A HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS: CREATING AN INTERNATIONAL ORDER

___________________________

A Research Paper

Submitted to Carolina G. Alberca, Ph.D

Instructor in Contemporary World

Professor, Doña Remedios Trinidad Romualdez Medical Foundation, Tacloban City

___________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

The Contemporary World

___________________________

Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Sciences 2A

December 2019
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Since the beginning of time, global politics already existed. It was created by the human

race throughout their existence. Throughout history, global politics expanded from basic systems

of self-governance to democratic and totalitarian systems that exist today. In related to global

politics, according to Emurus (2018) Internationalism is closely related to globalization, where

people communicate despite their differences. The concept of internationalism is often supported

by a stronger form of world government. According toWilson, et. al (2019) this is supported by

such as the United Nations, World Health Organization, and International Labour Organization.

There are two major types of internationalism: realism and liberalism.

Moreover, according to Bacon (2011) realism has been easily the most influential theory

of international relations. People who are involved in politics like diplomats, politicians, and

professors believe that realism provides the best account of how international relations work.

However, Meharunnisa (2014) viewed realism as a disadvantage. For him there is a dark

side to it where realism accepts real needs and feelings only and exphasizes on scientific subjects

and neglects art and literature. This tells us that realism has no room to inovate and grow.

On the other hand, according to Badie, et. al (2011) liberalism would reduce uncertainty

and improve mutual trust among states, breaking the security and immediately promoting

international cooperation and world peace.

However, according to Viotti (2018) with immediate international cooperation.

Liberalism is confided with infair business activities, exploitation of resources, unfair wages, and

cultural issues.

In general, global politics are surrounded with these types of internationalism. Whether

they are open to international relations or they acquire resources and funds within their country.

A country depends its development on what type of internationalism they have.

 From the cited readings above, the present research intended to identify the reasons for

creating an international order through global politics.

Statement of the Problem

This study was on the History Of Global Politics: Creating An International Order.

Specifically, the study sought answers to the following questions:

1. What is the historical evolution of international politics?

2. What are the competing conceptions of internationalism?

3. What will be the development of international relations?

Significance of the Study

This study will contribute to the improvement of education in the Contemporary World to

the Global Politics creating International Order and Relations, not only in this faculty but also to

the students and to the next students studying at Doña Remedios Trinidad Romualdez Medical

Foundation as well as to the other universities of the locale.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study brought and carried out the objective which is to assess the history of global
politics: creating an international order.

This study will only focus on the history of global politics: creating an international order.

Definition of Terms

Global Politics- refers to patterns of political relations and activities that stretch across state

borders, and whose consequences are, potentially and/or actually, worldwide in scope.
Self-governance- is the ability of a group to exercise all of the necessary functions of power

without intervention from any authority.

Democratic system- a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people

and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.

Totalitarian system- refers to a political system in which all authority is in the hands of the state.

In atotalitarian society, all control of public and private life are government run.

Globalization- the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international

influence or start operating on an international scale.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of the related literature provides some insight regarding strong points and

limitation of the study. It enables the researchers to improve their own investigation and to arrive

at the proper perspective of the study.

Related Literature

According to Rosenau (2000), the emerging field of global politics is increasingly

focused on the study of global governance. Governance can be generically understood as “the

maintenance of collective order, the achievement of collective goals, and the collective processes

of rule through which order and goals are sought.” Moreover, according to Rosenau and

Czampiel (1992). The discipline of international relations has always been concerned with issues

of governance, venturing from the early twentieth-century study of IOs to the post-Second World

War study of integration, transnationalism, international regimes, international institutions, and

“governance without government.”

According to McGlinchey et. al., (2017), as international relations has grown in

complexity, the family of theories that international relations offers has grown in number, which

presents a challenge for newcomers to international relations theory. Thomas Kuhn’s The

Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) set the stage for understanding how and why certain

theories are legitimized and widely accepted. Traditionally, there have been two central theories

of international relations: liberalism and realism.

Antunes and Camisao (2017) stated that many critics of realism focus on one of its

central strategies in the management of world affairs – an idea called “the balance of power.”

However, according to Morgenthau (1948). In contrast to more optimistically minded idealists

who expected international tensions to be resolved through open negotiations marked by

goodwill, Morgenthau set out an approach that emphasized power over morality. The thinking is

that policies based on morality or idealism can lead to weakness – and possibly the destruction or

domination of a state by a competitor.

 On the other hand, accroding to Meiser (2017). Liberalism is based on the moral

argument that ensuring the right of an individual person to life, liberty and property is the highest

goal of government. For Barnhett and Sikkink (2013) liberals view human beings as innately

good and believe peace and harmony between nations is not only achievable, but desirable.

