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Plant Nutrition has now taken on the coveted role of being a stand-alone subject in universities
worldwide. Dr. Konrad Mengel is the acclaimed 'Father of Plant Nutrition'. However in India, 50
years ago, the pioneer of Plant Nutrition was Shri. S. N. Ranade and we do consider him the
'Father of Micronutrient Industry in India'.
Mr. S. N. Ranade was a microbiologist and was involved in the field of micronutrient research
since 1967. He started the Institute for Micronutrient Research in Pune, India and worked on
crop and soil specific requirements of essential nutrients. His stress was on micronutrients and
their role in higher qualitative and quantitative yields.
We conduct applied research on Balanced Plant Nutrition. In keeping with our founder
Shri. S. N. Ranade's ideologies of training the farmer to become more independent, we have
decided to publish a manual with some key concepts of Plant Nutrition.
We hope that this information will prove beneficial in your understanding of the concept
of Balanced Plant Nutrition in general and the role and need for Micronutrients in Plant
Nutrition.
If we can be of any technical assistance in the future, please feel free to contact us and we
will do our best to answer your queries.
1
Introduction and Basic Concepts
Every farmer's main aim is to produce the maximum from his land. In earlier times when
agriculture was 'merely a profession', farmers cultivated local varieties that produced well
enough to meet their nutritional needs. In addition, the soils were considerably rich in nutrients
and the farmer could afford to leave his land fallow for a year or two. These practices helped in
maintaining the physical and chemical properties as well as the nutrient supplying capacities of
the soil. However, the conditions of today are very different. It all started with the ''Green
Revolution'' which emphasized on maximum crop production. Therefore, the farmer started
intensive cultivation of early-maturing, high yielding varieties without paying much attention to
the soil-nutrient status and soil health. Continuous cultivation with inefficient management of
nutrient inputs has resulted in a threefold effect.
Decrease in Yields - Qualitative and Quantitative : This point does not need much
explanation as the farmers have felt the pinch themselves.
Effect on the Consumer-Malnutrition : You are what you eat. All animals and humans are
dependent directly or indirectly on plants for their food. By linear logic, we can state that if the
quality of the food we eat is sub-optimal we are going to be malnutritioned. Agriculture
should now start paying attention to producing enough food of high nutritional quality and
diversity.
It is truly the era of the progressive farmer-one who is pro-active and who wants to play a
new game with a new set of rules. As the world population continues to increase, we must
use all means possible to maximize the efficiency of food and fiber production. What tools
can we bring to the table to increase our ability to grow food more efficiently?
2
Basic Requirements for Crop Growth
Plant Physiology is a build up physiology Now every plant is controlled by its genetic
while human and animal physiology is a code. This code determines the maximum
break down physiology. What this means is inherent potential of a crop to produce.
that plants utilize raw materials to produce However, this potential will be maximized
end products which we use for food and only under conditions of optimal external and
energy. The process of photosynthesis is a internal conditions. What this means is that
key in this build up physiology. Though an even if all optimal external conditions are
extremely complicated process, below is a provided to the plant, optimal photosynthesis
simplified version of this process. Plants use will take place only if the genetic potential of
simple raw material like carbon dioxide, the crop is optimized. How to optimize both
water and in the presence of sunlight they internal and external conditions to the best of
convert these into various sugars and our abilities is what we will discuss.
starches. These would constitute as the
external conditions which could affect crop
growth rate and yield.
6CO2+12H2O C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O
WHAT CONTROLS FINAL YIELD
External Conditions
Internal Conditions
Genetic Potential
OPTIMAL GROWTH
SIMPLIFIED
PROCESS OF YIELD
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
3
All Elements are Essential for Plant Growth
B
MICRONUTRIENTS Mo Cu Ni MICRONUTRIENTS
Fe Mn Zn
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
NUTRIENTS Se Ca Mg S Si NUTRIENTS
MAJOR
NUTRIENTS N P K MAJOR
NUTRIENTS
C H O CI
NATURAL NUTRIENTS
4
1st Principle of Agriculture - Essentiality of Nutrients
All these nutrients satisfy the three rules of essentiality of Arnon and Stout :
Plant can not carry out life cycle without the nutrient.
5
2nd Principle of Agriculture - Mitscherlich’s Curve
6
3rd Principle of Agriculture - Liebig’s Law of Minimum
Justus Von Liebig, father of the fertilizer industry formulated the Law of Minimum. The Law
states that the nutrient that is available to the plant in the least / Iimiting amount is what will lead
to a decrease in yield even if other nutrients are available in optimal quantities. This concept can
be explained by a bucket with staves of varying lengths. Each stave represents a component
that is essential for the plant's life cycle. The capacity of this barrel is limited by the length of the
shortest stave (in this case, Boron) and can be increased only by increasing that stave.
It is extremely important to understand this concept. It comes in handy when a farmer has to
decide which nutrients to spend money on. The Law of the Minimum takes on added importance
when fertilizer prices especially the BIG 3 (NPK) are high. This may tempt some of the farmers
to reduce or even eliminate applications of micronutrient or secondary nutrient fertilizers. But
Liebig's law explains clearly that if a soil is deficient in, say boron, yields will be depressed
regardless of how much NPK is applied. So, such a course of action does not make sense at any
time, but can be especially ill-considered during periods of elevated price of NPK products.
