overall direction,

coordination and supervision of IAD and similar projects
were assumed by NEDA and the RDCs where the
projects were located (EO 230)
• PIADPO was attached to the Office of the Governor of

Palawan (PIADP was only in one province)

• The reorganization led to the loss of some momentum in

the gains already had in the IAD approach
• The RDCs were into strategic policy-making rather than

on organizing and synchronizing resources for project
implementation

• The IAD seemed to have lost a lot of its appeal to the

donor or external assisting agencies on which its
initial successes mostly depended
• Most provinces lack the complement of technical

expertise or experience in undertaking an integrated
socio-economic development

• The Second PIADP (SPIADP) was implemented from

1988-1992, funded by ADB
• Through the IEP (funded by EEC), the Strategic

Environmental Plan for Palawan towards Sustainable
Development was formulated (1987) and adopted into
law (RA 7611) in 1992

• RA 7611 created the Palawan Council for Sustainable

Development (PCSD), under the Office of the Phil
President and converted PIADPO as the PCSD Staff
• From 1995-2002, the Palawan Tropical Forestry Protection

Programme (PTFPP) was implemented by PCSDS,
funded (grant) by the European Union (7 M euro)

Still relevant today?
The problems that the IAD approach intended to

respond to when it was applied are still with us today: rural
poverty, growth disparity within and between regions, lack of
inter-sectoral and spatial integration, environmental integrity,
etc.

• As an approach, it is still logical and appropriate,

• In fact, today the need to adopt integrated (horizontal, i.e.
area-specific) implementation in the provision of infra
support facilities and services such as roads, irrigation,
domestic water supply, health and nutrition facilities, are
reflected in the Local Government Code of 1991, and in
other development planning frameworks (TIEZA,
economic zones, NIPAS),

• As well as in pursuing ecosystem-based

management (EbM) that emphasizes the
interrelationship between ecosystems, i.e. the
upland, lowland and coastal ecosystems (ridge-to-
reef, watershed, catchment, small island, landscape,
seascape)
• Today, DENR is proposing to implement the
sustainable integrated area development (SIAD)
approach

A multi-disciplinary art and science of … harmonizing, managing and regulating
the use and development of land and water resources… for the development of
sustainable communities and ecosystems
Environment
Planning
Development
Sustainable Development
“Development that meets the needs of

the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet
their needs” (WCED, 1987)

Sustainable Development
Meeting the needs of the present
>>>>>>Development
Pillars: economic development, social equity
(justice), environmental integrity, cultural
diversity
Intergenerational equity

Silent Stockholm
Conference
Spring
Environmental Sus Habitat

Planning Dev 1
SDG MDG

IAD BNPP
Rural Ormoc
Dev Tragedy
Basic
PD 1308 Sus
Needs
RA 10587 Dev
MHS
Yolanda
PA 21
Ondoy

8 MDGs (2000-2015)
eradicating extreme poverty and hunger,
achieving universal primary education,
promoting gender equality and empowering
women
reducing child mortality rates,
improving maternal health,
combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases,
ensuring environmental sustainability, and
developing a global partnership for development

40
17 SDGs (2016-2030)
• End poverty in all its forms everywhere

• End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
• Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for
all at all ages
• Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

17 SDGs (2016-2030)
• Achieve gender equality and empower all women and

girls
• Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all
• Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all
• Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
growth, full and productive employment and decent work
for all

17 SDGs (2016-2030)
• Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and

sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
• Reduce inequality within and among countries
• Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable
• Ensure sustainable consumption and production
patterns

17 SDGs (2016-2030)
• Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
• Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
• Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse
land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
• Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and
inclusive institutions at all levels
• Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development

A multi-disciplinary art and science of … harmonizing, managing and regulating
the use and development of land and water resources… for the development of
sustainable communities and ecosystems
Environment
Planning
Development
REFERENCES
• Gerardo Calabia, “Regional Planning: Issues and Problems of Managing
Socio-Economic and Physical Affairs”, Philippine Planning Journal Vol XXI
No. 2; Vol XXII No. 1, April-October 1990
• Carmelita Rosario Eva U. Liwag, “Rural Development Planning
and Administration: The Role of NACIAD as a Development
Agency”, Philippine Planning Journal, Vol XIX Nos 1&2 October
1987-April 1988
• Personal notes of Ricardo M. Sandalo

THANK YOU!


IAD Strategies for Environmental Planning

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INTEGRATED AREA DEVELOPMENT and other

STRATEGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

• To understand “integrated area development” as an

Short Course on Environmental Planning 2

>>> nevertheless, it is multi-disciplinary (integrative, holistic)

Short Course on Environmental Planning 3

Short Course on Environmental Planning 4

• The Philippines has adopted regional planning as a

• and reconcile conflicts among advocates of and

Short Course on Environmental Planning 5

A provincial or sub-provincial area, interprovincial areas or

Short Course on Environmental Planning 6

• Preparation and execution of a program for developing a

• Management of social, economic and physical affairs of an

• Employed in order to qualify for some form of funding

Short Course on Environmental Planning 7

Regional approach to the development has been given

Short Course on Environmental Planning 8

• The goals, concepts and approaches of regional planning

• Established in 1950 as the only physical planning agency

• Function: preparation of the “general” plans for regional

Short Course on Environmental Planning 10

• Mindanao Development Authority (Prominent among the

• Manage and plan probably the most strategic natural

• Its mandate includes the approval of plans in addition to

>>>> largely influenced by the Tennessee Valley Authority

MDA, LLDA, CLCVA did not receive sufficient financial and

Short Course on Environmental Planning 13

Short Course on Environmental Planning 14

• Projects (foreign assisted) were to be the major

• Boundaries were drawn to effectively link rural production

Short Course on Environmental Planning 15

A major objective was to revitalize socio-economically

Short Course on Environmental Planning 16

• Later included provinces and areas which are

• Also, included livelihood and enterprise project which

Short Course on Environmental Planning 17

• Initially, under the auspices of the Cabinet Coordinating

• Later, the National Council on Integrated Area

Short Course on Environmental Planning 18

• Bicol River Basin Development Programme (BRBDP)

Short Course on Environmental Planning 19

• Implemented with a defined geographic unit, within a sub-

• Designed to generate active and meaningful participation at

• Commitment at the highest political level

• Organizational integration with a defined coordination

Short Course on Environmental Planning 21

• Difficulty in adopting the comprehensive approach due to

• Difficulty of vertical and horizontal integration due to diverse

• Minimal, or lack of, grassroots participation in the areas of

• Funding agencies: WB-IBRD, JICA, IFAD, USAID,

• Palawan Integrated Area Development Project

Short Course on Environmental Planning 23

• Integrated Environmental Program (IEP) and Project

• Institutional Arrangements: Regional Coordinating

Short Course on Environmental Planning 25

• NACIAD was abolished and the overall direction,

• PIADPO was attached to the Office of the Governor of

Short Course on Environmental Planning 26

• The reorganization led to the loss of some momentum in

• The RDCs were into strategic policy-making rather than

Short Course on Environmental Planning 27

• The IAD seemed to have lost a lot of its appeal to the