Immanuel Kant (1764), states that shared liberal values should have no reason for going to war

against one another. In Kant’s eyes, the more liberal states there were in the world, the more

peaceful it would become, since liberal states are ruled by their citizens and citizens are rarely

disposed to desire war, which is in contrast to the rule of kings and other non-elected rulers who

frequently have selfish desires out of step with citizens.

According to Anderson (2014), realists and liberals look at the very same world. But

according to Goodin (2015), when viewing that world through the realist lens, the world appears

to be one of domination. The realist lens magnifies instances of war and conflict and then uses

those to paint a certain picture of the world. Liberals, when looking at the same world, adjust

their lenses to blur out areas of domination and instead bring areas of cooperation into focus.

Then, they can paint a slightly different picture of the same world.

According to Doran (1999), predicting the future of international relations is probably a

task best left to clairvoyants as most of what makes up political and economic history consists of

as unexpected discontinuities from established trends. Given this, predicting the way the world

will be shaped in 25 years is a particularly difficult task as these very discontinuities have an

impact on future trends in an ongoing and iterative manner.

According to Humphrey and Messner (2006), scholars seek to paint a broad picture of

what the world of international relations and development will look like in 2030 from the

vantage point of 2007. It is organized around a central premise, that the major changes in the

international political economy likely to occur over the coming 25 years are primarily related to

the rise of emerging powers such as Brazil, Russia, India and China.

The increasing role of large developing countries in the international economy means

increasing power in the sphere of international relations, particularly for the largest states or
regional leaders. The growing power and wealth of China is of particular interest because it has

some characteristics possessed only by so-called “great powers” (e.g. a substantial nuclear

arsenal, a large standing army, a veto in the UN Security Council, etc.) and therefore its

ascendancy is likely to provoke a stronger response from existing powers because of both the

perception of its “threat” to current power structures and the reality of its impact.

Additionally, Stern stated (2006)that the forecasted growth of the economic and political

power of developing states is not without risks and potential for derailment. The phenomenal

economic growth rates experienced by China, India and other large developing countries in the

past decade could be undermined by a number of factors which include environmental

constraints including the impacts of global climate change, domestic political concerns and the

maintenance of international financial stability. McGregor (2006) anticipated that if the growth

trajectory of these countries was strongly and adversely affected by any of the above, further

advancements in the political representation and power of developing countries would also be at

risk.

According to Phillips (2008), the world in 2030 will certainly look very different than it

does today – and it may not look at all like what has been outlined here. But the broad trend

towards new powers looks relatively unshakable from the vantage point of 2007, and is

something that the international community should begin to prepare for.

Related Studies

As International relations has grown in complexity, several theories involve with

international relations has also grown in number. With this, authors, McGlinchey, Walters and

Gold 2017 presented two central significant theories about international relations as liberalism

and realism. Although they have come under great challenge from other theories, they remain

central to the discipline. Liberalism was referred to as a ‘utopian’ as an idealistic characterized

by or aspiring to impracticable perfection, a theory that which to some degree is still recognised

as such today. It’s harmony between nations is not only achievable, but desirable. In the late

eighteen century, Immanuel Kant developed the idea that states that shared liberal values should
have no reason for going to war against one another. However when the league collapse due to

the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, its failure was difficult for liberals to

comprehend, as events seemed to contradict their theories. Liberalism then failed to retain a

strong hold and a new theory emerged to explain the continuing presence of war. That theory

became known as realism. Realism then gained momentum to appear which offer a convincing

account for how and why the most widespread and deadly war in known history followed a

period of supposed peace and optimism. Its name ‘reality’ suggests a realism purport accounting

for a change in the international politics.

The discussions with realism describes the brutality of life during the English Civil war

of 1642-1651. Thomas Hobbes’ (2017) name is known as one of often mentioned in discussions

of realism. Hobbes’ described human beings as living in an orderless ‘state of nature’ that he

perceived as a war of all against all. He proposed a ‘social contract’ between the ruler and the

people of a state to maintain relative order. Today we take such ideas for granted as it is usually

clear who rules our states. A leader as or ‘sovereign’ (a monarch or a parliament, for example)

sets the rules and establishes a system of punishments for those who break them. Thus, disorder

and fear rules the international relations as for realists live in a system of international anarchy as

they see it as inevitable. In contrast to optimism and pessimism to liberalism, liberals share an

optimistic view of international relations believing that the world order can be improved with

peace and progress gradually replacing war. Conversely, realists tend to dismiss optimism as a

form of misplaced idealism and instead they arrive at a more pessimistic view expecting the

worst possible outcome.