HYBRID BRANDS
HYBRID BRANDS
HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN
SUITABLE SUITABLE
OXYGEN
OXYGEN
CONDITIONS CONDITIONS
CHLORINE
CHLORINE
CARBON
CARBON
WATER
WATER
Boron is
limiting
NITRATE
MAGNESIUM
PHOSPHORUS
MAGNESIUM
NITRATE
MOLYBDENUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
MOLYBDENUM
POTASSIUM
factor here
MANGANESE
CALCIUM
MANGANESE
COPPER
SULPHUR
COPPER
SULPHUR
CALCIUM
ZINC
IRON
BORON
ZINC
IRON
BORON
7
Soil as a Growth Medium
Soil Concepts
Minerals 45 %
Soil is defined as a thin layer of the earth's
crust, which serves as a medium for the
growth of plants. It is a natural body of
animal, mineral, and organic constituents
differentiated into horizons of variable depth, Organic
which differ from the material below in Matter
5%
morphology, physical makeup, chemical
SOLIDS
properties, compositions, and biological
characteristics.
Good soil nutrition is the solution to many of
the problems afflicting agriculture. Insect
pests, diseases and weeds are all directly
Water Air
related to poor soil health. There is an 'ideal' 25% 25%
state of balance between the physical,
chemical and biological components of the
soil, at which production is maximized and 2. 'Soil Water' or Soil Solution is the liquid
pest and weed pressure is greatly reduced. phase of the soil containing dissolved salts
This 'ideal' state is what every farmer should and chemicals (ions) that are free floating
try to attain. and not attached to any solid particles
(mineral surfaces).
Soil is the most UNDERVALUED and
OVERLOOKED component in a plant 3. 'Soil Minerals' are composed of varying
growth system. amounts of sand, silt and clay. These
particles are not derived from materials that
Composition of Soil are inorganic in nature. Their characteristics
Soil is the interface between air, water, greatly influence soil characteristics,
minerals and living organisms. These are the behavior and management practices.
four major components of soil and it is
important to understand the contributions of 4. 'Soil Organic' Matter (SOM) in the soil
includes plant and animal residues at
these components to soil productivity and
various stages of decomposition. Cells,
fertility. These components determine the
tissues and substances synthesized by
kind and type of soils.
plant roots and soil microorganisms
1. 'Soil Air' refers to the soil atmosphere; constitute SOM. Most cultivated top soils
the gaseous phase of the soil that is contain about 2-4% organic matter by
neither solid nor liquid. weight.
8
Function of Soil and Soil Constituents
Functions of Soil
Soil provides crops with :
Water and Nutrients
Physical support
A chemical and physical environment for roots to carry out their functions.
A habitat for microbes (which play an important role in Carbon and plant nutrient cycling)
SoiI Constituents
There are three main constituents of soil: sand, silt and clay.
Sand
Particle Size (mm) Other Properties
9
Soil Formation and Soil Profile
Climate
Determines nature of weathering.
10o C increase in temperature doubles
the rate of chemical reaction.
10
Physical Properties of Soil
AY
PE
CL
RC
T
2. Soil Texture : Is the proportion of sand, silt
EN
EN
RC
T
and clay in the soil. The soil triangle helps
SI
PE
LT
define the texture of the soil depending on
the percentage of sand, silt and clay in the
given soil. The Soil Triangle assists in
determining the type of soil based on the
percentage of the three constituents.
PERCENT SAND
3. Soil Structure : Is the arrangement of soil
particles in the soil pedon. There are four
types of soil structures. whereas in clay soils pore space per unit
volume will be high.
4. Tilth : Is the physical condition of soil as
explained by its ease of tillage, capacity to 7. Bulk Density (BD) : Is the mass of a unit
support a healthy seed bed and support volume of dry soil, including solid and
root penetration. pore space. The factors that affect bulk
density are :
5. Infiltration : Is the downward movement of
Soil Structure - loosely packed grains have
water into the soil. Texture/structure of the more pore space and hence higher BD.
soil determines the infiltration rate and
drainage capacity and the amount of water Soil texture - Clay soils have a lower BD
present in the soil. Infiltration rate in turn than sandy soils.
determines the aeration and temperature
of the soil. Depth of soil layer - Deeper layers usually
have higher BD.
6. Porosity : Is the volume of soil occupied by
BD increases due to compaction effects.
pore space. The pore space of a soil is a
portion of soil volume occupied by air and Amount of OM - higher the OM, higher the
water. The amount of this pore space is pore space, thus lower the BD.
determined by the arrangement of the soil
particles. In sandy soils, porosity is low, A typical medium textured soil will have a
BD = 1.25 mg/m.
11
Chemical Properties of Soil
Saline Soil
What Changes pH ?
Sodic Soil
12
Implications for Acidic and Alkaline Soil pH
Soil pH Chart
Optimal pH for plant and microorganism growth is 6.5-7 as seen on the chart.
Our IMT colour-coded chart depicts the essential nutrients and their availability in the soil at
varying pH.
After studying the attached chart, the farmer must try to correlate his soil pH with the chart and
anticipate the nutrients which are likely to fall short. A soil test will confirm the nutrients that may
be limited due to soil pH being out of the optimal range.
13
How Soil pH Affects Availability of Plant Nutrients
NITROGEN
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
SULPHUR
CALCIUM
MAGNESIUM
IRON
MANGANESE
BORON
MOLYBDENUM
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
pH 4 TO 6 - pH 8.3 AND ABOVE -
USE LIME / DOLOMITE USE GYPSUM / MAGNESIUM SULPHATE
The availability of nutrients to plants is graphically represented by the thickness of the bar. As the
thickness of the bar increases, the availability of the nutrient also increases and vice-versa. The
ideal or optimal availability is represented by green bars. The orange bars represent marginal
availability. Red bars represent very little or no availability. Black bars represent the condition
under which the nutrient in question may be present but it will not be available to the plant due to
the absence of complimentary elements and other complex soil interactions.
Courtsey E. TRUOG, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN (U.S.A.)
COMPUTED & DESIGNED BY
SHRI S. N. RANADE
14
Saline and Sodic Soils
A SALINE soil contains excessive soluble salts (chlorides and sulfates) of Ca, Mg, Na and K.
These soils usually have moderate aeration and drainage.
These soils do not constrain plant growth BUT impair optimal yields in crops.
Soluble salts are brought to the soil by evaporation of water, forming a white crust on the
surface and are hence termed as 'white alkali' soils.
A SODIC soil on the other hand is a soil that has a high accumulation of sodium salts in
particular.
These soils have poor drainage and extremely poor aeration.
+ - -
Plant growth in these soils is constrained by toxic levels of Na , OH , and HCO3 ions.
Often the surface of such soils has a black coloration to it due to the dispersed humus/
colloidal matter that is brought to the surface by capillary action of water. Hence, these soils
are termed as 'black alkali' soils.
The following parameters are used to quantify the sodic / saline nature of soils -
E. C. : The amount of soluble salts in soil is measured by Electrical Conductivity (E. C.). It is
expressed in deci siemens per meter (dS/m).
ESP : The percentage of exchangeable complex saturated with Sodium is measured as the
ESP (Exchangeable Sodium Percentage). ESP greater than 15 is associated
with soil pH greater than 8.5 ESP = Exchangeable sodium (cmolc/kg)* 100/CEC
(cmolc/kg)
SAR : Sodium Adsorption Ratio is the ratio of Sodium ions to Calcium and Magnesium ions in
the soil solution.
+
SAR = Na
(meq / Iit) 2+ 2+
[(Ca ) + (Mg )]
2
Saline Saline-Sodic Sodic
- 2-
Cause of Problem Cl , SO4 salts of Soluble salts of Na, K, Ca, Mg High concentration
Na, K, Ca, Mg and concentrations of Na2CO3 of Na2CO3
EC 4 dS/m > 4 dS/m < 4 dS/m
ESP < 15 > 15 > 15
15
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
Cation Exchange Capacity is defined as the ability of the soil to hold onto nutrients (positively
charged ions like- Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NH4+) and prevent them from leaching beyond the roots. The
more cation exchange capacity a soil has, the more likely the soil will have a higher fertility level.
When combined with other measures of soil fertility, CEC is a good indicator of soil quality and
productivity.
It is the amount of cations that can be held by 100g of soil units : 1 milliequivalent of charge per
100g of soil. CEC ranges from < 1 meq/100g in sandy soils low in OM to > 25 meq/100g in soils
high in certain types of clay or OM. Soil OM will develop a greater CEC at near-neutral pH than
under acidic conditions. Addition of organic matter will increase a soil's CEC. Soil CEC may also
decrease with time through acidification and OM decomposition.
The amount of organic matter in soil as well as the percentage of clay. Higher the OM and
clay, higher the CEC of soils, thus higher the nutrients provided in available form to plants,
thus higher fertility and productivity of soils.
The type of clay in the soil also determines the CEC of the soil.
pH of soils
In a 'balanced' soil, Calcium accounts for about 65-70% of the CEC, Magnesium 10-15% of the
CEC, Potassium about 4.5% of CEC, Sodium 2% of CEC, trace Elements 3% and Hydrogen
about 10% of CEC. Ca/Mg ratio should always add up to 80% of soil CEC.
The CEC also depends on the strength of adsorption of the cations. According to the adsorption
ladder, Al3+ is more tightly bound to the clay particle in soil than is K+ and hence K+ is more
readily available to plants than Al3+
- - AI3+
Ca2+
- AI3+ - - Ca2+
-
Mg2+
Clay Particle
+ K+
Soil Solution Clay Particle
+ Na +
+
- - Mg2+ -K
H+ -
+
Soil Solution
- Na+ - -H
-
16
Biological Properties of Soil
Biomass of Soil
It is the measure of living material in the soil including microorganisms, insects, plants and small
animals. It is important in determining the potential organic matter content in soils as well as the
soil health and tilth.
There are two key reasons for understanding the importance of this ratio.
1. The competition between microorganisms and plants increases when high C:N ratios are
added to the soil. This leads to N deficiency in plants as explained in the graphic.
2. The ratio helps to determine the rate of decay of residues added to the soil and hence how
and when these nutrients will be available to plants.
C:N ratios of < 20-25 : 1 are generally preferred for organic matter additions.
17
Soil Productivity and Fertility
Though used interchangeably there is a clear distinction between soil productivity and soil fertility.
Soil Productivity
It is the capacity of the soil to support optimal crop growth when the soil is cultivated in an
appropriate fashion- i.e. supplying the soils with organic as well as mineral nutrients.
It is quantified in terms of YIELD / UNIT. It can be improved by:
Following Balanced Plant Nutrition Concepts
Reclaiming Problematic Soils
Adopting Crop Rotation Programs
Adopting Proper Irrigation Practices
Soil Fertility
It is the "inherent capacity" of the soil to support crop growth, i.e. through already present nutrient
reserves. It can be improved by:
Application of Organic Manures on a regular basis
Green Manuring
Use of Proper Irrigation Practices
Following optimal Cultural Practices
Lower inputs, such as cutting back on fertilizer rates, can lead to lower yields and profits
(Mitscherlich's Curve).
Optimum and balanced fertility helps ensure Maximum Economic Yield and lessens the effects
of adverse weather, diseases and pests.
Other factors like good seed, chemicals, machinery or cultural practices will not profit a farmer if
he allows the fertility of his soil to run down.
18
Soil Productivity Index
SPI > 90 %
NO buildup of soil quality required BUT Maintenance of current
productivity necessary
HIGH VALUE CROPS LIKE HORTlCULTURAL CROPS AS WELL
SPI = 80-90 %
MINOR buildup of soil quality required
HIGH VALUE CROPS LIKE HORTICULTURAL CROPS
CAN BE GROWN.
SPI = 70-80 %
MODEST buildup of soil quality required
HIGHER VALUE CROPS - VEGETABLES CAN BE GROWN.