One strand of Neorealism is the theory of international politics. The development of

realism advanced by Kenneth Waltz (2019) has combined the neo-realist thinking Joseph Grieco

with more traditional definitions of realism. This theory is called ‘modern realism’, it contends

with the effect of structure that must be taken into account in explaining state behavior. He

challenge traditional realism’s emphasis on traditional military power, instead characterizing

power in terms of the combined capabilities of the state. Thus, for him disagreement between

states derives from lack of a common power or central authority which enforces rules and
maintains them constantly, in which there is a constant anarchy in international system that

makes it necessary for states the obtainment of strong weapons in order to guarantee their

survival.

All liberal theories place state-society relations at the center of world politics. They rest

on the fundamental premise that state behavior reflects the relationship between it and the

domestic and transnational society in which it is embedded. In this discussion, Moravcsik (2001)

tries to tell us the basic claim which underlies the theories about the influence of economic

interdependence: (1) the fundamental actors; private groups and individuals, (2) States that

represent some subset of domestic society through world politics and, (3) the configuration of

state preferences determines the state behavior. Thus, liberal theory is a ‘systemic’, a theory in

the waltzian sense as an institutionalism.

There are many points of convergence as well as divergence of international relations on

the basis of which a comparison between realist and neoliberal thoughts can be carried out. The

main notions under discussion would be statism, power, and balance of power; relative vs.

absolute gains and international institutions and regimes. According to Carr, Kennan,

Morgenthau, Niebuhr, and Thompson (2015), realism is regarded as the most influential and

dominant theory in international relations since Second World War. Realists believe that the

states are chiefly motivated by the desire for military and economic power or security, rather

than ideals or ethics. Thus, realists emphasize the conflictual aspects of international transactions

that they focus on the causes of war rather than international cooperation.

Neoliberal and liberal however, in a moderate way try to integrate both elements of

power politics as well as economic liberalism. In complex interdependence, the power and

interdependence are closely interlinked and it involves both the costs and benefits in an

interdependent relationship. In order to understand the role of power in interdependence,

Keohanne and Nye distinguished between the two dimensions of interdependence: (1)

sensitivity, and (2) vulnerability. Sensitivity involves responsiveness and policy framework, and

vulnerability is meant the extent to which actors are able to control their responses to the

sensitivity. Thus, a problem arises when states have concerns about their relative gains as all the
states are always trying to maximize their relative power in order to increase the chances of their

survival.

Theoretical Framework

A Theory of International Relations is a set of ideas that explains how the international

system works. There are two major theories of international relations are realism and liberalism.

Realism claims that the world is harsh and dangerous place. The only certainty in the world is

power. A powerful state will always be able to outdo-and outlast-weaker competitors. The most

important and reliable form of power in military power. A state’s primary interest is self-

preservation. Therefore, the state must seek power and must always protect itself. There is no

overarhing power that can enforce global rules or punish bad behavior. Moral behavior is very

risky because it can undermine a state’s ability to protect itself. The international system itself

drives states to use military force and to war. Leaders may be moral, but they must not let moral

concerns guide foreigh policy. International organizations and law have no power or force; they

exist only as long as states accept them.

Liberalism claims that the world is harsh and dangerous place, but the consequences of

using military power often outweigh the benefits. International cooperation is therefore in the

interest of every state. Military power in not the only form of power. Economic and social power

matter a great deal too. Exercising economic power has proven more effective than exercising

military power. Different states often have different primary interests. International rules and

organizations can help foster cooperation, trust, and prosperity.

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, research instrument, and the

data gathering procedure of the study.

Research Design

The qualitative-descriptive documentary was used in the study because descriptive-survey

is the gathering of data regarding the present conditions wherein the subjects vary among
themselves (Calmorin, 2016).

Hence, this study uses descriptive-survey design in The History Of Global Politics:
International Relations

Research Locale

The study covered global views of the contemporary world.

Research Instrument

Reseach gate, PDFs, slideshares, journals, abstracts, and articles.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data was gathered through different websites, articles, journals, and abstracts in the
internet.
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION OF DATA

1. The historical evolution of international politics dated back from 1642-1651, where

realism was implimented in Europe, particularly United Kingdom, and described the

brutality of life during the English Civil War. Toward the 18th century, Immanuel Kant

developed the idea that liberal values should have no reason for going to war against one

another. Kant was reffering to a world of peace. In 1939, the league collapsed due to the

outbreak of the Second World. And since then, global politics is on the path of liberalism.