SPI = 60-70 %
MODERATE buildup of soil
quality required
ONLY LOW VALUE CROPS LIKE
CEREALS, PULSES, COTTON
AND OIL SEEDS CAN BE
GROWN SUSTAINABLY.
SPI < 60 %
SUBSTANTIAL
build up of soil ONLY
quality LOW VALUE CROPS LIKE
required CEREALS CAN BE
GROWN SUSTAINABLY.
19
Soil Productivity Index
* Very high soil nutrient status coupled with low cost of inputs enables the farmer to get higher
production.
** If the soil health remains poor and if the soil nutrient status remains very low, in spite of
application of higher fertilizer doses, crop yields will not improve.
Even though the farmer wishes to have yields at the level of 85-90% of the genetic potential, in reality
he gets lower yields (50-55%). But by expecting the full 90% yield he applies heavy fertilizers.
Management and excessive use of nutrient inputs will neither boost yield nor reduce farm
expenditure.
Our system of FPRP (Fertilizer Programme Related to Production) is designed to make the farmer
understand that the soil has an important role to play in the release of nutrients. Crops grown on poor
soil will invariably produce lower yields. Lower yields in such a situation will not be boosted by simply
increasing the fertilizer inputs. If soil correction measures are instituted, the cost of input should be in
the range of 20-30% of the final yield income. It is prudent for a farmer to analyze his soil and make
the necessary changes I improvements to maximize his soil and crop potential.
The key lies in sustainable maintenance of soil health through rationalized fertilizer and
organic manure applications.
20
Availability of Nutrients to Crops from the Soil
Exchangeable Zone
Small zone as well, availability of
nutrients depends on AEC/CEC
Major cations are usually available,
micronutrients and P, S are less
available.
Weathering Zone
Large zone in which nutrients are
Rock Zone : not micronized. From a crop-
Largest zone of unavailable production stand point; this zone is
nutrients. The nutrients are in fixed not of any importance because
form and this zone is of no nutrients are in unavailable forms. It
importance for nutrient provision of takes many years for nutrients in
the current crops. this zone to reach the fixed /reverted
zone.
21
Soil Organic Matter (SOM)
What is SOM?
Organic matter is anything that is living or was once alive. SOM includes plant and animal
remains in various stages of decomposition. Cells and tissues of soil organisms as well as
substances produced by the soil microbes constitute SOM. Humus is the stable portion of SOM
that is well decomposed. It comprises 60-80% of SOM. It is characterized by dark brown,
porous, spongy material with a pleasant, earthy smell. Humic material is composed of aromatic
and ring compounds like phenols and polyquinones. Due to their complex structure, they are
most resistant to microbial attack. All SOM contains Carbon as a key component. SOM contains
the principal reserve of N (90-95%), P and S compounds in the soil. It is a source of
polysaccharides that aid in soil aggregation. SOM provides 30-70% of soil CEC.
Inorganic Ash
5%
Nitrogen
5%
Carbon
50%
Oxygen
35%
Hydrogen
5%
Composition of SOM
Fresh OM is made up of three classes :
N-free Organic compounds : such as polysaccharides which enhance soil aggregation.
N-containing compounds : such as proteins.
Inorganic / Mineral constituents which make up a small percent of total OM.
22
Functions of SOM
23
Humus Formation in Soils
24
Types of Organic Matter
Method Incorporate
- - Incorporate Needs to be - -
of in soil in soil powdered
appli-
cation
N 10 10 4-10 13 3 2
P 1 2.5 4 0 20 25
K 1 0.5 1 0 0 0
25
Soil Water
26
Water as an Essential Factor in Nutrient Uptake
The plant body is made up of 80% water. Water is an absolute requirement for two main
reasons.
Out of the total water requirement of a plant, only 10 -15% of it is used for its physiological needs
while the remainder and the bulk amount is mainly used for carrier functions. Carrier function of
water is the ability of water to dissolve nutrient elements and allow for their absorption by the
plant roots. In other words, water carries the nutrient molecules to the plant. Optimum levels of
water ensure that both the functions of water are performed to meet plant needs. Optimum
levels of water are necessary in optimal nutrient uptake by the plants. Excess of water or lack of
water reduces efficient nutrient uptake.
27
Journey of Nutrients from Soil into the Plant
BULK SOIL :
This is the outermost notional compartment. The factors affecting the journey of nutrients in this
compartment are related to soil properties, irrigation methods, tillage and other farm practices.
Many farmers do not recognize that the soil is the capital out of which the profits of crops are to
be reaped, and hence it is imperative to harness the bulk soil. High doses of fertilizers and
improper irrigation, which initially resulted high yields have now caused the soils to behave in
problematic ways. Sustainable maintenance of soil health through rationalized fertilizer and
organic manure application will help.
RHIZOSPHERE :
Rizosphere is the zone of soil immediately adjacent to plant roots. The kinds, numbers and
activities of microorganisms here differ from that of the bulk soil. Diffusion / Absorption of
nutrients by the root system and the interaction of these processes with other biological
processes determine the characteristic properties of this compartment. Roots absorb water and
+ -
nutrients, give energy for the microbiological activity, release H , HCO3 , CO2 and absorb
oxygen. These processes create and aid in the formation of radial and longitudinal gradients
that concentrate the nutrients from the bulk soil into the rhizosphere. Changes in the bulk soil will
affect the efficacy of the rhizosphere in effectively absorbing nutrients and water.
RHIZOPLANE :
Rhizoplane is the interface of the soil and the roots. It includes the plant root surfaces and the
adhering soil particles that remain stuck to the roots even after the roots are shaken. The roots
try to absorb the nutrients by solubilizing the nutrients through the release of organic acids and
standard reductases. Extra - cellular apoplasmic pools are also known to aid mobilization of
nutrients. Negative pressure in the root lumen, ion influx for cation absorption and ionic pairing
+
with H ion for anion absorption all aid in the absorprion of nutrients into the xylem compartment.
XYLEM TRANSPORT :
Xylem is the dead connecting component of the plant vasculature. It is responsible for the long
distance acropetal movement of water from the roots to the leaves through the transpiration
channel. This transport is heavily dependent on the transpiration stream, the time of the day, the
plant species and the concentration of nutrients in the rhizoplane. It is thus imperative to
maintain an optimum rhizoplane to obtain a high nutrient status in the xylem. Under water stress
condition, the transfer tubes between xylem and phloem are activated for direct absorpotion.
PHLOEM TRANSPORT :
The phloem is the living component of the vasculature in the plant. It is responsible for acropetal
(leaves to fruit) and basipetal (phloem to roots) movement of photosynthates and nutrients. The
phloem sap is always richer in nutrients as compared to the xylem sap, Cations are carried in a
complex form while anions are in the free form. Most photosynthates and nutrients (except Ca,
Mo and Ni) are phloem mobile. Mobility of nutrients and phloem transport are dependent on the
age of the plant, the soil nutrient status and the transpiration stream. Since, the ultimate delivery
system to a sink is the phloem, it is imperative to maintain a healthy phloem transport system for
optimal growth and yields by the plant.
28
29
Plant Nutrition Concepts
We have no control on the effect of environmental conditions and pest/insect interactions with
the crop and the genetic make - up of a species. The only factor that we can control is how we
take care of the crop system and what we do to maximize its inherent genetic potential. The way
to ensure this is to maximize crop immunity, which is attained from a well-balanced food suply.
Now is the time to talk about Balanced Plant Nutrition.
5. Maturity Stage -
Leaf fall starts, ripening of end products,
K SECONDARY
growth ceases
6. Resting Stage - MICRO
Post harvest period in horticultural crops,
N P K
temperate fruits
30
Essential Nutrients and their Properties
31
Secondary Nutrients and their Properties
Amount
Nutrient Deficiency Function in plant Main function in Mobility
in plant found in
Element symptoms Plant Tissue
Plant
Ca Chlorosis of bud- Important in the Major function is Immobile 1-4%
leaves followed by maintenance of cellular acting as
distortion of growing organization by regulators and
points. Terminal bud regulating permeability of carriers.
dies under severe cell membrane. Structural
deficiency. In Cereals component of
and Onions, leaves chromosomes. Acts as
show a hook like co-factor of numerous
appearance, leaves enzymes, especially
become spindly/ hydrolases.
thread like. In fruit
trees dieback of
growing tip is
observed.
Mg Pale yellow colour Constituent of Major function is Relatively 0.05-1%
starts developing in chlorophyll molecule acting as Mobile
between the veins (photosynthesis). regulators and
which later turns Component part of carriers.
chlorotic. Veins chromosomes,
remain green. In ribosomes (protein
Banana, symptoms synthesis). Helps in
starts appearing from Phosphate metabolism,
mid rib. plant respiration
activation of various
enzymes.
32
Micronutrients and their Properties
33
Activity Specific Properties of Micronutrients
34
Diagrammatic Chart of the Role of Nutrients in a Plant Cell
P N Mg Fe Mn
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Fe
PEROXIDASE
mRNA
K Mo Cu CATALASE
ENZYMES
Mg
Zn N
P NUCLEUS P
Fe RIBOSOMES P Ca
Cu
CHLOROPLAST
NUCLEOLUS
HISTONES Mg
Ca
Ca B
DNA
N DNA LINKER
Mg
B
Fe
Mn Zn
DNA CHLOROPL
AST P
CELL WALL
PLA
Cu SATO
K
CYA
NIN
PLASATOQUINONE
S ATP DNA
T CYTOPLASM Fe
A
U
R
Y Cu RBOXYLASE MEnTS
P Mg DECA
X
I
T Zn Mo DR ION
N
O
Fe Mn DEHY C HON
MITO
P DROG
H P ENAS
E
A
N
Mg Mn
IN
Mn
E
OX
ATP
OM
E
OXIDAS
ED
HR
RR
C
FE
PCo
TO
une
CY
y, P
OLE
NADH og
pyr
igh MITOCH U chnol
ONDRIO VAC
t In
stitu t Te
ien
te F
or M
icro
N icr onu
tr
nut or M
rien eF
t Te st itut
chn t In
olo
gy, y righ
Pun
e Cop
35
Silicon - Stress Relief for the Plant
The importance of Silicon in plant nutrition is interesting by itself, but our interest lies in the
recent studies regarding Silicon as an element that aids in fighting biotic and abiotic stress in a
plant system. It is the most abundantly found element after Oxygen. Grasses like Sugarcane
and Paddy have long been known as accumulators of Silicon.
Biotic Stress and Silicon :
A strong correlation has been established between Silicon accumulation in leaves and
resistance to fungal attacks. At this point, Silicon's mode of action is not completely understood.
Nevertheless, preliminary studies indicate that the function of Silicon could be twofold.
Silicon interacts with the pectins present in the cell wall of leaves, is preferentially deposited
at the site of infection and creates a physical barrier to the penetration of the microbe.
Silicon also stimulates the production of anti-fungal compounds like phenolics that halt the
infection process.
Although many rice-growing soils initially contain significant quantities of
Si, repeated rice cropping can reduce Silicon levels to the point that Si fertilization becomes
beneficial for growth and disease resistance. Common Si fertilizers include Calcium Silicate
Slag (CaAI2Si2O8), Calcium Silicate (CaSiO3) and Sodium Metasilicate (NaSiO3).