2. Through the data gathered there are two competing conceptions of internationalism:

realism and liberalism. Realism is motivated by the desire for military and economic

power. They emphasize and focuses on the causes of war rather than international

cooperation. On the other hand, liberalism is based on international cooperation and

harmony between nations that is not only achievable, but desirable.

3. In future’s time, there will be an increase in economic growth in the so called “great

powers,” namely Brazil, Russia, India, and China. With this, there will be an increase in

exporting and importing of goods and development in liberal internationalism. Thus, the

future of internationalism is in the route to liberalization.

 CHAPTER V

FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Findings

The discussions with realism describes the brutality of life during the English Civil war

of 1642-1651. Realism then gained momentum to appear which offer a convincing account for

how and why the most widespread and deadly war in known history followed a period of

supposed peace and optimism. Its name ‘reality’ suggests a realism purport accounting for a

change in the international politics. In 1764, Kant developed the idea that liberal values should

have no reason for going to war against one another. In 1939, the league collapse due to the

outbreak of the Second World. And since then, global politics is on the path of liberalism.

Internationalism have two competing concepts: Realism and Liberalism. According to

Barnhett and Sikkink (2013), realists believe that the states are chiefly motivated by the desire

for military and economic power or security, rather than ideals or ethics. Thus, realists

emphasize the conflictual aspects of international transactions that they focus on the causes of

war rather than international cooperation. Liberalism, on the other hand, is based on the moral

argument that ensuring the right of an individual person to life, liberty and property is the highest

goal of government they view human beings as innately good and believe peace and harmony

between nations is not only achievable, but desirable.

Moreover, according to McGlinchey et. al., (2017) liberalism then failed to retain a

strong hold and a new theory emerged to explain the continuing presence of war. That theory

became known as realism. Realism then gained momentum to appear which offer a convincing

account for how and why the most widespread and deadly war in known history followed a

period of supposed peace and optimism. Its name ‘reality’ suggests a realism purport accounting

for a change in the international politics.

Furthermore, according to Anderson (2014), realists and liberals look at the very same

world. But according to Goodin (2015), when viewing that world through the realist lens, the

world appears to be one of domination. The realist lens magnifies instances of war and conflict
and then uses those to paint a certain picture of the world. Liberals, when looking at the same

world, adjust their lenses to blur out areas of domination and instead bring areas of cooperation

into focus. Then, they can paint a slightly different picture of the same world.

According to Phillips (2008), the world in 2030 will certainly look very different than it

does today – and it may not look at all like what has been outlined here. But the broad trend

towards new powers looks relatively unshakable from the vantage point of 2007, and is

something that the international community should begin to prepare for.

Conclusions

Based on the findings, global politics started from realism that focused on the causes of

war that transitioned itself to liberalism where countries around the world are joined together

promoting international cooperation and world peace. And liberalism will continue to thrive due

to the “great powers” namely: Brazil, Russia, India, and China that continue to cooperate with

the rest of the world in economic, cultural, and in aid.

Recommendations

Based from the yielded result of the study the researchers recommend the following:

1. Futher studies about liberal internationalism of its disadvantages and how it can be
developed and improved to developing countries.
2. Further studies on the possible future of countries who are included in liberal
internationalism.
3. Further studies of realism and liberalism on which one is better for a developed country
and a developing country.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Badie, B., Schlosser, D., and Morlino, L.,. 2011. International Encyclopedia of Political Science.

Los Angeles

Carr, Kennan, Morgenthau, Niebuhr, and Thompson. 2015. Liberalism vs. Realism in

International Relations

Hobbes, T. 2017. Thoughts about International Anarchy in Relation of Realism to Liberalism

https://www.e-ir.info/2017/01/09/international-relations-theory/

http://www.e-ir.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/International-Relations-Theory-E-IR.pdf

https://www.e-ir.info/2017/12/24/getting-started-with-international-relations-theory/

https://www.google.com.ph/amp/s/slideplayer.com/amp/4599596/

https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001/oxfordhb-

9780199604456-e-035

https://www.prosancons.com/politics/pros-and-cons-of-liberalism/

https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/zainu3635/realism-6506301

http://www.stefanorecchia.net/1/137/resources/publication_1040_1.pdf

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)

McGlinchey,S., Walters, R., and Gold. 2017. International Relations from Liberalism to Realism.