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Positive and Negative Nutrient Interactions
Just like humans require a balanced diet with appropriate amounts of carbohydrates, proteins,
vitamins, minerals, fats and water, plants too require conditions of balanced plant nutrition. Every
plant, has a pre-determined ratio of nutrients that is required by it depending on its life cycle,
environment and its genotypic characteristics. In order to exploit this pre-determined ratio, we have
to understand the inter-relations between the elements. There are basically two kinds of
interactions : SYNERGISM (positive effect between nutrients) and ANTAGONISM (negative effect
between nutrients).
These processes depend on soil type and physical properties, pH, ambient temperature, proportion
of participating nutrients, among other factors. Nutrient balancing between micronutrients is as
important but more difficult than balancing between macronutrients.
Synergism
Antagonism
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Concepts of Balanced Plant Nutrition
What is BPN?
The focus of BPN is the plant system. Balanced Plant Nutrition is a well-rounded, integrated
approach to meet the nutritional needs of the crop and of humankind. It encompasses the
concepts of nutrient management based on crop type, soil type and stage of plant growth. Use
of BPN ensures proper ratios of essential nutrients and hence enables the plant to complete its
life cycle in the precise period. The concept of BPN does not stop at administering NPK but
also incorporates secondary nutrients and micronutrients. This concept is not
revolutionary but a very poorly understood and practiced one.
Plants are very fastidious where uptake of nutrients is concerned and they preferentially
exclude or absorb nutrients based on the concentration of nutrients provided to them.
Therefore, any odd combination of nutrients is not going to do the trick of provide all 17 nutrients
in the appropriate ratios required by the plant. Hence, the stress on the word BALANCED!
Cultivation of high yielding cultivars of any one crop over long periods of time (monoculture) or
by adopting intensive cropping with improper fertilizer application, leads to depletion of soil
nutrient status (fertility). Promotion of these strategies is important in long term continuous
cropping system.
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Sustainable Agrosystem Through Balanced Plant Nutrition
Maintains Vitality and Vigor of Crop Maintains Economic Viability of the Farmer
If all seventeen nutrients are provided to the crop Excessive amounts of fertilizers and pesticides
in the correct amounts and at the correct time, the are never put in the soils and hence input cost is
plant will maintain its vitality and vigor and yields
are significantly increased. reduced.
A well-nourished crop has nutrients to activate By supplying all nutrients in a balanced form,
defense mechanisms and produce secondary quality and quantity of yields is increased.
metabolites to combat disease. Hence disease- By maximizing returns from inputs and avoiding
resistance/immunity is increased. unnecessary expenditures on wasted nutrients,
profit margins are improved.
Sustainable
Agriculture
through BPN
Maintains Productivity and Fertility of the Soils Prevents Malnutrition In Animals and Humans
BPN acknowledges the importance of organic Plant based foods, in theory, provide almost all the
matter in a crop nutrition program. A healthy soil is micronutrients essential for human growth and
the starting point for a healthy crop. development. However, due to intensive cultivation
Fields high in organic matter have less soil and mismanaged nutrient applications, most plant
erosion, retain water better and support good
foods do not contain the full complement of the
microbial population which are essential for the slow
release of bound nutrients in the soil profile. micronutrients in sufficiently concentrated amounts.
When excessive use of nutrients and pesticides is If crops themselves do not receive comprehensive
eliminated, soils stay cleaner and more productive. nutrition, how is it possible for the plant part that we
Providing the plant with the appropriate nutrients consume to have all the nutrients that we need?
at the correct time in its life cycle prevents excessive Following a BPN regimen will ensure that crops
leaching losses into the soil. and humans are properly nourished.
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Disease or Nutrient Deficiency
All organisms that have evolved and survived on this planet have inbuilt natural defenses to
combat attack by other organisms. Plants are no different. Plants are immobile organisms and
to overcome this handicap they have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to counteract the
onslaught of diseases and pests. In this day of chemical warfare waged in our fields we fail to
acknowledge the inherent capacity of plants to fight their own battles.
Plants are not passive in the face of attack. They produce chemical metabolites termed as
secondary metabolites in response to pest attack. These are different from primary metabolites
(such as glucose). Secondary metabolites are waste products of metabolism, are toxic and are
produced only when a defense response is elicited. They are derived from the isoprenoid,
phenylpropanoid, alkaloid or fatty acid / polyketide pathways and include products like tannins,
Nitrogen-based compounds (nicotine, morphine and cyanide), terpenoids, alkaloids and
phenolics (salicylic acid, lignin).
The interest of the pesticide industry in the manufacture of plant-produced secondary
metabolites as pesticides has increased in the last few years. This is due to diminishing
returns with traditional pesticides, increased environmental and toxicological concerns
with synthetic pesticides and the high level of reliance of modern agriculture on
pesticides. However, the molecular complexity of identifying biologically active compounds,
the stability of compounds as well as their efficacy has made the development of natural
pesticides difficult. In addition, those pesticides, which have been developed on the lines of
natural plant compounds, often work differently in vivo and in vitro and hence may not effectively
protect the plant.
More often than not, nutritional problems are mistaken for diseases and are treated as
diseases.
Sometimes the cause of the disease is not the pest but is the nutritional disorder that made the
environment conducive for the pest to attack. Disease is a secondary response to poor
nutrition. Farmers need to be aware of the cause of the problem so that they can save
themselves from the futile and expensive endeavor of spraying unnecessary chemicals.
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How do Nutrients Contribute to Disease Tolerance
When there is a shortage of a particular nutrient, the plant's inherent disease fighting capability
decreases. Why? For secondary metabolites production, nutrients like Boron, Copper, Zinc,
Manganese, Calcium and Iron are needed in optimal amounts and if not present, the plant will
not be able to produce its natural defense metabolites.
Although tolerance and resistance are traits governed by the genetic code of the plant,
environmental factors weigh in heavily on the expression of these traits. It is a well- documented
fact that the occurence of disease is related to poor nutritional status in the crop.
Optimal Nutritional
Status of Crop
41
Misdiagnosis!
The table below will list some nutritional deficiencies, which are sometimes
misdiagnosed as diseases.
Although, chemical crop protection measures have proved effective for years and are definitely
necessary in some situations, it will save the farmers' time, energy and money if they diagnose
crop disease/nutrient deficiency correctly and use corrective measures accordingly.
We believe that the solution to a plant problem is not necessarily a new chemical or excessive
use of one, but is as simple as good crop nutrition.
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Nutrient Deficiency Chart
Seventeen nutrients are essential for crop growth. A chart developed by the Institute
depicts the characteristic nature of nutrient deficiency symptoms on leaves. Charts are used as
guidelines to understand your crop and soil better. These charts are tools that help the farmer
make educated decisions on the reclamation measures to use on his crop and his fields.
All the nutrient deficiencies have been picturized on a single branch in order to differentiate
between them with ease. The chart is divided into three parts based on the leaf position and
related nutrient deficiencies.
Once the deficiencies appear on a crop plant, assume that the crop yield has suffered by 50%.
Therefore, one must try to read the earlier symptoms or behavioral patterns of the plant that
exhibits deficiencies.
Deficiencies are observed on all kinds of crops - horticultural, vegetables, cereals, etc. One of
the methods of understanding these deficiencies is to observe their manifestations on the
leaves of the plant. This visual method of recognizing nutrient deficiency symptoms is a quick
and easy way of determining the nutrient status of the plant and is the first step in remedying any
malady in the plant system.
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Reading Deficiencies Based on Leaf Location
Lower Leaves
Chlorosis No Chlorosis
P
With Necrosis No Necrosis
K, Mo, Zn Mg, N
From Tip and Edges Generalized
K lnter - veinal Generalized
Mg N
lnterveinal Random
Mo Zn
Upper Leaves
Chlorosis with Chlorosis with veins
dominant veins NOT dominant
Fe, Mn Cu, S
Primary veins Primary, Secondary & Smaller erect and Leaf normal sized,
dominant Tertiary veins dominant light green leaf drooping, rosetting
Fe Mn S Cu
Bud Leaves
Tip dying, whip like Tip is chlorotic,
appearance, Chlorosis hook like appearance,
begins from base chlorosis at tip and base
B Ca
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Plant Nutrient Deficiencies Visual Symptoms on Leaves
BORON CALCIUM
Terminal leaves loose Plant remains dark green,
colour. Loss of colour young bud leaves turn
starts at the base with chlorotic. Tip is chlorotic,
eventual death of the hook like in appearance.
terminal bud. Eventual death of terminal
bud.
SULPHUR
Leaf is light green, veins IRON
are pale. No necrotic Chlorisis with no spots.
spots. Main veins are typically
green.
MANGANESE
Leaf turns chlorotic. All the COPPER
venation remains green, Interveinal chlorosis.
giving the leaf a classic
Rosetting and permanent
checkered appearance.
wilting of leaves. Leaf
detaches easily from stem.
ZINC
Leaf is narrow and small. MOLYBDENUM
Lamina is often chlorotic, Leaf turns a light green.
veins remain green. Dead necrotic spots appear
Necrotic spots develop over the leaf except on the
randomly all over the leaf. veins. Affected areas may
extrude a resinous
substance from the under
surface of leaf.
MAGNESIUM POTASSIUM
Chlorosis starts from the Leaves are chlorotic.
tip and margins and Necrotic spots appear of
extends through the entire tips and margins giving the
leaf. The veins remain leaf "rusty" look. Margins
green. Cupping noticed and tips may exhibit
under tips and margins. crimping and dupping.
The leaf will detach easily
from the stem.
PHOSPHORUS NITROGEN
Dwarf and abnormally Dwarf and abnormally light
dark green plant. Leaf is green plant. Leaf is erect
erect and unusually and light green to yellow.
narrow. Bronzing occurs Firing observed in acute
on the lower surface of conditions.
leaf.
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Temperature and Nutrient Uptake
Temperature Chart
Temperature Effects
Every plant has its own temperature range in Range
which it can grow and reproduce effectively.
The temperature of the environment as well Below Plasma membrane breakage due
as the microenvironment is important to freezing to freezing and thawing
consider. By microenvironment, we refer to (<0OC) mechanisms.
the internal temperature in the plant system. Dehydration of plant.
Concentration of toxic solutes
An optimal microclimate temperature
increase to a point where plant can
range for most crops is 16°-24°C.
die.
However, this temperature is impossible to
attain continuously under field conditions 0O - 12O C Very low vegetative and reproductive
and under tropical climatic conditions. growth because of,
Limitations on nutrient uptake
Temperature affects the following
Reduced water uptake, thus
physiological processes;
indirect
Root development water stress.
Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis
Uptake of water by roots
Respiratory machinery becomes
Cell division
12OC - Reproductive and Vegetative growth
Development and turgor of cells and cell O
25 C is marginal to moderate depending
integrity on species and TKW
The state in which plant water is present in O
25 C - Most nutrients are available and most
the cell-gas (vapour), liquid, solid (ice) 35O C plants have their TKW in this range. C4
Chemical interactions in cell plants like Maize, Sugarcane can
tolerate much higher temperatures
Thermal Kinetic Window (TKW) due to differences in plant genetics
TKW : the range of temperatures for a plant and metabolic pathways.
in which the affinity of an enzyme for its O
35 C - Very low vegetative and reproductive
substrate is not less than 50% of its 50O C growth because of :
maximum affinity. The TKW is species
dependent and is based on enzyme Protein and enzyme instability
kinetics and temperature at which the Increased membrane permeability
thus looses the selectively
etiolated leaves start to green. All leaves will
permeable characteristic.
try to maintain their internal temperatures Influences partition of
within the TKW as far as possible. In carbohydrates into developing seeds,
addition, every growth stage requires thus limited
different temperatures. In the northern reproductive development.
and southern hemispheres, plants can Chlorosis of leaves, since
easily go through their life cycle at sub-zero chlorophyll enzyme degraded.
temperatures, while tropical plants can grow PHOTOSYNTHESIS SHUTS
only under 25°-35°C temperatures. DOWN!