McGlinchey,S., Walters, R., and Scheinpflug, C. 2017. International Relations Theory

Moravcsik, A. 2001. Reconstructing Liberalism and its Hard Core in International Relations

pdf.semanticscholar.org. 2015. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 6. No.

projects.iq.harvard.edu. Liberal International Relation Theory: A social Scientific Assessment

Waltz, K. 2019. The Development of Neorealism or Structural Realism
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name : JOELLE DAWN E. ILAO

Date of Birth : August 22, 1999

Place of Birth : Palo, Leyte

Home Address : 106 Real St. Brgy. Holy Child 1 Alangalang, Leyte

Parents

Father : Mr. Joemarl C. Ilao

Mother : Dr. Quennie B. Ilao

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

KINDERGARTEN : Tacloban Angelicum Learning Center

Tacloban City, 2006

PRIMARY : St. Therese Educational Foundation of Tacloban Inc.

Tacloban City, 2012

SECONDARY :

JUNIOR HIGH : Holy Trinity College AR

Alangalang, Leyte, 2016

SENIOR HIGH : St. Scholastica’s College of Tacloban

Tacloban City, 2018

OFFICERSHIPS AND MEMBERSHIPS IN ORGANIZATIONS

Press Relations Officer

Holy Trinity College AR

Alangalang, Leyte

2014

St. Scholastica’s Glee Club (Member)

St. Scholastica’s College of Tacloban

Tacloban City

2016-2018

Badminton Club (Member)

St. Scholastica’s College of Tacloban

Tacloban City

2016-2018

ACADEMIC DISTINCTIONS

First Honors in Academics

Holy Trinity College AR

Alangalang, Leyte

2016

Fourth Honors in Academics

St. Scholastica’s College of Tacloban

Tacloban City

2018
Bronze Medalist City Meet (Badminton)

St. Scholastica’s College of Tacloban

Tacloban City

2017
PERSONAL DATA:

Name : KARLL MIKKO C. MACABANSAG

Date of Birth : March 03, 2000

Place of Birth : Carigara, Leyte

Home Address : Brgy. Balilit Carigara, Leyte

Parents:

Father : Mr. Felipe D. Macabansag

Mother : Mrs. Helen C. Macabansag

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

KINDERGARTEN : Guindapunan Elem. School

Carigara, Leyte, 2006

PRIMARY : Guindapunan Elem. School

Carigara, Leyte, 2012

SECONDARY:

JUNIOR HIGH : Holy Cross College of Carigara

Carigara, Leyte, 2016

SENIOR HIGH : St. Scholastica’s College Tacloban

Palo, Leyte, 2018

OFFICERSHIPS AND MEMBERSHIPS IN ORGANIZATION

Brgy. Balilit Youth Organization (Treasurer)

Carigara, Leyte

2016-Present
 Young Scientific Mind Club (President)

Holy Cross College of Carigara

Carigara, Leyte

2015-2016

SSCT Peer Facilitator’s Club (President)

St. Scholastica’s College Tacloban

Palo, Leyte

2016-2018

SEMINARS AND TRAININGS

Career Enhancement Seminar

Holy Cross College of Carigara

Carigara, Leyte

2016

Peer Counseling Seminar

St. Scholastica’s College Tacloban

Palo, Leyte

2016

Mental Health Awareness Seminar

St. Scholastica’s College Tacloban

Palo, Leyte

2017
Drug Addiction Awareness Seminar

St. Scholastica’s College Tacloban

Palo, Leyte

2017

Organ Transplantation and Donation Seminar

Eastern Visayas State University

Tacloban City

2019
PERSONAL DATA

Name: HIVY JOY G. RAMIREZ

Date of Birth: June 12, 2000

Place of Birth: Tacloban City

Home Address: Babatngon Road, Brgy. 36, Northhill Village

Parents:

Father: Antonio C. Ramirez

Mother: Adelma G. Ramirez

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

KINDERGARTEN: Brgy. Chapel Area

Tacloban City, 2006

PRIMARY: Panalaron Central School

Tacloban City, 2012

SECONDARY:

JUNIOR HIGH: Cirilo Roy Montejo National High School

Tacloban City, 2016

SENIOR HIGH: ABE International College of Business and Economics

Tacloban City, 2018

OFFICERSHIPS AND MEMBERSHIPS IN ORGANIZATIONS

Hotel and Restaurant Management Organization (Member)

ABE-ICBE

Tacloban City

2018
 Tourism Management Organization (Member)

ABE-ICBE

Tacloban City

2018

ACADEMIC DISTINCTIONS

High Honors in Academics

Kindergarten

Tacloban City 2006

Third With Honors in Academics

Panalaron Central School

Tacloban City 2012

Girl Scouts of the Philippines Awards

Cirilo Roy Montejo National High School

Tacloban City 2016

Fourth With Honors in Academics

ABE-ICBE

Tacloban City 2018