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Effect of Temperature on the
Uptake of Individual Nutrient by Plants
50
0 0o C and below :
Cell contents are in frozen state
450 thereby causing death of the plant.
0o C to 10o C :
400 Slow cell functioning and low nutrient
uptake is seen, resulting in slow
vegetative and meagre reproductive
Temperature Range in oC
350
growth.
10oC to 16o C :
0
30
Nutrient uptake is fairly normal showing
reasonably good vegetative &
2500 reproductive growth.
24
16oC to 24oC :
20
0 N P K Ca Mg S Fe Mn B Cu Zn Mo There is an increasing uptake of all the
nutrients thereby showing optimum
160 vegetative & reproductive growth.
0
15
24oC to 33oC :
100 Maximum uptake of nutrients, growth
most vigorous.
0 33oC to 43oC :
7.5
Reduction in nutrient uptake, slowing
50
0
down of vegetative & reproductive
0 growth.
Green - Increasing Uptake 43oC to 50oC :
Orange - Steady Uptake Very low or negligible uptake of
nutrients, denaturing of protein,
Red - Low I Decreasing Uptake resulting in the death of the plant.
Violet - Very Low I Negligible Uptake
32O 41O 50O 59O 68O 77O 86O 95O 104O 113O 122O
O
F
1975
COMPUTED & DESIGNED BY
Shri S. N. Ranade
Uptake of the Nutrients by Plants
COPYRIGHT WITH
IMT TECHNILOGIES LTD.
O
C0 5 7.5 10 15 16 20 24 25 28 30 33 35 40 43 45 50
Temperature Range in oC
47
Why do We Need to Supply Nutrients to Soil?
Removal of Nutrients by
Weeds
Similar to any other crop, weeds
also take up their share of
nutrients from the soil. Because
they are so fast growing and
have such high reproductive
rates they tend to compete
heavily with the crop of concern.
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How to Supply Plant Nutrients to the Soil?
Addition of Commercial
Fertilizers
This is the most efficient
way of providing nutrients to
soil. Depending on their
composition, they are
classified as simple or
compound.
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Commercial Fertilizers
Macronutrient Fertilizers
Commercial Fertilizers are classified according to the presence of N, P and K.
Simple Fertilizers : Contains one
Compound Fertilizers : Contains two or more
Complete Fertilizers : Contains all three
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Commercial Phosphate Fertilizers
Muriate of Potash 60
Sulphate of Potash 50
Potassium Nitrate 45
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Secondary and Micronutrient Fertilizers
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What are Chelates?
A chelate (Greek Chelae, claws) is an organic compound in which two or more atoms are
capable of bonding to the same metal atom, thus forming a ring. The organic molecule is termed
as a LIGAND. These organic molecules may be synthesized by the roots and exuded into soil,
may be present in SOM or may be synthetically produced. In such a complex form; the cations
are protected from reactions with inorganic soil components and thus are made available for
plant uptake.
+
Synthetic chelating agents are essentially Organic Acids, which by losing an H atom from their
COOH moiety become negatively charged, thus being capable of binding to a positive charge
molecule. The stability constant of chelating agents is higher for Iron than for Zinc indicating that
Iron Chelates are more stable than Zinc Chelates. However, this does not mean that chelates of
other cations are ineffective. Apparently, replacement of cations by Iron from soil is sufficiently
slow to permit absorption of the cation by plants. Chelates are used primarily to ameliorate
micronutrient deficiencies in long duration fruit crops. However, chelates are expensive. Other
economical options for using chelates involve using compounds like Gluconate and Citrate,
which are naturally exuded from roots.
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How to Gauge the Efficacy of Micronutrient Fertilizers
Relying on our experience of fifty odd years in this field, we feel that a balanced formulation
should be evaluated on the following two criteria.
Group I : Chemical Integrity of the Product
It should supply all nutrients in the available form.
The nutrients should not leach out even under reasonable heavy irrigation.
The combination should not leave scope for negative interactions between elements.
Suitable carriers of elements should be chosen.
It should mineralize quickly without allowing for fixation of elements.
It should be cost effective.
It should have a cost benefit ratio of 1 : 7 - 1 : 9.
Group II : Agronomic Efficacy of Product
The only yardstick for agronomic efficacy is increase in yield.
Now we know that micronutrients form the prosthetic group of most enzymes, which are needed
to perform major metabolic processes. If enzymatic functions fall short, metabolic processes do
not proceed at the normal pace. This often leads to a feedback inhibition of processes and an
accumulation of intermediate metabolic products, which are manifested as:
Toxicity of an element
Induced deficiencies
Deficiencies
Excessive vegetative growth with poor reproduction
Wilting and death of the plant
A standard formulation not only ensures that the above symptoms do not occur
but also ensures an increase in yield.
Factors Favoring the Use of Multi - Micronutrient Mixtures :
Provides all the essential nutrients (especially micronutrients) and hence ensures balanced
plant nutrition when supplied with NPK and secondary nutrients.
Use of multi-micronutrient mixtures is currently confined to horticulturists, vegetable growers
and cash crop growers who seek the highest quality and quantity. Currently used by
educated farmers and hence there is no fear of misuse.
Products have been designed and formulated by scientists and technologists.
All products have been time tested in real field experiments.
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IMT TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
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TEL : (020) 26833748 FAX : (020) 26833750 HELPLINE : 18002334343
Website : www.ranadey.com Email : rmpl@ranadey.com
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